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Zhou L, Qiu F, Ding Y, Liang J, Zhou B, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Chi C, Wang Q. Perylene with Split-Azulene Embedding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409750. [PMID: 38982974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Splitting the five and seven-membered rings of azulene and embedding them separately into a conjugated backbone provides azulene-like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are of great interest in quantum and material chemistry. However, the synthetic accessibility poses a significant challenge. In this study, we present the synthesis of a novel azulene-like PAH, Pery-57, which can be viewed as the integration of a perylene framework into the split azulene. The compact structure of Pery-57 displays several intriguing characteristics, including NIR II absorption at 1200 nm, a substantial dipole moment of 3.5 D, and head-to-tail alternating columnar packing. Furthermore, Pery-57 exhibits remarkable redox properties. The cationic radical Pery-57⋅+ readily captures a hydrogen atom. Variable-temperature NMR (VT NMR ) and variable-temperature EPR (VT-EPR) studies reveal that the dianion Pery-572- possesses an open-shell singlet ground state and demonstrates significant global anti-aromaticity. The dication Pery-572+ is also predicted to exhibit diradical character. Despite bearing three bulky substituents, Pery-57 displays p-type transport characteristics with a mobility of 0.03 cm2 V-1 s-1, attributed to its unique azulene-like structure. Overall, this work directs interest in azulene-like PAHs, a unique member of nonalternant PAHs showcasing exceptional properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Fei Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yeda Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Jianwei Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Bingdi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot, 010021, China
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2
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Guo J, Du F, Yu B, Du P, Li H, Zhang J, Xin H. Heptacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers with two azulene units fused. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12589-12597. [PMID: 39118621 PMCID: PMC11304730 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Azulene, known for its unique electronic properties and structural asymmetry, serves as a promising building block for the design of novel non-benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Herein, we present the synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of three diazulene-fused heptacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 8,17-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:2',1'-h]anthracene (trans configuration), 16,18-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:1',2'-j]anthracene (cis configuration) and 3,18-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:1',2'-i]phenanthrene (zigzag configuration). Three compounds are configurational isomers with different fusing patterns of aromatic rings. All three isomers exhibit pronounced aromaticity, as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. They exhibit characteristics of both azulene and benzenoid PAHs and are much more stable than their all-benzene analogues. The optical and electrochemical properties of these three isomers were investigated through UV-vis absorption spectra and cyclic voltammetry, revealing distinct behaviors influenced by their molecular configurations. Furthermore, the isomer in trans configuration exhibits promising semiconducting properties with a hole mobility of up to 0.22 cm2 V-1 s-1, indicating its potential in organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Guo
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Fangxin Du
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Bo Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Haoyuan Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Hanshen Xin
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
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3
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Pino-Rios R, Báez-Grez R, Szczepanik DW, Solá M. Designing potentially singlet fission materials with an anti-Kasha behaviour. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15386-15392. [PMID: 38747026 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01284d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) compounds offer a promising avenue for improving the performance of solar cells. Using TD-DFT methods, anti-Kasha azulene derivatives that could carry out SF have been designed. For this purpose, substituted azulenes with a donor (-OH) and/or an acceptor group (-CN) have been systematically studied using the S2 ≥ 2T1 formula. We have found that -CN (-OH) substituents on electrophilic (nucleophilic) carbons result in improved SF properties when compared to azulene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Medicina de Altura - CEIMA, Universidad Arturo Prat. Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile.
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Miquel Solá
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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4
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Ju YY, Luo H, Li ZJ, Zheng BH, Xing JF, Chen XW, Huang LX, Nie GH, Zhang B, Liu J, Tan YZ. Helical Nanographenes Bearing Pentagon-Heptagon Pairs by Stepwise Dehydrocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402621. [PMID: 38443314 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of pentagon-heptagon pairs into helical nanographenes lacks a facile synthetic route, and the impact of these pairs on chiroptical properties remains unclear. In this study, a method for the stepwise construction of pentagon-heptagon pairs in helical nanographenes by the dehydrogenation of [6]helicene units was developed. Three helical nanographenes containing pentagon-heptagon pairs were synthesized and characterized using this approach. A wide variation in the molecular geometries and photophysical properties of these helical nanographenes was observed, with changes in the helical length of these structures and the introduction of the pentagon-heptagon pairs. The embedded pentagon-heptagon pairs reduced the oxidation potential of the synthesized helical nanographenes. The high isomerization energy barriers enabled the chiral resolution of the helicene enantiomers. Chiroptical investigations revealed remarkably enhanced circularly polarized luminescence and luminescence dissymmetry factors with an increasing number of the pentagon-heptagon pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Ju
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Huan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ze-Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bing-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xuan-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ling-Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guo-Hui Nie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Ruan L, Luo W, Zhang H, Liu P, Shi Y, An P. Cycl[2,2,4]azine-embedded non-alternant nanographenes containing fused antiaromatic azepine ring. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1511-1519. [PMID: 38274082 PMCID: PMC10806646 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of non-alternant nanographenes has attracted considerable attention due to their unique photophysical properties. Herein, we reported a novel aza-doped, non-alternant nanographene (NG) 1 by embedding the cycl[2,2,4]azine unit into the benzenoid NG framework. Single-crystal X-ray diffractometry suggests saddle or twisted nonplanar geometry of the entire backbone of 1 and coplanar conformation of the cycl[2,2,4]azine unit. DFT calculation together with solid structure indicates that NG 1 possesses significant local antiaromaticity in the azepine ring. By oxidative process or trifluoroacetic acid treatment, this nanographene can transform into a mono-radical cation, which was confirmed by UV/Vis absorption, 1H NMR, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The antiaromaticity/aromaticity switching of the azepine ring on 1˙+ from 1 enables the high stability of this radical cation, which remained intact for over 1 day. Due to the electron-donating nature of the nitrogen and the unique electronic structure, NG 1 exhibits strong electron-donating properties, as proved by the intermolecular charge transfer towards C60 with a high association constant. Furthermore, selective modification of NG 1 was accomplished by Vilsmeier reaction, and the derivatives 7 and 8 with substituted benzophenone were obtained. The photophysical and electronic properties can be tuned by the introduction of different electronic groups in benzophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ruan
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Wanhua Luo
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Haifan Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Yong Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Peng An
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
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M NK, Lyngkhoi DL, Gaikwad S, Samanta J, Ahamed R, Khatua S, Pramanik S. Excitation wavelength-dependent multi-coloured and white-light emissive pyrene-based hydrazones: suppression of Kasha's rule. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14122-14125. [PMID: 37947216 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04584f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Multi-coloured and white-light emissions from pyrene-based hydrazones are described. They exhibit excitation wavelength-dependent emissions in solution due to the suppression of Kasha's rule. Interestingly, in dimethylformamide, 1-3 emit light that covers all the regions of primary colours as a function of excitation wavelength, and 1 and 2 emit white light (λex = 420 nm) in isopropanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar M
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
| | - Deikrisha Lyngdoh Lyngkhoi
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India.
| | - Sudhakar Gaikwad
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411 008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayanta Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
| | - Rafiq Ahamed
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411 008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Snehadrinarayan Khatua
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India.
| | - Susnata Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
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7
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Garner MH, Blaskovits JT, Corminboeuf C. Double-bond delocalization in non-alternant hydrocarbons induces inverted singlet-triplet gaps. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10458-10466. [PMID: 37800005 PMCID: PMC10548509 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03409g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules where the first excited singlet state is lower in energy than the first excited triplet state have the potential to revolutionize OLEDs. This inverted singlet-triplet gap violates Hund's rule and currently there are only a few molecules which are known to have this property. Here, we screen the complete set of non-alternant hydrocarbons consisting of 5-, 6-, 7-membered rings fused into two-, three- and four-ring polycyclic systems. We identify several molecules where the symmetry of the ground-state structure is broken due to bond-length alternation. Through symmetry-constrained optimizations we identify several molecular cores where the singlet-triplet gap is inverted when the structure is in a higher symmetry, pentalene being a known example. We uncover a strategy to stabilize the molecular cores into their higher-symmetry structures with electron donors or acceptors. We design several substituted pentalenes, s-indacenes, and indeno[1,2,3-ef]heptalenes with inverted gaps, among which there are several synthetically known examples. In contrast to known inverted gap emitters, we identify the double-bond delocalized structure of their conjugated cores as the necessary condition to achieve the inverted gap. This strategy enables chemical tuning and paves the way for the rational design of polycyclic hydrocarbons with inverted singlet-triplet gaps. These molecules are prospective emitters if their properties can be optimized for use in OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Garner
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - J Terence Blaskovits
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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