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Billon N, Dani C. Developmental origins of the adipocyte lineage: new insights from genetics and genomics studies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:55-66. [PMID: 21365256 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current epidemic of obesity and overweight has caused a surge of interest in the study of adipose tissue formation. Much progress has been made in defining the transcriptional networks controlling the terminal differentiation of adipocyte progenitors into mature adipocytes. However, the early steps of adipocyte development and the embryonic origin of this lineage have been largely disregarded until recently. In mammals, two functionally different types of adipose tissues coexist, which are both involved in energy balance but assume opposite functions. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores energy, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized in energy expenditure. WAT and BAT can be found as several depots located in various sites of the body. Individual fat depots exhibit different timing of appearance during development, as well as distinct functional properties, suggesting possible differences in their developmental origin. This hypothesis has recently been revisited through large-scale genomics studies and in vivo lineage tracing approaches, which are reviewed in this report. These studies have provided novel fundamental insights into adipocyte biology, pointing out distinct developmental origins for WAT and BAT, as well as for individual WAT depots. They suggest that the adipose tissue is composed of distinct mini-organs, exhibiting developmental and functional differences, as well as variable contribution to obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Billon
- Institut Biologie du Développement et Cancer, CNRS UMR 6543, Faculté de Médecine Pasteur, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 28 avenue de Valombrose, 06108, Nice Cedex 2, France.
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2
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Kim WK, Choi HR, Park SG, Ko Y, Bae KH, Lee SC. Myostatin inhibits brown adipocyte differentiation via regulation of Smad3-mediated β-catenin stabilization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:327-34. [PMID: 22094186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes play an important role in regulating energy balance, and there is a good correlation between obesity and the amount of brown adipose tissue. Although the molecular mechanism of white adipocyte differentiation has been well characterized, brown adipogenesis has not been studied extensively. Moreover, extracellular factors that regulate brown adipogenic differentiation are not fully understood. Here, we assessed the mechanism of the regulatory action of myostatin in brown adipogenic differentiation using primary brown preadipocytes. Our results clearly showed that differentiation of brown adipocytes was significantly inhibited by myostatin treatment. In addition, myostatin-induced suppression of brown adipogenesis was observed during the early phase of differentiation. Myostatin induced the phosphorylation of Smad3, which led to increased β-catenin stabilization. These effects were blocked by treatment with a Smad3 inhibitor. Expression of brown adipocyte-related genes, such as PPAR-γ, UCP-1, PGC-1α, and PRDM16, were dramatically down-regulated by treatment with myostatin, and further down-regulated by co-treatment with a β-catenin activator. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that myostatin is a potent negative regulator of brown adipogenic differentiation by modulation of Smad3-induced β-catenin stabilization. Our findings suggest that myostatin could be used as an extracellular factor in the control of brown adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kon Kim
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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3
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Casteilla L, Cousin B, Carmona M. PPARs and Adipose Cell Plasticity. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:68202. [PMID: 17710234 PMCID: PMC1939923 DOI: 10.1155/2007/68202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the importance of fat tissues in both energy balance and in the associated disorders arising when such balance is not maintained, adipocyte differentiation has been extensively investigated in order to control and inhibit the enlargement of white adipose tissue. The ability of a cell to undergo adipocyte differentiation is one particular feature of all mesenchymal cells. Up until now, the peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes appear to be the keys and essential players capable of inducing and controlling adipocyte differentiation. In addition, it is now accepted that adipose cells present a broad plasticity that allows them to differentiate towards various mesodermal phenotypes. The role of PPARs in such plasticity is reviewed here, although no definite conclusion can yet be drawn. Many questions thus remain open concerning the definition of preadipocytes and the relative importance of PPARs in comparison to other master factors involved in the other mesodermal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Casteilla
- IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, CNRS/UPS UMR 5241, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- *Louis Casteilla:
| | - Béatrice Cousin
- IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, CNRS/UPS UMR 5241, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Mamen Carmona
- Laboratorio de Diabetes y Obesidad Experimentales, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Jo SJ, Choi WW, Lee ES, Lee JY, Park HS, Moon DW, Eun HC, Chung JH. Temporary Increase of PPAR-γ and Transient Expression of UCP-1 in Stromal Vascular Fraction Isolated Human Adipocyte Derived Stem Cells During Adipogenesis. Lipids 2011; 46:487-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Actualización, recomendaciones y consenso sobre el papel de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga en la gestación, lactancia y primer año de vida. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 135:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schulz TJ, Tseng YH. Emerging role of bone morphogenetic proteins in adipogenesis and energy metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:523-31. [PMID: 19896888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate many processes in embryonic development as well as in the maintenance of normal tissue function later in adult life. However, the role of this family of proteins in formation of adipose tissue has been underappreciated in the field of developmental biology. With the growing epidemic of obesity, improved knowledge of adipocyte development and function is urgently needed. Recently, there have been significant advances in understanding the role of different members of the BMP superfamily in control of adipocyte differentiation and systemic energy homeostasis. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding how BMPs specify adipose cell fate in stem/progenitor cells and their potential role in energy metabolism. We propose that BMPs provide instructive signals for adipose cell fate determination and regulate adipocyte function. These findings have opened up exciting opportunities for developing new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of obesity and its many associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Schulz
- Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Casteilla L, Pénicaud L, Cousin B, Calise D. Choosing an adipose tissue depot for sampling: factors in selection and depot specificity. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 456:23-38. [PMID: 18516550 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-245-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance and the role of adipose tissues are now largely expanded not only because the very high occurrence of obesity but also because the emerging view that adipose tissue could be a reservoir of therapeutic cells. A critical examination of the adipose tissue features according to their location shows that sampling is not as easy as previously thought and needs special attention to heterogeneity and differences. We discussed here these different points and give precise protocols to sample the different adipose tissues and manipulate them.
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Abstract
The development of obesity not only depends on the balance between food intake and caloric utilization but also on the balance between white adipose tissue, which is the primary site of energy storage, and brown adipose tissue, which is specialized for energy expenditure. In addition, some sites of white fat storage in the body are more closely linked than others to the metabolic complications of obesity, such as diabetes. In this Review, we consider how the developmental origins of fat contribute to its physiological, cellular, and molecular heterogeneity and explore how these factors may play a role in the growing epidemic of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Gesta
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Casteilla L, Dani C. Adipose tissue-derived cells: from physiology to regenerative medicine. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2007; 32:393-401. [PMID: 17110894 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last past years, the importance and the role of adipose tissues have been greatly expanded. After finding that adipose tissues are metabolically very active, the discovery of leptin moved the status of adipose tissue towards an endocrine tissue able to interact with all major organs via secretion of adipokines. Some years ago, the presence of adipocyte precursors, termed preadipocytes, has been described in all adipose tissue depots from various species of different age. More recently, the discovery that different phenotypes can be obtained from stroma cells of adipose tissue has largely emphazised the concept of adipose tissue plasticity. Therefore, raising great hope in regenerative medicine as adipose tissue can be easily harvested in adults it could represent an abundant source of therapeutic cells. Thus, adipose tissue plays the dual role of Mr Obese Hyde as a main actor of obesity and of Dr Regenerative Jekyll as a source of therapeutic cells. Adipose tissue has not yet revealed all its mysteries although one facet could not be well understood without the other one.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Casteilla
- UMR 5018 CNRS-UPS, IFR 31, Institut Louis-Bugnard, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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Prunet-Marcassus B, Cousin B, Caton D, André M, Pénicaud L, Casteilla L. From heterogeneity to plasticity in adipose tissues: site-specific differences. Exp Cell Res 2005; 312:727-36. [PMID: 16386732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, two types of adipose tissues are present, brown (BAT) and white (WAT). WAT itself can be divided into subcutaneous and internal fat deposits. All these tissues have been shown to present a great tissue plasticity, and recent data emphasized on the multiple differentiation potentials obtained from subcutaneous WAT. However, no study has compared the heterogeneity of stroma-vascular fraction (SVF) cells and their differentiation potentials according to the localization of the fat pad. This study clearly demonstrates that WAT and BAT present different antigenic features and differentiation potentials. WAT by contrast to BAT contains a large population of hematopoietic cells composed essentially of macrophages and hematopoietic progenitor cells. In WAT, the non-hematopoietic population is mainly composed of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like but contains also a significant proportion of immature cells, whereas in BAT, the stromal cells do not present the same phenotype. Internal and subcutaneous WAT present some discrete differences in the phenotype of their cell populations. WAT derived SVF cells give rise to osteoblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, hematopoietic cells, and cardiomyoblasts only from inguinal cells. By contrast, BAT derived SVF cells display a reduced plasticity. Adipose tissues thus appear as complex tissues composed of different cell subsets according to the location of fat pads. Inguinal WAT appears as the most plastic adipose tissue and represents a potential and suitable source of stem cell, considering its easy sampling as a major advantage for cell therapy.
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Chapter 12 Ontogeny and metabolism of brown adipose tissue in livestock species. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yang X, Enerbäck S, Smith U. Reduced expression of FOXC2 and brown adipogenic genes in human subjects with insulin resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:1182-91. [PMID: 14569043 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of FOXC2 and selected genes involved in brown adipogenesis in adult human subjects in whom we have previously identified a reduced potential of precursor cell commitment to adipose-lineage differentiation in relation to insulin resistance. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURE Gene expression was studied using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The relation between the expression of brown adipogenic genes and the genes involved in progenitor cell commitment, adipose cell size, and insulin sensitivity in vivo was analyzed. RESULTS The expression of FOXC2, MASK, MAP3K5, retinoblastoma protein (pRb), peroxisome proliferator-activated protein gamma (PPARgamma), and retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRgamma) was decreased in the insulin-resistant compared with insulin-sensitive subjects, whereas PPARgamma-2 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) showed no differential expression. The FOXC2 expression correlated with that of Notch and Wnt signaling genes, as well as of the genes studied participating in brown adipogenesis, including MASK, MAP3K5, PPARgamma, pRb, RXRgamma, and PGC-1. A second-level correlation between PPARgamma and UCP-1 was also significant. In addition, the expression of MASK, MAP3K5, pRb, RXRgamma, and PGC-1 inversely correlated with adipose cell mass and also correlated with the glucose disposal rate in vivo. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that a reduced brown adipose phenotype is associated with insulin resistance and that a basal brown adipose phenotype may be important for maintaining normal insulin sensitivity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adipocytes/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
- Biopsy
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dishevelled Proteins
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Frizzled Receptors
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Ion Channels
- Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/genetics
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 1
- Wnt Proteins
- beta Catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Albanese C, Hulit J, Sakamaki T, Pestell RG. Recent advances in inducible expression in transgenic mice. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2002; 13:129-41. [PMID: 12240598 DOI: 10.1016/s1084-9521(02)00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to accurately analyze gene function in transgenic mice, as well as to generate credible murine models of human diseases, the ability to regulate temporal- and spatial-specific expression of target genes is absolutely critical. Pioneering work in inducible transgenics, begun in the 1980s and continuing to the present, has led to the development of a variety of different inducible systems dedicated to this goal, the shared basis of which is the accurate conditional expression of a given transgene. Recent advances in inducible transgene expression in mice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Albanese
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, The Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Division of Hormone-Dependent Tumor Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronkx, NY 10461, USA.
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