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V Grayli S, Zhang X, Star D, Leach GW. Tailoring Plasmonic Fields with Shape-Controlled Single-Crystal Gold Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35410-35420. [PMID: 38934468 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Geometry and crystallinity play a critical role in the wavelength-dependent optical responses and plasmonic local near-field distributions of metallic nanostructures. Nevertheless, the ability to tailor the shape and position of crystalline metal surface nanostructures has remained a challenge that limits control of their enhanced local fields and represents a barrier to harnessing their individual and collective responses. Here, we describe a solution deposition method in the presence of anionic additives, which yields shape-controlled, single-crystal plasmonic gold nanostructures on Ag(100) and Au(100) substrates. Use of SO42- ions yields smooth Au(111)-faceted square pyramids with large plasmonic Raman enhancements. Halide additives produce textured hillocks comprising edge- and screw-type dislocations (Cl-), or platelets with large-area Au(100) terraces and (110) step edges (Br-), while SO42- and Br- additive combinations provide Au(110)-faceted square pyramids. With lithographic patterning, this chemistry yields metal deposition with precise geometry and location control to provide single-crystal, plasmonic gold metasurfaces with tailored optical response. The appropriately designed metasurfaces can then generate large Raman scattering enhancements, far greater than high density gold square pyramids with random surface disposition. Shape-controlled single-crystal plasmonic metasurfaces will thus offer opportunities to tune the characteristics of nanostructures, providing enhanced optical, photocatalytic, and sensory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan V Grayli
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xin Zhang
- 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dmitry Star
- 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gary W Leach
- 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Amirbeigiarab R, Bagger A, Tian J, Rossmeisl J, Magnussen OM. Structure of the (Bi)carbonate Adlayer on Cu(100) Electrodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211360. [PMID: 36122295 PMCID: PMC9827965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
(Bi)carbonate adsorption on Cu(100) in 0.1 M KHCO3 has been studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Coexistence of different ordered adlayer phases with ( 2 ${\sqrt{2}}$ ×6 2 ${\sqrt{2}}$ )R45° and (4×4) unit cells was observed in the double layer potential regime. The adlayer is rather dynamic and undergoes a reversible order-disorder phase transition at 0 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. Density functional calculations indicate that the adlayer consists of coadsorbed carbonate and water molecules and is strongly stabilized by liquid water in the adjacent electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Bagger
- Center of High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC)Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jing Tian
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University24098KielGermany
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Center of High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC)Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University24098KielGermany
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Ghelichkhah Z, Srinivasan R, Macdonald DD, Ferguson GS. Anion-Catalyzed Active Dissolution Model for the Electrochemical Adsorption of Bisulfate, Sulfate, and Oxygen on Gold in H2SO4 Solution. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Schönig M, Frittmann S, Schuster R. Identification of electrochemically adsorbed species via electrochemical microcalorimetry: sulfate adsorption on Au(111). Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200227. [PMID: 35510390 PMCID: PMC9542382 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigate compositional changes of an electrochemical interface upon polarization with electrochemical microcalorimetry. From the heat exchanged at a Au(111) electrode upon sulfate adsorption, we determine the reaction entropy of the adsorption process for both neutral and acidic solutions, where the dominant species in solution changes from SO42− to HSO4−. In neutral solution, the reaction entropy is about 40 J mol−1 K−1 more positive than that in acidic solution over the complete sulfate adsorption region. This entropy offset is explicable by a deprotonation step of HSO4− preceding sulfate adsorption in acidic solution, which shows that the adsorbing species is SO4* in both solutions. The observed overall variation of the reaction entropy in the sulfate adsorption region of ca. 80 J mol−1 K−1 indicates significant sulfate‐coverage dependent entropic contributions to the Free Enthalpy of the surface system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schönig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institute of Physical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Stefan Frittmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institute of Physical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Rolf Schuster
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie KIT, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, GERMANY
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Strobl JR, Scherson D. The adsorption of perchlorate, sulfate, selenate and water on Au(111)-textured electrodes from aqueous solutions: Simultaneous voltammetric, optical and microgravimetric studies. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Hsu Y, Wu C, Yau S. A STM view of the reorientation of cytosine adsorbed on the Au(111) – (1 × 1) electrode in sulfuric and perchloric acids. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Heinritz A, Binninger T, Patru A, Schmidt TJ. Asymmetric Butler–Volmer Kinetics of the Electrochemical Ce(III)/Ce(IV) Redox Couple on Polycrystalline Au Electrodes in Sulfuric Acid and the Dissociation Field Effect. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Heinritz
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Binninger
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandra Patru
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Gisbert-González JM, Cheuquepán W, Ferre-Vilaplana A, Herrero E, Feliu JM. Citrate adsorption on gold: Understanding the shaping mechanism of nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fang Y, Ding SY, Zhang M, Steinmann SN, Hu R, Mao BW, Feliu JM, Tian ZQ. Revisiting the Atomistic Structures at the Interface of Au(111) Electrode–Sulfuric Acid Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9439-9446. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Stephan N. Steinmann
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Ren Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Juan M. Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquı́mica, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante E-03690, Spain
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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11
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Lei J, Wei Z, Xu ML, Wei J, Chen YX, Ye S. Effect of sulfate adlayer on formic acid oxidation on Pd(111) electrode. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1904079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mian-le Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yan-xia Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Abdelrahman A, Hermann JM, Jacob T, Kibler LA. Adsorption of Acetate on Au(111): An in-situ Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Study and Implications on Formic Acid Electrooxidation. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2989-2996. [PMID: 31369687 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of acetate on an Au(111) electrode surface in contact with acetic acid at pH 2.7 was imaged in-situ using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Two different ordered structures were imaged for acetate adsorbed in the bidentate configuration on the unreconstructed 1 × 1 surface at 0.95 V (vs. the saturated calomel electrode, SCE). The first structure, ( 19 × 19 ) R 23 . 45 ∘ , is metastable and transforms at constant potential within 20 minutes to a ( 2 × 2 ) structure, which is thermodynamically more favourable. The ( 2 × 2 ) acetate adlayer starts to form at step edges and propagates via nucleation and growth onto terraces. The findings from in-situ STM are in agreement with the electrochemical behaviour of acetate on Au(111) characterized by voltammetry. A comparison is made with formate adsorption on Au(111). While acetate is not reactive, in contrast to formate, it can act as a spectator species in formic acid electrooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timo Jacob
- Institut für Elektrochemie, Universität Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludwig A Kibler
- Institut für Elektrochemie, Universität Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Dávila López AC, Pehlke E. DFT study of Au self-diffusion on Au(001) in the presence of a Cl adlayer. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eckhard Pehlke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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14
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Magnussen OM. Atomic‐Scale Insights into Electrode Surface Dynamics by High‐Speed Scanning Probe Microscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:12865-12883. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University Olshausenstr. 40 24098 Kiel Germany
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15
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Tsuruta K, Haraguchi R, Nishiyama K, Sawaguchi T, Yoshimoto S. Electrochemical Condensation of Methylviologen on Specifically‐adsorbed Anion Layers. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tsuruta
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Ryusei Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nishiyama
- Division of Materials Science & ChemistryFaculty of Advanced Science & TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sawaguchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 6, 1–1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Division of Materials Science & ChemistryFaculty of Advanced Science & TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
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16
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Pfisterer JHK, Zhumaev UE, Cheuquepan W, Feliu JM, Domke KF. Stark effect or coverage dependence? Disentangling the EC-SEIRAS vibrational shift of sulfate on Au(111). J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041709. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5047941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas H. K. Pfisterer
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulmas E. Zhumaev
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - William Cheuquepan
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan M. Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Katrin F. Domke
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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17
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Jusys Z, Behm R. Electrooxidation of formic acid on a polycrystalline Au film electrode–A comparison with mass transport limited bulk CO oxidation and kinetically limited oxalic acid oxidation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Salim Rosales CB, Rojas MI, Avalle LB. Differentiated interactions in phosphate solutions: Comparing Ag(111) and Ag(100) surfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Endo O, Nakamura M, Amemiya K, Ozaki H. Compression-Induced Conformation and Orientation Changes in an n-Alkane Monolayer on a Au(111) Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3934-3940. [PMID: 28388057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the preparation method and adsorbed amount of n-tetratetracontane (n-C44H90) on its orientation in a monolayer on the Au(111) surface is studied by near carbon K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (C K-NEXAFS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ultrahigh vacuum, and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) at the electrochemical interface in sulfuric acid solution. The n-C44H90 molecules form self-assembled lamellar structures with the chain axis parallel to the surface, as observed by STM. For small amounts adsorbed, the carbon plane is parallel to the surface (flat-on orientation). An increase in the adsorbed amount by ∼10-20% induces compression of the lamellar structure either along the lamellar axis or alkyl chain axis. The compressed molecular arrangement is observed by STM, and induced conformation and orientation changes are confirmed by in situ IRAS and C K-NEXAFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Endo
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University , Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kenta Amemiya
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK-PF), Institute of Materials Structure Science (IMSS) , Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ozaki
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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21
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Identification of low-index crystal planes of polycrystalline gold on the basis of electrochemical oxide layer formation. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Grossutti M, Leitch JJ, Seenath R, Karaskiewicz M, Lipkowski J. SEIRAS Studies of Water Structure in a Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Film Adsorbed at a Gold Electrode Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4411-8. [PMID: 25812153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) was used to investigate the structure of water that is incorporated within a film of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) adsorbed at a thin gold nanoparticle film deposited onto a silicon substrate. Previous studies on a Au(111) electrode surface showed that SDS molecules form long-range ordered hemicylindrical hemimicelles (phase I) for potentials -0.2 ≤ E ≤ 0.45 V vs Ag/AgCl and a disordered bilayer (phase II) for potentials E ≥ 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. The SEIRA spectra demonstrated that the hemimicellar film is water-rich and contains both a network of hydrogen-bonded water and a disturbed network of hydrogen bonds consisting of monomeric and dimeric water in the hydrophobic region of the film. No network water was observed in phase II of the film. However, SEIRAS data showed that sulfate groups in the disordered bilayer are hydrated. The SEIRAS spectra of the film of SDS were compared to the previously measured spectra obtained using subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS). The complementarity of the spectroscopic information obtained by these two techniques was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grossutti
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Jay Leitch
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ryan Seenath
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Karaskiewicz
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- ‡College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Lipkowski
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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24
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Chen S, Wu C, Yau S. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy of the adsorption and polymerization of aniline on Au(111) electrode in nitric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Cabello G, Leiva EPM, Gutiérrez C, Cuesta A. Non-covalent interactions at electrochemical interfaces: one model fits all? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:14281-6. [PMID: 24914989 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The shift with increasing concentration of alkali-metal cations of the potentials of both the spike and the hump observed in the cyclic voltammograms of Pt(111) electrodes in sulfuric acid solutions is shown to obey the simple model recently developed by us to explain the effect of non-covalent interactions at the electrical double layer. The results suggest that the model, originally developed to describe the effect of alkali-metal cations on the cyclic voltammogram of cyanide-modified Pt(111) electrodes, is of general applicability and can explain quantitatively the effect of cations on the properties of the electrical double layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Cabello
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, C. Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Huynh TMT, Broekmann P. From In Situ towards In Operando Conditions: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study of Hydrogen Intercalation in Cu(111) during Hydrogen Evolution. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Sun J, Wu H, Jin Y. Synthesis of thiolated Ag/Au bimetallic nanoclusters exhibiting an anti-galvanic reduction mechanism and composition-dependent fluorescence. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:5449-57. [PMID: 24722873 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00445k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a direct one-pot approach, employing 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) as a reducing and capping agent, for the preparation of fluorescent Ag/Au bimetallic nanoclusters (Ag/AuNCs) from HAuCl4 and AgNO3 in basic aqueous solution at room temperature. Unlike the monocomponent 11-MUA-AgNCs with negligible fluorescence, the as-prepared 11-MUA-Ag/AuNCs exhibit similar average diameters of ∼1.8 nm but much stronger and tunable fluorescence by varying the concentration ratios of AgNO3 to HAuCl4 in the synthesis. The quantum yield of the 11-MUA-Ag/AuNCs can reach 6.81% at a Ag-to-Au molar ratio of 1 : 2, nearly 3-fold higher than the monocomponent 11-MUA-AuNCs (2.38%) of similar sizes. More importantly, the occurrence of the reaction between Ag(+) ions and Au(0) of 11-MUA-AuNCs (which is opposite to the classic galvanic theory) and the coexistence of Ag(0) and Au(+) in the final NC products, are revealed by thorough analysis of XPS data. The anti-galvanic reduction, that is, metal ions are replaced by less reactive metals, has been further demonstrated through the reaction between the as-obtained purified monocomponent 11-MUA-AuNCs and Ag(+) ions. Direct electrochemical insights into the anti-galvanic reduction mechanism were provided by cyclic voltammetry characterizations of the NCs, and the universality of the anti-galvanic reduction was tested by preparing thiolated Pt/Au bimetallic NCs using platinum instead of silver in our synthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China.
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Surface spectroscopy of Pt(1 1 1) single-crystal electrolyte interfaces with broadband sum-frequency generation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang YC, Magnussen OM. Quantitative studies of adsorbate dynamics at noble metal electrodes by in situ Video-STM. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:12480-7. [PMID: 23652411 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface diffusion of adsorbates at electrochemical interfaces is studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy with high temporal resolution, using sulfur and methyl thiolate on c(2 × 2) Cl covered Cu(100), Ag(100), and Au(100) electrode surfaces in 0.01 M HCl solution as an example. While on Au(100) quantitative studies were not possible because of the slow dynamics and high surface defect density, on Cu(100) and Ag(100) a pronounced exponential increase of the jump rates of isolated adsorbates toward more negative potentials was found, indicating a linear decrease of the tracer diffusion barriers with potential. The potential dependence is independent of the adsorbate species, but differs for Cu(100) and Ag(100) substrates. These trends can be explained by electrostatic contributions to the diffusion barrier, caused by the interaction of the adsorbates with the field of the electrochemical double layer, if the presence of the chloride coadsorbate layer is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Chia Yang
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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30
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Electro-oxidation of Au(111) in contact with aqueous electrolytes: New insight from in situ vibration spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Cuesta A, Cabello G, Hartl FW, Escudero-Escribano M, Vaz-Domínguez C, Kibler LA, Osawa M, Gutiérrez C. Electrooxidation of formic acid on gold: An ATR-SEIRAS study of the role of adsorbed formate. Catal Today 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Inukai J, Tryk DA, Abe T, Wakisaka M, Uchida H, Watanabe M. Direct STM Elucidation of the Effects of Atomic-Level Structure on Pt(111) Electrodes for Dissolved CO Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1476-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309886p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Inukai
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae-cho, Kofu, 400-0021,
Japan
| | - Donald A. Tryk
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae-cho, Kofu, 400-0021,
Japan
| | - Takahiro Abe
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School
of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3 Takeda, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Wakisaka
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae-cho, Kofu, 400-0021,
Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae-cho, Kofu, 400-0021,
Japan
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae-cho, Kofu, 400-0021,
Japan
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Yoshimoto S, Itaya K. Adsorption and assembly of ions and organic molecules at electrochemical interfaces: nanoscale aspects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:213-235. [PMID: 23772658 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the history of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and advances made in this field during the past 20 years. In situ STM allows one to monitor various electrode processes, such as the underpotential deposition of copper and silver ions; the specific adsorption of iodine and sulfate/bisulfate ions; electrochemical dissolution processes of silicon and gold single-crystal surfaces in electrolyte solutions; and the molecular assembly of metalloporphyrins, metallophthalocyanines, and fullerenes, at atomic and/or molecular resolution. Furthermore, a laser confocal microscope, combined with a differential interference contrast microscope, enables investigation of the dynamics of electrochemical processes at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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34
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Timm AE, Nattland D, Schuster R. In situ determination of the surface excess upon electrochemical sulfate adsorption on Au(111) films by surface plasmon resonance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:6667-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44303e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Comas-Vives A, Bandlow J, Jacob T. Ab initio study of the electrochemical H2SO4/Pt(111) interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:992-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Korzeniewski C, Climent V, Feliu J. Electrochemistry at Platinum Single Crystal Electrodes. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b11480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Ge M, Niece BK, Wall CG, Klemperer WG, Gewirth AA. Structure of Momolayers of Silicotungstate Anions on Ag(111) and Au(111) Electrode Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-451-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTα-Dodecatungstosilicate (α-SiW12O404−) anions form ordered monolayers on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces. In-situ STM images reveal that the silicotungstate ion forms a square adlattice with an intermolecule spacing of 10.2 ± 0.5 Å on both Ag and Au surfaces. Additional structures exhibiting either row or rhombic motifs are observed on Au electrodes. The structure of the adlattices can be modeled using a simple model which maximizes the coordination of the silicotungstate ion to the electrode while maintaining van der Waals contacts between terminal oxygens of adjacent silicotungstates.
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Jusys Z, Bruckenstein S, Hillman AR. New insights into the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction derived from EQCM measurements at a gold electrode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5373-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Chen T, Yan HJ, Zhang X, Wang D, Wan LJ. 2D Hexagonal Tilings Based on Triangular and Hexagonal Structural Units in the Self-Assembly of Thiacalix[4]arene Tetrasulfonate on an Au(111) Surface. Chem Asian J 2010; 6:1811-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Ohta N, Nomura K, Yagi I. Electrochemical modification of surface morphology of Au/Ti bilayer films deposited on a Si prism for in situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18097-18104. [PMID: 21043469 DOI: 10.1021/la102970r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA)-active Au/Ti bilayer films sputter deposited on Si substrates have been prepared by an electrochemical annealing (ECA) treatment for the first time. The application of Au/Ti bilayer films on Si substrates to the spectroscopic technique is a promising alternative to the conventional technique using directly deposited Au films on Si substrates, offering excellent adhesive durability of the deposited metal films. However, Au/Ti bilayer films have never been selected for the spectroscopy technique because the films in the as-prepared state exhibit relatively smooth surface morphology: the excitation of the localized surface plasmon is vital to achieving SEIRA enhancements but could hardly be observed on the smooth morphology. It is shown by ex situ scanning tunneling microscopy measurements that the unfavorable smooth morphology of the as-prepared Au/Ti bilayer films can be modified by the ECA treatment to a reasonably rough, island-structure morphology similar to that of the conventional SEIRA-active Au films. In situ infrared absorption spectroscopy of adsorbed sulfate anions has been conducted on the Au/Ti bilayer film both before and after ECA treatment. The spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that the SEIRA activity of the film after being subjected to the treatment is significantly improved so that the technique could detect adsorbates on the film electrodes even with the submonolayer coverage. As an additional benefit, the ECA treatment has brought about a substantial increase in the fraction of Au(111) domains on the polycrystalline Au film surfaces. Accordingly, this approach enables us to prepare SEIRA-active Au films having sufficient adhesion to the Si substrates as well as the highly preferred (111) orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Ohta
- Catalyst Research Group, Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Center Technology Research Association (FC-Cubic TRA), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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41
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42
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Doneux T, Nichols R. Adsorption of adipic acid conjugates at the Au(111) electrode|aqueous solution interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Dretschkow TH, Wandlowski TH. The kinetics of structural changes in anionic adlayers on stepped Au(111)s electrodes from sulfuric acid solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Wolfschmidt H, Weingarth D, Stimming U. Enhanced Reactivity for Hydrogen Reactions at Pt Nanoislands on Au(111). Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1533-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Ambrosio RC, Gewirth AA. Characterization of Water Structure on Silver Electrode Surfaces by SERS with Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1305-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902299u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato C. Ambrosio
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Andrew A. Gewirth
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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46
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Abstract
Abstract
Modern surface-science techniques like scanning tunnelling microscopy and the use of single-crystal electrodes with atomically well-defined surface structures allow a view of electrochemical interfaces and of simple electrochemical reactions at a level of sophistication unheard of at the time of Wilhelm Ostwald.
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47
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Abstract
Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies were performed on the adsorption of sulfate on Au(111). Focusing on the well-known (√3 × √7)R19.1° structure reported by various surface sensitive techniques, the coadsorption of H3O+ and/or H2O has been considered in different combinations. The calculated binding energies show that the coadsorption of a single H3O+ per sulfate is the most stable configuration, which is in agreement with experimental observations. Further, we find that in the case of coadsorption of both H3O+ and H2O along with sulfate, one of the protons of hydronium moves to sulfate, finally leading to bisulfate with two coadsorbed water molecules. Besides the morphology and energetics of the different configurations, we also discuss the nature of the surface bonds by analyzing the charge density distribution.
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48
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Braunschweig B, Daum W. Superstructures and order-disorder transition of sulfate adlayers on Pt(111) in sulfuric acid solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11112-11120. [PMID: 19456179 DOI: 10.1021/la901399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The surface structure of Pt(111) in a 0.1 M H2SO4 electrolyte was investigated in the potential range of sulfate adsorption with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and cyclic voltammetry. Two ordered anion structures were observed coexisting in the potential range between 0.49 and 0.79 V (vs RHE): the well-known (radical3xradical7)R19.1 degrees superstructure with an anion coverage of 0.20 monolayer and a new, high-density (3x1) superstructure with a coverage of 0.33 monolayer. Both superstructures undergo a reversible order-disorder transition at 0.8 V. Simultaneous imaging of the adsorbed ions and of topographic details of the Pt substrate lattice allows us to study the local adsorption geometry of the sulfate. In the (radical3xradical7)R19.1 degrees, structure the sulfate ions are adsorbed close to depressions in the STM image of the Pt substrate which may be identified with face-centered cubic (fcc) hollow sites. In addition to the sulfate ions, a coadsorbed species, possibly water molecules, is observed in the unit cell of the (radical3xradical7)R19.1 degrees superstructure. Preliminary potentiodynamic STM data indicate that the transformation of the ordered sulfate adlayer into a disordered structure at 0.8 V is not directly related to adsorption/desorption features in the voltammogram commonly attributed to the adsorption/desorption of OH, and that the sulfate adlayer remains on the surface for potentials well above the adsorption potentials of OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Braunschweig
- Institut for Physik und Physikalische Technologien, TU Clausthal, Leibnizstrasse 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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49
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Electrodeposition of Ag and Pd on a reconstructed Au(111) electrode surface studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Lee Y, Chang C, Yau S, Fan L, Yang Y, Yang LO, Itaya K. Conformations of Polyaniline Molecules Adsorbed on Au(111) Probed by in Situ STM and ex Situ XPS and NEXAFS. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6468-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809263y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YiHui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, PRC 116024, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - ChinZen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, PRC 116024, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - ShuehLin Yau
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, PRC 116024, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - LiangJen Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, PRC 116024, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - YawWen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, PRC 116024, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - LiangYueh Ou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, PRC 116024, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kingo Itaya
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, PRC 116024, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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