Synthesis of (±)-4,5-dia-Parthenolide, an Unnatural Parthenolide Stereoisomer

A short total synthesis of the novel unnatural parthenolide diastereomer (±)-4,5-dia-parthenolide was accomplished in 13 steps and an overall yield of 1.75% starting from commercially available (E,E)-farnesol. The challenging isopropenyl side chain oxidation was regioselectively achieved via a newly developed stepwise dihydroxylation procedure, employing a Bartlett-Smith iodocarbonate cyclization followed by iodide substitution and catalytic transesterification.

Enantiospecific synthesis of the (9S,18R)-diastereomer of the leukocyte adhesion inhibitor cyclamenol A

Cyclamenol A is one of the very few non-carbohydrate and non-peptide natural products that inhibit leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. We report on the first enantioselective total synthesis of the (9S, 18R)-diastereomer of this macrocyclic polyene lactam. Key elements of the synthesis are i) the synthesis of the required chiral building blocks by employing readily accessible building blocks from the chiral pool, that is, (S)-malic acid and (R)-hydroxyisobutyric acid, ii) assembly of a linear polyene precursor by means of Wittig and Horner olefination reactions as key C-C bond-forming transformations, iii) ring closure by means of a vanadium-mediated pinacolisation reaction and iv) conversion of the generated cis-diol into a (Z)-olefin to complete the entire polyene system of the natural product. Attempts to close the macrocyclic ring by a macrolactamisation, a double Stille coupling or direct olefination in a McMurry reaction failed. Crucial to the successful completion of the synthesis was the correct orchestration of the final steps. It was necessary to first deprotect the intermediate formed after macrocycle formation and to generate the sensitive heptaene system in the last step by means of a Corey-Hopkins sequence.