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Svanström S, García Fernández A, Sloboda T, Jacobsson TJ, Rensmo H, Cappel UB. X-ray stability and degradation mechanism of lead halide perovskites and lead halides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12479-12489. [PMID: 34037011 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01443a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have become a leading material in the field of emerging photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Significant progress has been achieved in improving the intrinsic properties and environmental stability of these materials. However, the stability of lead halide perovskites to ionising radiation has not been widely investigated. In this study, we investigated the radiolysis of lead halide perovskites with organic and inorganic cations under X-ray irradiation using synchrotron based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We found that fully inorganic perovskites are significantly more stable than those containing organic cations. In general, the degradation occurs through two different, but not mutually exclusive, pathways/mechanisms. One pathway is induced by radiolysis of the lead halide cage into halide salts, halogen gas and metallic lead and appears to be catalysed by defects in the perovskite. The other pathway is induced by the radiolysis of the organic cation which leads to formation of organic degradation products and the collapse of the perovskite structure. In the case of Cs0.17FA0.83PbI3, these reactions result in products with a lead to halide ratio of 1 : 2 and no formation of metallic lead. The radiolysis of the organic cation was shown to be a first order reaction with regards to the FA+ concentration and proportional to the X-ray flux density with a radiolysis rate constant of 1.6 × 10-18 cm2 per photon at 3 keV or 3.3 cm2 mJ-1. These results provide valuable insight for the use of lead halide perovskite based devices in high radiation environments, such as in space environments and X-ray detectors, as well as for investigations of lead halide perovskites using X-ray based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Svanström
- Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto García Fernández
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tamara Sloboda
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - T Jesper Jacobsson
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein Straße 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ute B Cappel
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Moradi CP, Xie C, Kaufmann M, Guo H, Douberly GE. Two-center three-electron bonding in ClNH3 revealed via helium droplet infrared laser Stark spectroscopy: Entrance channel complex along the Cl + NH3 → ClNH2 + H reaction. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:164301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4947089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Matin Kaufmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Gary E. Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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Braïda B, Thogersen L, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Stability, Metastability, and Unstability of Three-Electron-Bonded Radical Anions. A Model ab Initio Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11781-90. [PMID: 12296746 DOI: 10.1021/ja026707y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of O therefore O, N therefore N, S therefore S, P therefore P, and Si therefore Si three-electron bonds in anionic radicals isoelectronic to dihalogen radical anions is studied by means of ab initio calculations on model systems. The difficulty of generating the dissociation energy profiles of such anions and their rearrangement to neutral species is solved by a practical method which consists of calculating the neutral and anionic energy profiles separately and shifting the curves with respect to each other to match the experimental energy gap between the asymptotes. Here the neutral and anionic reaction profiles are calculated at the CASPT2 and MP2 levels, respectively. The calculations predict that the O therefore O bond is likely to be observed in anions of the type [RO therefore OR](*-), where R is any alkyl substituent or carbon chain. The anion Si(2)H(6)(*-) is found to be a metastable species, with a fair barrier to electron detachment. The barrier is much smaller for N(2)H(4)(*-) and P(2)H(4)(*-), thus precluding experimental observation. However, these species can be stabilized by electron-attractor substituents, the effect of which can be quantitatively estimated by means of the parent anion's diagrams and some fast complementary calculations. An example is given with the [CF(3)HN therefore NHCF(3)](*-) anionic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, Bat 490, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 ORSAY Cédex, France
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Braïda B, Hazebroucq S, Hiberty PC. Methyl substituent effects in [H(n)X...XH(n)](+) three-electron-bonded radical cations (X = F, O, N, Cl, S, P; n = 1 - 3). An ab initio theoretical study. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:2371-8. [PMID: 11878994 DOI: 10.1021/ja0165887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of methyl substitution on the geometries and bonding energies of a systematic series of three-electron-bonded radical cations of the type [H(n)X...XH(n)](+), covering all possible symmetrical three-electron bonds that may take place between atoms of the second and third rows of the periodic table, have been investigated at the level of Møller-Plesset perturbation theory. Methyl substitution leads to significant weakening and lengthening of the X...X bond when X is a second-row atom. The effects increase with the number of substitutions and are more and more important in the series X = N, O, F. By contrast, methyl substitution leaves the bonding energies between third-row atoms practically unchanged but leads to a surprising bond shortening in the S...S and P...P cases. These seemingly contradictory effects are rationalized through a qualitative analysis based on an elementary molecular orbital description of three-electron bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Razskazovskii YV, Raiti MJ, Sevilla MD. Electron Spin Resonance and Molecular Oribtal Study of One-Electron-Reduced O,O‘-Diphenylenehalonium Cations: First Evidence for a Diaryliodine Radical, Ar2I• or Simply a New σ*-Radical? J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991263m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Raiti
- Department of Chemistry Oakland University Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401
| | - Michael D. Sevilla
- Department of Chemistry Oakland University Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401
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Sevilla MD, Summerfield S, Eliezer I, Rak J, Symons MCR. Interaction of the Chlorine Atom with Water: ESR and ab Initio MO Evidence for Three-Electron (σ2σ*) Bonding. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp964097g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Sevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - Steven Summerfield
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - Isaac Eliezer
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
| | - M. C. R. Symons
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K
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McKee ML, Nicolaides A, Radom L. A Theoretical Study of Chlorine Atom and Methyl Radical Addition to Nitrogen Bases: Why Do Cl Atoms Form Two-Center−Three-Electron Bonds Whereas CH3 Radicals Form Two-Center−Two-Electron Bonds? J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9613973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McKee
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Athanassios Nicolaides
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Korth HG, Sustmann R, Sicking W, Klärner FG, Tashtoush HI. Rearrangements of Free Radicals, XIII[1]. Thermal and Photochemical Rearrangements of Cyclic C8H9 Radicals in Adamantane Matrix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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