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Trapp L, Karschin N, Godejohann M, Schacht H, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Chemical Composition of Fat Bloom on Chocolate Products Determined by Combining NMR and HPLC-MS. Molecules 2024; 29:3024. [PMID: 38998979 PMCID: PMC11243742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To reduce unwanted fat bloom in the manufacturing and storage of chocolates, detailed knowledge of the chemical composition and molecular mobility of the oils and fats contained is required. Although the formation of fat bloom on chocolate products has been studied for many decades with regard to its prevention and reduction, questions on the molecular level still remain to be answered. Chocolate products with nut-based fillings are especially prone to undesirable fat bloom. The chemical composition of fat bloom is thought to be dominated by the triacylglycerides of the chocolate matrix, which migrate to the chocolate's surface and recrystallize there. Migration of oils from the fillings into the chocolate as driving force for fat bloom formation is an additional factor in the discussion. In this work, the migration was studied and confirmed by MRI, while the chemical composition of the fat bloom was measured by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-MS, revealing the most important triacylglycerides in the fat bloom. The combination of HPLC-MS with NMR spectroscopy at 800 MHz allows for detailed chemical structure determination. A rapid routine was developed combining the two modalities, which was then applied to investigate the aging, the impact of chocolate composition, and the influence of hazelnut fillings processing parameters, such as the degree of roasting and grinding of the nuts or the mixing time, on fat bloom formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trapp
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Hilke Schacht
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Abstract
Cocoa butter displays complex crystallization behavior and six crystal polymorphic forms. Although the crystal structure of cocoa butter has been studied extensively, the molecular interactions between cocoa butter triacylglycerols in relation to polymorphic transformations from metastable forms (forms III and IV) to stable crystal forms (forms V and VI) remain largely unknown. In this review, the triclinic polymorphism and melting profiles of the major triacylglycerols in cocoa butter-POP, POS, and SOS-are reviewed, and their binary and ternary phase behaviors in metastable (pseudoβ') and stable (β2) crystal forms are discussed. We also attempt to clarify how the transformation of cocoa butter from form IV to V, as a critical step in the tempering of chocolate, is controlled by POS interactions with both POP and SOS. Moreover, we show how the crystal forms V and VI of cocoa butter are templated by crystal forms β3 and β1 of POS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M Ghazani
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; ,
| | - Alejandro G Marangoni
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; ,
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Kalnin D, Lesieur P, Artzner F, Keller G, Ollivon M. Systematic investigation of lard polymorphism using combined DSC and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200501010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Determination of the predominant polymorphic form of mango (Mangifera indica) almond fat by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200401072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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de Jong S, van Soest TC, van Schaick MA. Crystal structures and melting points of unsaturated triacylglycerols in theβphase. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02663752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. de Jong
- ; Unilever Research Laboratorium Vlaardingen; P.O. Box 114 AC Vlaardingen 3130 The Netherlands
- ; Unilever Research Laboratorium Vlaardingen; Olivier van Noortlaan 120 AT Vlaardingen 3133 The Netherlands
| | - T. C. van Soest
- ; Unilever Research Laboratorium Vlaardingen; P.O. Box 114 AC Vlaardingen 3130 The Netherlands
| | - M. A. van Schaick
- ; Unilever Research Laboratorium Vlaardingen; P.O. Box 114 AC Vlaardingen 3130 The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Martin
- Hershey Foods Corporation, Technical Center, Pennsylvania 17033
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Mank AP, Ward JP, van Dorp DA. A versatile, flexible synthesis of 1,3-diglycerides and tryglycerides. Chem Phys Lipids 1976; 16:107-14. [PMID: 178456 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(76)90002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A flexible method for synthesising 1,30diflycerides and triglycerides is described. Glycidol esters, prepared by a known route from epichlorohydrin and the sodium salt of a fatty acid, were heated with another or with the same fatty acid and a quaternary ammonium salt. This resulted in a fast, mild reaction and higher yields and greater purity of the diglycerides than hitherto obtained in this synthesis. The mixture of 1,3- and 1,2-diglycerides obtained was isomerised by heating while still in the solid phase to 1,3-diglycerides. Triglycerides were prepared from the diglycerides by acylation using a fatty acid chloride and pyridine in hexane.
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Lovegren NV, Gajee BB, Gray MS, Feuge RO. Cocoa butter-like fats from fractionated cottonseed oil: II. Properties. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02886868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Lovegren
- Southern Regional Research Laboratory; New Orleans Louisiana 70179
| | - B. B. Gajee
- Southern Regional Research Laboratory; New Orleans Louisiana 70179
| | - M. S. Gray
- Southern Regional Research Laboratory; New Orleans Louisiana 70179
| | - R. O. Feuge
- Southern Regional Research Laboratory; New Orleans Louisiana 70179
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Dutton H, Scholfield C. Recent developments in the glyceride structure of vegetable oils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(63)90027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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ERIKSEN SP, REESE DR, SWINTOSKY JV. Physical properties of lipids used in pharmacy. II. Use of heating-cooling curves to study lipid materials. J Pharm Sci 1962; 51:843-50. [PMID: 13890584 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600510906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dutton HJ, Scholfield CR, Mounts TL. Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. V. Comparison of natural, interesterified, and synthetic cocoa butter. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1961. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02633909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Recent progress in the applications of infrared absorption spectroscopy to lipid chemistry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1961. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02633379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Landmann W, Feuge RO, Lovegren NV. Melting and dilatometric behavior of 2-Oleopalmitostearin and 2-Oleodistearin. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1960. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02632088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Production of specialty edible fats. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1960. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02630519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. IV. Cocoa butter. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02640045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Desnuele P, Savary P. Sur la Structure Glycéridique de quelques Corps Gras Naturels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19590611010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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SAVARY P, DESNUELLE P. Étude des chaînes internes dans quelques triglycérides mixtes naturels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959; 31:26-33. [PMID: 13628600 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(59)90435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Guice WA, Lovegren NV, Feuge RO, Cosler HB. Addition of hydrogenated fats to chocolate to improve heat resistance. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02540256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mattson F, Lutton E. The Specific Distribution of Fatty Acids in the Glycerides of Animal and Vegetable Fats. J Biol Chem 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Differential thermal analysis of fats. II. Melting behavior of some pure glycerides. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1958. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02632560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Lutton
- Procter and Gamble Company Miami Valley Laboratories; Research and Development Department; Cincinnati Ohio
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