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Rehan IF, Elnagar A, Zigo F, Sayed-Ahmed A, Yamada S. Biomimetic strategies for the deputization of proteoglycan functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1391769. [PMID: 39170918 PMCID: PMC11337302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1391769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), which have glycosaminoglycan chains attached to their protein cores, are essential for maintaining the morphology and function of healthy body tissues. Extracellular PGs perform various functions, classified into the following four categories: i) the modulation of tissue mechanical properties; ii) the regulation and protection of the extracellular matrix; iii) protein sequestration; and iv) the regulation of cell signaling. The depletion of PGs may significantly impair tissue function, encompassing compromised mechanical characteristics and unregulated inflammatory responses. Since PGs play critical roles in the function of healthy tissues and their synthesis is complex, the development of PG mimetic molecules that recapitulate PG functions for tissue engineering and therapeutic applications has attracted the interest of researchers for more than 20 years. These approaches have ranged from semisynthetic graft copolymers to recombinant PG domains produced by cells that have undergone genetic modifications. This review discusses some essential extracellular PG functions and approaches to mimicking these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim F. Rehan
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Asmaa Elnagar
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Jia ZB, Tian H, Kang K, Miao HZ, Liu KY, Jiang SL, Wang LP. Expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 by transplanted VSMCs modifies heart structure and function after myocardial infarction. Transpl Immunol 2014; 30:149-58. [PMID: 24727088 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is a critical aspect of cardiac remodelling following myocardial infarction. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are physiological inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the ECM proteins. TIMP-3 is highly expressed in the heart and is markedly downregulated in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Cell-based gene therapy can enhance the effects of cell transplantation by temporally and spatially regulating the release of the gene product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TIMP-3 gene-transfected vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in modifying heart structure and function in rats when transplanted 3days after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Anesthetised rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation followed 3days later by thoracotomy and transplantation of TIMP-3 gene-transfected VSMCs, untransfected VSMCs or medium injected directly into the ischaemic myocardium. We assessed left ventricular structure and function by echocardiography and morphometry, and measured the levels of myocardial matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), TIMP-3 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at 4weeks post-myocardial infarction. RESULTS Transplantation of TIMP-3 gene-transfected VSMCs and untransfected VSMCs significantly decreased scar expansion and ventricular dilatation 25days post-transplantation (4weeks after MI). MMPs and TNF-α levels were reduced in the transplantation groups when compared to the group that was given an injection of medium only. Transplantation of TIMP-3 gene-transfected VSMCs was more effective in preventing progressive cardiac dysfunction, ventricular dilatation and in reducing MMP-2, MMP-9 and TNF-α levels when compared to the transplantation of untransfected VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS TIMP-3 gene transfection was associated with attenuated left ventricular dilation and recovery of systolic function after MI compared with the control. TIMP-3 transfection enhanced the effects of transplanted VSMCs in rats by inhibiting matrix degradation and inflammatory cytokine expression, leading to improved myocardial remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bo Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Miao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Hospital of Qiqihaer, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Kai-Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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3
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Lord MS, Whitelock JM. Recombinant production of proteoglycans and their bioactive domains. FEBS J 2013; 280:2490-510. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - John M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; The University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
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Abstract
The aggregating proteoglycans of the lectican family are important components of extracellular matrices. Aggrecan is the most well studied of these and is central to cartilage biomechanical properties and skeletal development. Key to its biological function is the fixed charge of the many glycosaminoglycan chains, that provide the basis for the viscoelastic properties necessary for load distribution over the articular surface. This review is focused on the globular domains of aggrecan and their role in anchoring the proteoglycans to other extracellular matrix components. The N-terminal G1 domain is vital in that it binds the proteoglycan to hyaluronan in ternary complex with link protein, retaining the proteoglycan in the tissue. The importance of the C-terminal G3 domain interactions has recently been emphasized by two different human hereditary disorders: autosomal recessive aggrecan-type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and autosomal dominant familial osteochondritis dissecans. In these two conditions, different missense mutations in the aggrecan C-type lectin repeat have been described. The resulting amino acid replacements affect the ligand interactions of the G3 domain, albeit with widely different phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aspberg
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Du WW, Yang BB, Yang BL, Deng Z, Fang L, Shan SW, Jeyapalan Z, Zhang Y, Seth A, Yee AJ. Versican G3 domain modulates breast cancer cell apoptosis: a mechanism for breast cancer cell response to chemotherapy and EGFR therapy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26396. [PMID: 22096483 PMCID: PMC3212514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of EGFR and versican has been reported in association with breast cancers. Considered oncogenic, these molecules may be attractive therapeutic targets. Possessing anti-apoptotic and drug resistant properties, overexpression of these molecules is accompanied by selective sensitization to the process of apoptosis. In this study, we exogenously expressed a versican G3 construct in breast cancer cell lines and analyzed the effects of G3 on cell viability in fetal bovine serum free conditioned media and evaluated the effects of apoptotic agent C2-ceramide, and chemotherapeutic agents including Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, and Epirubicin. Versican G3 domain enhanced tumor cell resistance to apoptosis when cultured in serum free medium, Doxorubicin, or Epirubicin by up-regulating pERK and GSK-3β (S9P). However, it could be prevented by selective EGFR inhibitor AG 1478 and selective MEK inhibitor PD 98059. Both AG 1478 and PD 98059 enhanced expression of pSAPK/JNK, while selective JNK inhibitor SP 600125 enhanced expression of GSK-3β (S9P). Versican G3 promoted cell apoptosis induced by C2-ceramide or Docetaxel by enhancing expression of pSAPK/JNK and decreasing expression of GSK-3β (S9P), an observation blocked by AG 1478 or SP 6000125. Inhibition of endogenous versican expression by siRNA or reduction of versican G3's expression by linking G3 with 3'UTR prevented G3 modulated cell apoptosis. The dual roles of G3 in modulating breast cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents may in part explain a potential mechanism for breast cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy and EGFR therapy. The apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutics depend upon the activation and balance of down stream signals in the EGFR pathway. GSK-3β (S9P) appears to function as a key checkpoint in this balance of apoptosis and anti-apoptosis. Investigation and potential consideration of targeting GSK-3β (S9P) merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Weidong Du
- Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Centre for the Study of Bone Metastasis, Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Burton B. Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Bing L. Yang
- Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Centre for the Study of Bone Metastasis, Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhaoqun Deng
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ling Fang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sze Wan Shan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Zina Jeyapalan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Yaou Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Arun Seth
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Albert J. Yee
- Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Centre for the Study of Bone Metastasis, Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Watanabe Y, Takeuchi K, Higa Onaga S, Sato M, Tsujita M, Abe M, Natsume R, Li M, Furuichi T, Saeki M, Izumikawa T, Hasegawa A, Yokoyama M, Ikegawa S, Sakimura K, Amizuka N, Kitagawa H, Igarashi M. Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 is required for normal cartilage development. Biochem J 2010; 432:47-55. [PMID: 20812917 PMCID: PMC2995422 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CS (chondroitin sulfate) is a glycosaminoglycan species that is widely distributed in the extracellular matrix. To understand the physiological roles of enzymes involved in CS synthesis, we produced CSGalNAcT1 (CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1)-null mice. CS production was reduced by approximately half in CSGalNAcT1-null mice, and the amount of short-chain CS was also reduced. Moreover, the cartilage of the null mice was significantly smaller than that of wild-type mice. Additionally, type-II collagen fibres in developing cartilage were abnormally aggregated and disarranged in the homozygous mutant mice. These results suggest that CSGalNAcT1 is required for normal CS production in developing cartilage.
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Key Words
- cartilage
- chondroitin sulfate
- collagen fibre
- n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (galnact)
- gene knockout
- glycosaminoglycan
- 2-ab, 2-aminobenzamide
- c4st-1, chondrotin 4-sulfotransferase-1
- chpf, chondroitin polymerization factor
- chsy, chondroitin synthase
- cs, chondroitin sulfate
- csgalnact, chondroitin sulfate n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
- cspg, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
- e, embryonic day
- es, embryonic stem
- fam20b, family member 20b
- g3pdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- glcua, glucuronic acid
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- pcna, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- pg, proteoglycan
- rt, reverse transcription
- tem, transmission electron microscope
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Watanabe
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Higa Onaga
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Michiko Sato
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Mika Tsujita
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- ‡Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- ‡Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Minqi Li
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- §Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Furuichi
- ∥Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genome Medicine, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mika Saeki
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- **Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Minesuke Yokoyama
- **Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- ∥Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genome Medicine, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- ‡Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- §Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Kahai S, Lee SC, Lee DY, Yang J, Li M, Wang CH, Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Peng C, Yang BB. MicroRNA miR-378 regulates nephronectin expression modulating osteoblast differentiation by targeting GalNT-7. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7535. [PMID: 19844573 PMCID: PMC2760121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small fragments of single-stranded RNA containing 18-24 nucleotides, and are generated from endogenous transcripts. MicroRNAs function in post-transcriptional gene silencing by targeting the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs, resulting in translational repression. We have developed a system to study the role of miRNAs in cell differentiation. We have found that one of the miRNAs tested in our system (miR-378, also called miR-378*) plays a role in modulating nephronectin-mediated differentiation in the osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. Nephronectin is an extracellular matrix protein, and we have demonstrated that its over-expression enhanced osteoblast differentiation and bone nodule formation. Furthermore, we found that the nephronectin 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) contains a binding site for miR-378. Stable transfection of MC3T3-E1 cells with miR-378 inhibited cell differentiation. MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with nephronectin exhibited higher rates of differentiation and nodule formation as compared with cells transfected with nephronectin containing the 3'UTR in the early stages of development, suggesting that endogenous miR-378 is present and active. However, in the later stages of MC3T3-E1 development, the differentiation rates were opposite, with higher rates of differentiation and nodule formation in the cells over-expressing the 3'UTR of nephronectin. This appeared to be the consequence of competition between nephronectin and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 (GalNAc-T7 or GalNT7) for miR-378 binding, resulting in increased GalNT7 activity, which in turn lead to increased nephronectin glycosylation and product secretion, thereby resulting in a higher rate of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Kahai
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shao-Chen Lee
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Y. Lee
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Minhui Li
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chia-Hui Wang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaou Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Burton B. Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Sohaskey ML, Yu J, Diaz MA, Plaas AH, Harland RM. JAWS coordinates chondrogenesis and synovial joint positioning. Development 2008; 135:2215-20. [PMID: 18539921 DOI: 10.1242/dev.019950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Properly positioned synovial joints are crucial to coordinated skeletal movement. Despite their importance for skeletal development and function, the molecular mechanisms that underlie joint positioning are not well understood. We show that mice carrying an insertional mutation in a previously uncharacterized gene, which we have named Jaws (joints abnormal with splitting), die perinatally with striking skeletal defects, including ectopic interphalangeal joints. These ectopic joints develop along the longitudinal axis and persist at birth, suggesting that JAWS is uniquely required for the orientation and consequent positioning of interphalangeal joints within the endochondral skeleton. Jaws mutant mice also exhibit severe chondrodysplasia characterized by delayed and disorganized maturation of growth plate chondrocytes, together with impaired chondroitin sulfation and abnormal metabolism of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan aggrecan. Our findings identify JAWS as a key regulator of chondrogenesis and synovial joint positioning required for the restriction of joint formation to discrete stereotyped locations in the embryonic skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Sohaskey
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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9
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Miwa HE, Gerken TA, Hering TM. Effects of covalently attached chondroitin sulfate on aggrecan cleavage by ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13. Matrix Biol 2006; 25:534-45. [PMID: 16945513 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan is degraded by several aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS-4) isoforms differing in the number of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG)-binding motifs. ADAMTS-4 and MMPs cleave aggrecan more efficiently within the chondroitin sulfate (CS)-rich region than the interglobular domain (IGD). We investigated the influence of CS on aggrecan core protein cleavage by ADAMTS-4 (p68) and (p40) as well as MMP-13, which has no recognizable GAG-binding sites. Chondroitinase ABC-treated cartilage aggrecan was cleaved with ADAMTS-4 (p68) less efficiently than CS-substituted aggrecan within the CS-2 domain. Keratanase-treated aggrecan exhibited reduced IGD cleavage, but when both CS and KS were removed, the IGD cleavage was restored. This result suggests that KS in the IGD may compete with CS for ADAMTS-4 (p68) binding. In the absence of KS, however, p68 binding was shifted to the CS-2 domain. CS-deficient full-length recombinant aggrecan (rbAgg) was produced by chondroitinase ABC treatment, or by expression in the xylosyltransferase-deficient CHO-pgsA745 cell line. When digested with the ADAMTS-4 (p68), each of these preparations exhibited reduced CS-2 domain cleavage compared to CS-substituted CHO-K1 cell-derived aggrecan. Additionally, CS-deficient rbAgg showed increased IGD scission prior to cleavage within the CS-2 domain. ADAMTS-4 (p40) readily cleaved both rbAggs within the IGD, but cleaved poorly within the CS-2 domain, indicating little CS dependence. MMP-13, in contrast, cleaved the CS region and the IGD of both CS-substituted and CS-deficient rbAgg equally well. These data indicate that covalently bound CS enhances ADAMTS-4-mediated cleavage within the CS-rich region. MMP-13 also cleaves preferentially within the CS-region, but by an apparently CS-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki E Miwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Rahmani M, Wong BW, Ang L, Cheung CC, Carthy JM, Walinski H, McManus BM. Versican: signaling to transcriptional control pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:77-92. [PMID: 16845893 DOI: 10.1139/y05-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix, which provides a loose and hydrated matrix during key events in development and disease. Versican participates in cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, and hence plays a central role in tissue morphogenesis and maintenance. In addition, versican contributes to the development of a number of pathologic processes including atherosclerotic vascular diseases, cancer, tendon remodeling, hair follicle cycling, central nervous system injury, and neurite outgrowth. Versican is a complex molecule consisting of modular core protein domains and glycosaminoglycan side chains, and there are various steps of synthesis and processes regulating them. Also, there is differential temporal and spatial expression of versican by multiple cell types and in different developmental and pathological time frames. To fully appreciate the functional roles of versican as it relates to changing patterns of expression in development and disease, an in depth knowledge of versican's biosynthetic processing is necessary. The goal of this review is to evaluate the current status of our knowledge regarding the transcriptional control of versican gene regulation. We will be focusing on the signal transduction pathways, promoter regions, cis-acting elements, and trans-factors that have been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Rahmani
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Murad YM, Szabó Z, Ludányi K, Glant TT. Molecular manipulation with the arthritogenic epitopes of the G1 domain of human cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 142:303-11. [PMID: 16232217 PMCID: PMC1809506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic immunization of BALB/c mice with human cartilage proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan induces progressive polyarthritis. The G1 domain of the PG aggrecan molecule contains most of the T cell epitopes, including three immunodominant ('arthritogenic') and at least six subdominant T cell epitopes. The three dominant T cell epitopes (P49, P70 and P155) were deleted individually or in combination by site directed mutagenesis, and the recombinant human G1 (rhG1) domain (wild type and mutated) proteins were used for immunization. Close to 100% of BALB/c mice immunized with the wild-type (nonmutated) rhG1 domain developed severe arthritis, which was 75% in the absence of P70 (5/4E8) epitope, and very low (< 10% incidence) when all three dominant T cell epitopes were deleted. The onset was delayed and the severity of arthritis reduced in animals when dominant T cell epitopes were missing from the immunizing rhG1 domain. The lack of T cell response to the deleted epitope(s) was specific, but the overall immune response against the wild-type rhG1 domain of human PG was not significantly affected. This study helped us to understand the dynamics and immune-regulatory mechanisms of arthritis, and supported the hypothesis that the development of autoimmune arthritis requires a concerted T cell response to multiple epitopes, rather than the immune response to a single arthritogenic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Murad
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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12
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Yang BL, Yang BB, Erwin M, Ang LC, Finkelstein J, Yee AJM. Versican G3 domain enhances cellular adhesion and proliferation of bovine intervertebral disc cells cultured in vitro. Life Sci 2003; 73:3399-413. [PMID: 14572881 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of versican in influencing intervertebral disc cell adhesion and proliferation was analyzed in bovine intervertebral disc. We have previously demonstrated the C-terminal globular G3 (or selectin-like) domain of versican to influence mesenchymal chondrogenesis and fibroblast proliferation in vitro. For this study, a versican G3 expression construct was generated to examine the role of the G3 domain of versican. Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells were isolated from adult bovine caudal discs using sequential enzymatic digestion and versican expression characterized by RT-PCR. In cell proliferation assays, we observed that there was greater cellular proliferation in the presence of versican G3 for both disc cell types. The higher proliferation rate of annulus fibrosus cells when compared to nucleus pulposus cells seeded in monolayer supports heterogeneity of intervertebral disc cell populations. The presence of versican G3 construct enhanced the adhesion of isolated nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells approximately 4 to 6 fold, respectively. Cellular adhesion was greater in the presence of versican G3 in a dose dependent manner. G3 product was purified using affinity columns, and the purified G3 also enhanced cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing L Yang
- Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wells T, Davidson C, Mörgelin M, Bird JLE, Bayliss MT, Dudhia J. Age-related changes in the composition, the molecular stoichiometry and the stability of proteoglycan aggregates extracted from human articular cartilage. Biochem J 2003; 370:69-79. [PMID: 12431185 PMCID: PMC1223159 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2002] [Revised: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 11/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the components of proteoglycan aggregates, their stoichiometry within the aggregate and the aggregates' stability was investigated in normal human articular cartilage specimens (age-range newborn to 63 years). Proteoglycans were extracted from tissue by sequentially extracting them with PBS alone, PBS containing oligosaccharides of hyaluronan, and PBS containing solutions of increasing guanidinium chloride concentration (1 M, 2 M, 3 M and 4 M). A high proportion of each of the components of the proteoglycan aggregate, i.e. uronic acid, sulphated glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan binding domain of aggrecan (G1-domain), link protein (LP) and hyaluronan, was extracted from immature cartilage by PBS alone and PBS containing oligosaccharides of hyaluronan. This was in marked contrast to adult cartilage, which required high concentrations of guanidinium chloride for the efficient extraction of these components. The molar ratios of total G1-domain:LP and the G1-domain associated with aggrecan:LP also differed markedly between immature and mature cartilage and between each of the sequential extracts. The concentration of LP was less than that of the G1-domain in all extracts of cartilage from individuals over 13 years, but this was particularly noticeable in the 1 M guanidinium chloride extracts, and it was surmised that a deficiency in LP produces unstable aggregates in situ. The fragmentation of LP, which is known to occur with advancing age, did not influence the extractability of LP, and fragments were present in each of the sequential extracts. Therefore the generally accepted model of proteoglycan aggregation presented in the literature, which is mostly derived from analysis of immature animal cartilage, cannot be used to describe the structure and organization of aggregates in adult human articular cartilage, where a heterogeneous population of complexes exist that have varying degrees of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Wells
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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