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Chouana T, Pierre G, Vial C, Gardarin C, Wadouachi A, Cailleu D, Le Cerf D, Boual Z, Ould El Hadj M, Michaud P, Delattre C. Structural characterization and rheological properties of a galactomannan from Astragalus gombo Bunge seeds harvested in Algerian Sahara. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:387-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pathak D, Kumar P, Kuppusamy G, Gupta A, Kamble B, Wadhwani A. Physicochemical characterization and toxicological evaluation of plant-based anionic polymers and their nanoparticulated system for ocular delivery. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:843-55. [PMID: 23952497 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.834996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble fractions of mucilages and gum from the seeds of fenugreek, isphagula and mango bark exudate were isolated, purified and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), maldi/GC-MS, elemental analysis, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) and 2D (HMQC, COSY) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The fenugreek mucilage was identified to be a galactomannan chain consisting of 4 units of galactose attached to the backbone of 6 mannose units in 1:1.5 ratio. The isphagula mucilage was identified to be an arabinoxylan polysaccharide chain consisting of 4 units of arabinofuranose attached to the backbone of 9 xylopyrannose units in 1:3 ratio. The mango gum showed the presence of amylose, α-arabinofuranosyl and β-galactopyranosyl, respectively. The characterized mucilages and gum were individually formulated into nanoparticulate system using their complementarily charged polymer chitosan. The particles were observed to be spherical in shape in the range of 61.5-90 nm having zetapotential between 31 and 34 mV and PDI of 0.097-0.241. The prepared nanoparticles were observed to be nonirritant and nontoxic in vitro and in vivo upto 2000 μg/ml. Therefore, these mucilages and gum can be the alternatives of anionic polymers for the ocular drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, (Off campus J.S.S. University, Mysore) , Udhagamandalam , India
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Prajapati VD, Jani GK, Moradiya NG, Randeria NP, Nagar BJ, Naikwadi NN, Variya BC. Galactomannan: a versatile biodegradable seed polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:83-92. [PMID: 23707734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides have been finding, in the last decades, very interesting and useful applications in the biomedical and, specifically, in the biopharmaceutical field. Galactomannans are a group of storage polysaccharides from various plant seeds that reserve energy for germination in the endosperm. There are four major sources of seed galactomannans: locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa Kuntze), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Through keen references of reported literature on galactomannans, in this review, we have described occurrence of various galactomannans, its physicochemical properties, characterization, applications, and overview of some major galactomannans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul D Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, S.S.R. College of Pharmacy, Saily-Silvassa Road, Saily, Silvassa, U.T. of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 396230, India.
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Wang Y, Alonso AP, Wilkerson CG, Keegstra K. Deep EST profiling of developing fenugreek endosperm to investigate galactomannan biosynthesis and its regulation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:243-58. [PMID: 22527750 PMCID: PMC3349874 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Galactomannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides composed of a (1 → 4)-linked β-D-mannan backbone substituted with single-unit (1 → 6)-α-linked D-galactosyl residues. Developing fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds are known to accumulate large quantities of galactomannans in the endosperm, and were thus used here as a model system to better understand galactomannan biosynthesis and its regulation. We first verified the specific deposition of galactomannans in developing endosperms and determined that active accumulation occurred from 25 to 38 days post anthesis (DPA) under our growth conditions. We then examined the expression levels during seed development of ManS and GMGT, two genes encoding backbone and side chain synthetic enzymes. Based on transcript accumulation dynamics for ManS and GMGT, cDNA libraries were constructed using RNA isolated from endosperms at four ages corresponding to before, at the beginning of, and during active galactomannan deposition. DNA from these libraries was sequenced using the 454 sequencing technology to yield a total of 1.5 million expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Through analysis of the EST profiling data, we identified genes known to be involved in galactomannan biosynthesis, as well as new genes that may be involved in this process, and proposed a model for the flow of carbon from sucrose to galactomannans. Measurement of in vitro ManS and GMGT activities and analysis of sugar phosphate and nucleotide sugar levels in the endosperms of developing fenugreek seeds provided data consistent with this model. In vitro enzymatic assays also revealed that the ManS enzyme from fenugreek endosperm preferentially used GDP-mannose as the substrate for the backbone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Ana P. Alonso
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Present Address: Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Curtis G. Wilkerson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Brennan CS, Suter M, Matia-Merino L, Luethi T, Ravindran G, Goh K, Ovortrup J. Gel and Pasting Behaviour of Fenugreek-Wheat Starch and Fenugreek – Wheat Flour Combinations. STARCH-STARKE 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200600525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Seed galactomannans are vegetable, heterogeneous polysaccharides widely distributed in nature. Generally, they possess (1-->4)-linked D-mannopyranose (Man) main chains to which are attached (1-->6)-linked D-galactopyranosyl (Gal) units. The Man/Gal ratios differ from gum to gum, resulting in a change in structure, which, in turn, determines the various industrial applications of seed galactomannans. These materials are important in paper, textile, petroleum-drilling, pharmaceutics, food, cosmaceutics, and explosives industries. In this review, the biodiversified applicability of galactomannan gums is discussed, particularly with respect to structural aspects, properties, human consumption, and technical applications. Especially important is that the solution properties (rheological behaviour, viscosity, emulsifying tendency, etc.) of natural and chemically modified galactomannans can be tuned by interaction with other (carbohydrate-based) monomers or polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjoosha Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
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Mishra A, Yadav A, Agarwal M, Bajpai M. Fenugreek mucilage for solid removal from tannery effluent. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ishrud O, Zahid M, Zhou H, Pan Y. A water-soluble galactomannan from the seeds of Phoenix dactylifera L. Carbohydr Res 2001; 335:297-301. [PMID: 11595224 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the seeds of dates, has been investigated using methylation, periodate and CrO(3) oxidation, NMR spectroscopy, and reaction with Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin and alpha-D-galactosidase. The polysaccharide consists of a backbone composed of (1-->4)-beta-D-mannopyranosyl residues and carries a single (1-->6)-alpha-linked D-galactopyranosyl residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ishrud
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Mannose-based Polysaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461012-5.50017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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Affinity interactions between agarose and β-1,4-glycans: a model for polysaccharide associations in algal cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(87)90046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Seth RP, Mukherjee S, Verma SD. Investigations on partial structure of galactomannan "A" from Cassia renigera seed. Carbohydr Res 1984; 125:336-9. [PMID: 6705000 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Szarek WA, Stacey M, Hay GW. John Kenyon Netherton Jones 1912–1977. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chatterjee BP, Sarkar N, Rao AS. Serological and chemical investigations of the anomeric configuration of the sugar units in the d-galacto-d-mannan of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed. Carbohydr Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)82598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Halmer P, Bewley JD, Thorpe TA. An enzyme to degrade lettuce endosperm cell walls. Appearance of a mannanase following phytochrome- and gibberellin-induced germination. PLANTA 1976; 130:189-196. [PMID: 24424598 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/1976] [Accepted: 01/16/1976] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) stimulated to germinate by gibberellin and red light produce large amounts of endo-β-mannanase. This enzyme increases markedly following radicle emergence and is capable of degrading mannose-containing polysaccharides, which are the major components of the endosperm cell wall. Non-germinated seeds contain little enzyme and under conditions where gibberellin- or red light-stimulated germination is prevented (eg. by abscisic acid or prolonged far red light) enzyme levels remain low. Cycloheximide inhibits the increase in enzyme levels when supplied to germinating seeds, but the enzyme once produced is stable in vivo in the presence of this inhibitor for at least 24h. The majority of the extractable mannanase activity is located in the endosperm and we propose that the function of this enzyme is to mobilise the endosperm cell wall polysaccharides as a nutrient source for the growing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Halmer
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kooiman P. The relation between monosaccharide composition and specific optical rotation of galactomannans from plant seeds. Carbohydr Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)82740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dea IC, McKinnon AA, Rees DA. Tertiary and quaternary structure in aqueous polysaccharide systems which model cell wall cohesion: reversible changes in conformation and association of agarose, carrageenan and galactomannans. J Mol Biol 1972; 68:153-72. [PMID: 5050360 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Colour reactions given by sugars and diphenylamine-aniline spray reagents on paper chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 1960. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)98394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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BINKLEY WW. Column chromatography of sugars and their derivatives. ADVANCES IN CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 1955; 10:55-94. [PMID: 13292322 DOI: 10.1016/s0096-5332(08)60390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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HOUGH L. Analysis of mixtures of sugars by paper and cellulose column chromatography. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 1954; 1:205-42. [PMID: 13193530 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110171.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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