1
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Zhou SP, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Maximizing the potential of nitrilase: Unveiling their diversity, catalytic proficiency, and versatile applications. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108352. [PMID: 38574900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Nitrilases represent a distinct class of enzymes that play a pivotal role in catalyzing the hydrolysis of nitrile compounds, leading to the formation of corresponding carboxylic acids. These enzymatic entities have garnered significant attention across a spectrum of industries, encompassing pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Moreover, their significance has been accentuated by mounting environmental pressures, propelling them into the forefront of biodegradation and bioremediation endeavors. Nevertheless, the natural nitrilases exhibit intrinsic limitations such as low thermal stability, narrow substrate selectivity, and inadaptability to varying environmental conditions. In the past decade, substantial efforts have been made in elucidating the structural underpinnings and catalytic mechanisms of nitrilase, providing basis for engineering of nitrilases. Significant breakthroughs have been made in the regulation of nitrilases with ideal catalytic properties and application of the enzymes for industrial productions. This review endeavors to provide a comprehensive discourse and summary of recent research advancements related to nitrilases, with a particular emphasis on the elucidation of the structural attributes, catalytic mechanisms, catalytic characteristics, and strategies for improving catalytic performance of nitrilases. Moreover, the exploration extends to the domain of process engineering and the multifarious applications of nitrilases. Furthermore, the future development trend of nitrilases is prospected, providing important guidance for research and application in the related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Peng Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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2
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Tang XL, Mao Y, Li YY, Zheng RC, Zheng YG. Improvement of multi-catalytic properties of nitrilase from Paraburkholderia graminis for efficient biosynthesis of 2-chloronicotinic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3421-3431. [PMID: 36042572 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitrilase-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles is the promising approach for green and efficient biosynthesis of high value-added carboxylic acids. However, undesirable catalytic efficiency toward non-natural substrates restricts their wide-spread applications. Until now, very few robust nitrilases have been reported for 2-chloronicotinic acid (2-CA) production since the enzymes always show low activity and sometimes with poor reaction specificity. Herein, a nitrilase from Paraburkholderia graminis (PgNIT) was engineered to improve its catalytic properties. We identified the beneficial residues via computational analysis and constructed the mutant library. A series positive mutants were obtained and the "best" mutant F164G/I130L/N167Y/A55S exhibited 6000-folds higher catalytic efficiency to 2-chloronicotinonitrile (2-CN). Its reaction specificity was improved with elimination of hydration activity and meanwhile, the half-lives (t1/2 ) against different temperatures were increased. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the steric hindrance, conformational flexibility, as well as nucleophilic attack distance between the enzyme and substrate were the main reason alternating the catalytic properties of PgNIT. With the mutant as biocatalyst, a product yield of 130 g/L 2-CA was produced from 2-CN after 60 h, laying the foundation for constructing the nitrilase-catalyzed route of 2-CA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yue Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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3
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Lu XF, Diao HJ, Wu ZM, Zhang ZL, Zheng RC, Zheng YG. Engineering of reaction specificity, enantioselectivity and catalytic activity of nitrilase for highly efficient synthesis of pregabalin precursor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2399-2412. [PMID: 35750945 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous evolution of multiple enzyme properties remains challenging in protein engineering. A chimeric nitrilase (BaNITM0 ) with high activity towards isobutylsuccinonitrile (IBSN) was previously constructed for biosynthesis of pregabalin precursor (S)-3-cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid ((S)-CMHA). However, BaNITM0 also catalyzed the hydration of IBSN to produce by-product (S)-3-cyano-5-methylhexanoic amide. In order to obtain industrial nitrilase with vintage performance, we carried out engineering of BaNITM0 for simultaneous evolution of reaction specificity, enantioselectivity and catalytic activity. The best variant V82L/M127I/C237S (BaNITM2 ) displayed higher enantioselectivity (E=515), increased enzyme activity (5.4-fold) and reduced amide formation (from 15.8% to 1.9 %) compared with BaNITM0 . Structure analysis and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that mutation M127I and C237S restricted the movement of E66 in the catalytic triad, resulting in decreased amide formation. Mutation V82L was incorporated to induce the reconstruction of the substrate binding region in the enzyme catalytic pocket, engendering the improvement of stereoselectivity. Enantio- and regio-selective hydrolysis of 150 g/L IBSN using 1.5 g/L E. coli cells harboring BaNITM2 as biocatalyst afforded (S)-CMHA with >99.0% ee and 45.9% conversion, which highlighted the robustness of BaNITM2 for efficient manufacturing of pregabalin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Juan Diao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhe-Ming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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4
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Han L, Liu X, Cheng Z, Cui W, Guo J, Yin J, Zhou Z. Construction and Application of a High-Throughput In Vivo Screening Platform for the Evolution of Nitrile Metabolism-Related Enzymes Based on a Desensitized Repressive Biosensor. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1577-1587. [PMID: 35266713 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF)-based biosensors are expected to serve as powerful tools for the high-throughput screening of biocatalytic systems; however, most of them respond to ligands in a narrow concentration range, which limits their application. In this study, we constructed a heterogenous niacin biosensor using the repressive TF BsNadR and its target promoters from Bacillus subtilis. The fine-tunable output of the niacin biosensor was expanded to a wide range of niacin concentrations (0-50 mM) through desensitization engineering, which was suitable for the accurate identification of differences in enzyme activity. Structural mechanism analysis indicated that weakening the affinity of BsNadR with the ligand niacin and with DNA alters its regulatory properties. Based on the desensitized niacin biosensor, a high-throughput in vivo screening platform was developed for evolving nitrile metabolism-related enzymes. The evolved nitrilase, amidase, and nitrile hydratase with 6.6-, 2.1-, and 21.3-fold improvements in activity were achieved, respectively. In addition, these mutants also exhibited elevated activity toward other cognate substrates, indicating the broad applicability of the screening platform. This study not only provided a universal high-throughput screening platform for different nitrile metabolism-related enzymes but also demonstrated the advantages of repressive biosensors and the vital role of desensitization engineering of the TF in the development of high-throughput screening platforms for enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laichuang Han
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Junling Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Yin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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5
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Yang T, Liu S, Liu H, Long M, Chen P, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. Semi-quantitative activity assays for high-throughput screening of higher activity gamma glutamyl transferase and enzyme immobilization to efficiently synthesize L-theanine. J Biotechnol 2021; 330:9-16. [PMID: 33636215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bio-production of theanine is currently of significant interest due to its wide applications in food and healthcare products. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been widely applied in L-theanine synthesis, but L-theanine yields remain prohibitively low for commercial production. In this study, a robust high-throughput screening process for isolating GGT mutants was developed through a combination of error-prone PCR techniques and a colorimetric reaction. The co-expression of PrsA lipoprotein enhances the secretion of GGT, thus GGT could be obtained quickly and easily without crushing cells. Random mutations on ggt genes were introduced by using error-prone PCR kits to build a large mutant library. A colorless compound generated by the reaction between NH4+ (released from L-theanine synthesis) and OPA was measured quantitatively by UV/visible spectroscopy when mixed with TCA and DMSO. Approximately 30 positive clones with improved color formation on the 96-well plates were identified, and mutants T413P and T463S with more than by 30 % higher transpeptidation activity versus the original GGT were isolated. To improve the operational stability and economical use, mutant GGT was immobilized on a prepared oxidized cellulose nanofiber membrane. The remaining activity of immobilized GGT was 88 % versus 72 % of free enzyme over 15 h. A fed-batch conversion was performed with the immobilized GGT, and over 70 g/L L-theanine could be accumulated within 18 h after feeding twice. Versus other studies, this is one of the best L-theanine synthesis systems using immobilized GGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
| | - Shuanying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Mengfei Long
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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6
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Shen JD, Cai X, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Nitrilase: a promising biocatalyst in industrial applications for green chemistry. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:72-93. [PMID: 33045860 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1827367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrilases are widely distributed in nature and are able to hydrolyze nitriles into their corresponding carboxylic acids and ammonia. In industry, nitrilases have been used as green biocatalysts for the production of high value-added products. To date, biocatalysts are considered to be important alternatives to chemical catalysts due to increasing environmental problems and resource scarcity. This review provides an overview of recent advances of nitrilases in aspects of distribution, enzyme screening, molecular structure and catalytic mechanism, protein engineering, and their potential applications in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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7
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Egelkamp R, Friedrich I, Hertel R, Daniel R. From sequence to function: a new workflow for nitrilase identification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4957-4970. [PMID: 32291488 PMCID: PMC7228900 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Nitrilases are industrially important biocatalysts due to their ability to degrade nitriles to carboxylic acids and ammonia. In this study, a workflow for simple and fast recovery of nitrilase candidates from metagenomes is presented. For identification of active enzymes, a NADH-coupled high-throughput assay was established. Purification of enzymes could be omitted as the assay is based on crude extract containing the expressed putative nitrilases. In addition, long incubation times were avoided by combining nitrile and NADH conversion in a single reaction. This allowed the direct measurement of nitrile degradation and provided not only insights into substrate spectrum and specificity but also in degradation efficiency. The novel assay was used for investigation of candidate nitrilase-encoding genes. Seventy putative nitrilase-encoding gene and the corresponding deduced protein sequences identified during sequence-based screens of metagenomes derived from nitrile-treated microbial communities were analyzed. Subsequently, the assay was applied to 13 selected candidate genes and proteins. Six of the generated corresponding Escherichia coli clones produced nitrilases that showed activity and one unusual nitrilase was purified and analyzed. The activity of the novel arylacetonitrilase Nit09 exhibited a broad pH range and a high long-term stability. The enzyme showed high activity for arylacetonitriles with a KM of 1.29 mM and a Vmax of 13.85 U/mg protein for phenylacetonitrile. In conclusion, we provided a setup for simple and rapid analysis of putative nitrilase-encoding genes from sequence to function. The suitability was demonstrated by identification, isolation, and characterization of the arylacetonitrilase. Key points • A simple and fast high-throughput nitrilase screening was developed. • A set of putative nitrilases was successfully screened with the assay. • A novel arylacetonitrilase was identified, purified, and characterized in detail. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00253-020-10544-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Egelkamp
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ines Friedrich
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Hertel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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8
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Abou-Alfa GK, Qin S, Ryoo BY, Lu SN, Yen CJ, Feng YH, Lim HY, Izzo F, Colombo M, Sarker D, Bolondi L, Vaccaro G, Harris WP, Chen Z, Hubner RA, Meyer T, Sun W, Harding JJ, Hollywood EM, Ma J, Wan PJ, Ly M, Bomalaski J, Johnston A, Lin CC, Chao Y, Chen LT. Phase III randomized study of second line ADI-PEG 20 plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:1402-1408. [PMID: 29659672 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arginine depletion is a putative target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC often lacks argininosuccinate synthetase, a citrulline to arginine-repleting enzyme. ADI-PEG 20 is a cloned arginine degrading enzyme-arginine deiminase-conjugated with polyethylene glycol. The goal of this study was to evaluate this agent as a potential novel therapeutic for HCC after first line systemic therapy. Methods and patients Patients with histologically proven advanced HCC and Child-Pugh up to B7 with prior systemic therapy, were randomized 2 : 1 to ADI-PEG 20 18 mg/m2 versus placebo intramuscular injection weekly. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), with 93% power to detect a 4-5.6 months increase in median OS (one-sided α = 0.025). Secondary end points included progression-free survival, safety, and arginine correlatives. Results A total of 635 patients were enrolled: median age 61, 82% male, 60% Asian, 52% hepatitis B, 26% hepatitis C, 76% stage IV, 91% Child-Pugh A, 70% progressed on sorafenib and 16% were intolerant. Median OS was 7.8 months for ADI-PEG 20 versus 7.4 for placebo (P = 0.88, HR = 1.02) and median progression-free survival 2.6 months versus 2.6 (P = 0.07, HR = 1.17). Grade 3 fatigue and decreased appetite occurred in <5% of patients. Two patients on ADI-PEG 20 had ≥grade 3 anaphylactic reaction. Death rate within 30 days of end of treatment was 15.2% on ADI-PEG 20 versus 10.4% on placebo, none related to therapy. Post hoc analyses of arginine assessment at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks, demonstrated a trend of improved OS for those with more prolonged arginine depletion. Conclusion ADI-PEG 20 monotherapy did not demonstrate an OS benefit in second line setting for HCC. It was well tolerated. Strategies to enhance prolonged arginine depletion and synergize the effect of ADI-PEG 20 are underway. Clinical Trial number www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01287585).
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Abou-Alfa
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
| | - S Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army 81 Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - B-Y Ryoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S-N Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - C-J Yen
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Feng
- Department of Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center-Yong Kang, Taiwan
| | - H Y Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - F Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Giovanni Pascale, Napoli
| | - M Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca, Milan, Italy
| | - D Sarker
- Department of Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - L Bolondi
- Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Vaccaro
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland
| | - W P Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Oncology, 2nd Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - R A Hubner
- Department of Medicine, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - T Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - W Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - J J Harding
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - E M Hollywood
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - P J Wan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - M Ly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - J Bomalaski
- Department of Research and Development, Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, USA
| | - A Johnston
- Department of Research and Development, Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, USA
| | - C-C Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chang Gung Medical Foundation LK, Taipei, Tainan
| | - Y Chao
- Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taipei, Tainan
| | - L-T Chen
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan; Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan; Department of Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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9
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Zhang Q, Lu X, Zhang Y, Tang X, Zheng R, Zheng Y. Development of a robust nitrilase by fragment swapping and semi‐rational design for efficient biosynthesis of pregabalin precursor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:318-329. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
| | - Xia‐Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
| | - Ren‐Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
| | - Yu‐Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of EducationZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou China
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10
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Jamwal S, Dautoo UK, Ranote S, Dharela R, Chauhan GS. Enhanced catalytic activity of new acryloyl crosslinked cellulose dialdehyde-nitrilase Schiff base and its reduced form for nitrile hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Highly regio- and enantioselective synthesis of chiral intermediate for pregabalin using one-pot bienzymatic cascade of nitrilase and amidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5617-5626. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Zhang J, Han Z, Lu J, Li Y, Liao X, van Zijl PC, Yang X, Liu G. Triazoles as T 2 -Exchange Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents for the Detection of Nitrilase Activity. Chemistry 2018; 24:15013-15018. [PMID: 29989227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the T2 -exchange (T2ex ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast of azole protons that have large chemical shifts from the water proton resonance as a function of pH, temperature, and chemical modification. Our results showed that 1,2,4-triazoles could be tuned into excellent diamagnetic T2ex contrast agents, with an optimal exchange-based relaxivity r2ex of 0.10 s-1 mm-1 at physiological pH and B0 =9.4 T. A fit of r2ex data to the Swift-Connick equation indicated that imino proton exchange of triazoles is dominated by a base-catalyzed process at higher pH values and an acid-catalyzed process at lower pH. The magnitude of r2ex was also found to be heavily dependent on chemical modifications, that is, enhanced by electron-donating groups, such as amines and methyls, or by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the imino proton and the carboxyl, and weakened by electron-withdrawing groups like bromo, cyano, and nitro. In light of these findings, we applied T2ex MRI to assess the activity of nitrilase, an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carbonitrile to 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid, resulting in the enhancement of R2ex . Our findings suggest that 1,2,4-triazoles have potential to provide sensitive and tunable diagnostic probes for MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zheng Han
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuguo Li
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuhe Liao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peter C van Zijl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guanshu Liu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Liu ZQ, Lu MM, Zhang XH, Cheng F, Xu JM, Xue YP, Jin LQ, Wang YS, Zheng YG. Significant improvement of the nitrilase activity by semi-rational protein engineering and its application in the production of iminodiacetic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:563-571. [PMID: 29753012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) is widely used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of chelating agents, glyphosate herbicides and surfactants. To improve activity and tolerance to the substrate for IDA production, Acidovorax facilis nitrilase was selected for further modification by the gene site saturation mutagenesis method. After screened by a two-step screening method, the best mutant (Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S) was selected. Compared to the wild-type nitrilase, Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S showed 136% improvement in specific activity. Co2+ stimulated nitrilase activity, whereas Cu2+, Zn2+ and Tween 80 showed a strong inhibitory effect. The Vmax and kcat of Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S were enhanced 1.23 and 1.23-fold, while the Km was decreased 1.53-fold. The yield of Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S with 453.2 mM of IDA reached 71.9% in 5 h when 630 mM iminodiacetonitrile was used as substrate. This study indicated that mutant nitrilase obtained in this study is promising in applications for the upscale production of IDAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ming-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xin-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jian-Miao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Li-Qun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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14
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Dong TT, Gong JS, Gu BC, Zhang Q, Li H, Lu ZM, Lu ML, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Significantly enhanced substrate tolerance of Pseudomonas putida nitrilase via atmospheric and room temperature plasma and cell immobilization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1104-1110. [PMID: 28873512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to enhance the substrate tolerance of Pseudomonas putida nitrilase via atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) and cell immobilization. The mutant library was constructed by ARTP and rapidly screened by an OPA-TCA microscale reaction. A mutant strain of mut-D3 was obtained and its optimum substrate concentration was improved to 150mM from 100mM. It could accumulate 189g/L nicotinic acid (NA) from 3-cyanopyridine (3-CP), which was increased by 42% compared with that of wild type (WT). Additionally, composite immobilization of mut-D3 was performed and SA-PVA immobilized cells could catalyze 250mM 3-CP each batch with finally accumulating 346g/L NA, while free cells accumulated 175g/L NA. These results indicated that the free or immobilized catalysts of mut-D3 could serve as a good choice for NA production. This is the first report on mutation breeding of nitrilase-producing microorganisms by ARTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Bing-Chen Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Mao-Lin Lu
- Jiangsu Institute of Microbiology, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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15
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Yoon HY, Hong JI. Sulfatase activity assay using an activity-based probe by generation of N -methyl isoindole under reducing conditions. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Banerjee A, Kaul P, Sharma R, Banerjee UC. A High-Throughput Amenable Colorimetric Assay for Enantioselective Screening of Nitrilase-Producing Microorganisms Using pH Sensitive Indicators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:559-65. [PMID: 14567783 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103256910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on the color change of an indicator due to the release of hydrogen ion from a nitrilase-catalyzed reaction, a rapid colorimetric method was established for the enantioselective screening of nitrilase-producing microorganisms. The formation of acids due to the nitrilase-mediated hydrolysis of nitriles causes a drop in the pH, which in turn results in a change of color of the solution (containing indicator) that can be observed visually. The buffer (0.01 M phosphate, pH 7.2) and indicator (Bromothymol blue, 0.01%) were selected in such a way that both have the same affinity for the released protons. The enantioselectivity of nitrilases was estimated by comparing the hydrolysis of ( R)-mandelonitrile with that of racemate under the same conditions. The method was used to screen a library of nitrilase-producing microorganisms, isolated in the authors' laboratory for their ability to enantioselectively hydrolyze mandelonitrile to mandelic acid, an important chiral building block. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2003:559-565).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India.
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17
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High-throughput screening methods for nitrilases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Sonbol SA, Ferreira AJS, Siam R. Red Sea Atlantis II brine pool nitrilase with unique thermostability profile and heavy metal tolerance. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:14. [PMID: 26868129 PMCID: PMC4751646 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrilases, which hydrolyze nitriles in a one-step reaction into carboxylic acids and ammonia, gained increasing attention because of the abundance of nitrile compounds in nature and their use in fine chemicals and pharmaceutics. Extreme environments are potential habitats for the isolation and characterization of extremozymes including nitrilases with unique resistant properties. The Red Sea brine pools are characterized by multitude of extreme conditions. The Lower Convective Layer (LCL) of the Atlantis II Deep Brine Pool in the Red Sea is characterized by elevated temperature (68 °C), high salt concentrations (250 ‰), anoxic conditions and high heavy metal concentrations. RESULTS We identified and isolated a nitrilase from the Atlantis II Deep Brine Pool in the Red Sea LCL. The isolated 338 amino-acid nitrilase (NitraS-ATII) is part of a highly conserved operon in different bacterial phyla with indiscernible function. The enzyme was cloned, expressed and purified. Characterization of the purified NitraS-ATII revealed its selectivity towards dinitriles, which suggests a possible industrial application in the synthesis of cyanocarboxylic acids. Moreover, NitraS-ATII showed higher thermal stability compared to a closely related nitrilase, in addition to its observed tolerance towards high concentrations of selected heavy metals. CONCLUSION This enzyme sheds light on evolution of microbes in the Atlantis II Deep LCL to adapt to the diverse extreme environment and can prove to be valuable in bioremediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sonbol
- Biology Department and YJ-Science and Technology Research Center, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Ari J S Ferreira
- Biology Department and YJ-Science and Technology Research Center, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Rania Siam
- Biology Department and YJ-Science and Technology Research Center, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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19
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Black GW, Brown NL, Perry JJB, Randall PD, Turnbull G, Zhang M. A high-throughput screening method for determining the substrate scope of nitrilases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2660-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a chromogenic reagent to show nitrilase activity and demonstrate its use with 23 enzymes as cell-free extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W. Black
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Nicola L. Brown
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Justin J. B. Perry
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | | | - Graeme Turnbull
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Meng Zhang
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
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20
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Hassan RO, Faizullah AT. Determination of nicotinamide by stopped-flow injection method in pharmaceutical formulations. ARAB J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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21
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Screening and Improving the Recombinant Nitrilases and Application in Biotransformation of Iminodiacetonitrile to Iminodiacetic Acid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67197. [PMID: 23826231 PMCID: PMC3695085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, several nitrilase genes from phylogenetically distinct organisms were expressed and purified in E. coli in order to study their ability to mediate the biotransformation of nitriles. We identified three nitrilases: Acidovorax facilis nitrilase (AcN); Alcaligenes fecalis nitrilase (AkN); and Rhodococcus rhodochrous nitrilase (RkN), which catalyzed iminodiacetonitrile (IDAN) to iminodiacetic acid (IDA). AcN demonstrated 8.8-fold higher activity for IDAN degradation as compared to AkN and RkN. Based on homology modeling and previously described ‘hot spot’ mutations, several AcN mutants were screened for improved activity. One mutant M3 (F168V/L201N/S192F) was identified, which demonstrates a 41% enhancement in the conversion as well as a 2.4-fold higher catalytic efficiency towards IDAN as compared to wild-type AcN.
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22
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Muniraj S, Yan CT, Shih HK, Ponnusamy VK, Jen JF. Determination of ammonium in aqueous samples using new headspace dynamic in-syringe liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivitazation coupled with liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 754:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Gong JS, Lu ZM, Li H, Shi JS, Zhou ZM, Xu ZH. Nitrilases in nitrile biocatalysis: recent progress and forthcoming research. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:142. [PMID: 23106943 PMCID: PMC3537687 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, nitrilases have drawn considerable attention because of their application in nitrile degradation as prominent biocatalysts. Nitrilases are derived from bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and plants. In-depth investigations on their natural sources function mechanisms, enzyme structure, screening pathways, and biocatalytic properties have been conducted. Moreover, the immobilization, purification, gene cloning and modifications of nitrilase have been dwelt upon. Some nitrilases are used commercially as biofactories for carboxylic acids production, waste treatment, and surface modification. This critical review summarizes the current status of nitrilase research, and discusses a number of challenges and significant attempts in its further development. Nitrilase is a significant and promising biocatalyst for catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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24
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Yuan Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Gao J, Pan Z, Liu Y. Hydrogel Photonic Sensor for the Detection of 3-Pyridinecarboxamide. Chemistry 2011; 18:303-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Zhang JF, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG, Shen YC. Screening and characterization of microorganisms capable of converting iminodiacetonitrile to iminodiacetic acid. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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26
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Dubey S, Singh A, Banerjee UC. Response surface methodology of nitrilase production by recombinant Escherichia coli. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1085-92. [PMID: 24031726 PMCID: PMC3768802 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110003000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and nitrilase production by recombinant Escherichia coli cells harbouring pET 21 (b) plasmid, for the expression of Pseudomonas putida nitrilase were improved using response surface methodology. Central composite design was used for obtaining ideal concentration of critical medium components which include fructose, tryptone, yeast extract and lactose. The optimal values for the concentration of fructose, tryptone, yeast extract and lactose were found to be 1.13, 2.26, 3.25 and 0.9 % (w/v), respectively. Here, fructose served as carbon source for the growth while lactose was preferably used as inducer for the expression of foreign protein. Yeast extract in the medium was used as a growth promoter while tryptone was added as a major nitrogen source. Using this optimized medium, an experimental growth of 6.67 (OD at 600 nm) and nitrilase activity of 27.13 U/ml was achieved. This approach for medium development led to an enhancement of the growth and enzyme activity by 1.4 and 2.2 times, respectively, as compared to the un-optimized medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Dubey
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160 062, Punjab , India ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva , Switzerland
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27
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Lin ZJ, Zheng RC, Lei LH, Zheng YG, Shen YC. Ferrous and ferric ions-based high-throughput screening strategy for nitrile hydratase and amidase. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 85:214-20. [PMID: 21420446 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and direct screening of nitrile-converting enzymes is of great importance in the development of industrial biocatalytic process for pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In this paper, a combination of ferrous and ferric ions was used to establish a novel colorimetric screening method for nitrile hydratase and amidase with α-amino nitriles and α-amino amides as substrates, respectively. Ferrous and ferric ions reacted sequentially with the cyanide dissociated spontaneously from α-amino nitrile solution, forming a characteristic deep blue precipitate. They were also sensitive to weak basicity due to the presence of amino amide, resulting in a yellow precipitate. When amino amide was further hydrolyzed to amino acid, it gave a light yellow solution. Mechanisms of color changes were further proposed. Using this method, two isolates with nitrile hydratase activity towards 2-amino-2,3-dimethyl butyronitrile, one strain capable of hydrating 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethyl phosphiny) butyronitrile and another microbe exhibiting amidase activity against 2-amino-4-methylsulfanyl butyrlamide were obtained from soil samples and culture collections of our laboratory. Versatility of this method enabled it the first direct and inexpensive high-throughput screening system for both nitrile hydratase and amidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Lin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
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28
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Bayer S, Birkemeyer C, Ballschmiter M. A nitrilase from a metagenomic library acts regioselectively on aliphatic dinitriles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:91-8. [PMID: 20725724 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several novel nitrilases were selected from metagenomic libraries using cinnamonitrile and a mixture of six different nitriles as substrates. The nitrilase gene nit1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting protein was further examined concerning its biochemical properties. Nit1 turned out to be an aliphatic nitrilase favoring dinitriles over mononitriles. Stereochemical analysis revealed that Nit1 converted the dinitrile 2-methylglutaronitrile regioselectively. Hydrolysis at the ω-nitrile group of a dinitrile, such as catalyzed by Nit1, leads to ω-cyanocarboxylic acids, which are important precursors for chemical and pharmaceutical products. Nit1 metabolized 2-methylglutaronitrile to the corresponding ω-cyanocarboxylic acid 4-cyanopentanoic acid can be used for the production of the fine chemical 1,5-dimethyl-2-piperidone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Bayer
- Junior Research Group White Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Dong HP, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG, Shen YC. Novel biosynthesis of (R)-ethyl-3-hydroxyglutarate with (R)-enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic ethyl 4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyate by Rhodococcus erythropolis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1335-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Seffernick JL, Samanta SK, Louie TM, Wackett LP, Subramanian M. Investigative mining of sequence data for novel enzymes: a case study with nitrilases. J Biotechnol 2009; 143:17-26. [PMID: 19539670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mining sequence data is increasingly important for biocatalysis research. However, when relying on sequence data alone, prediction of the reaction catalyzed by a specific protein sequence is often elusive, and substrate specificity is far from trivial. The present study demonstrated an approach of combining sequence data and structures from distant homologs to target identification of new nitrilases that specifically utilize hindered nitrile substrates like mandelonitrile. A total of 212 non-identical target nitrilases were identified from GenBank. Evolutionary trace and sequence clustering methods were used combinatorily to identify a set of nitrilases with presumably distinct substrate specificities. Selected encoding genes were cloned into Escherichia coli. Recombinant E. coli expressing NitA (gi91784632) from Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 was capable of growth on glutaronitrile or adiponitrile as the sole nitrogen source. Purified NitA exhibited highest activity with mandelonitrile, showing a catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of 3.6 x 10(4)M(-1)s(-1). A second nitrilase predicted from our studies from Bradyrhizobium zaponicum USDA 110 (gi27381513) was likewise shown to prefer mandelonitrile [Zhu, D., Mukherjee, C., Biehl, E.R., Hua, L., 2007. Discovery of a mandelonitrile hydrolase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 by rational genome mining. J. Biotechnol. 129 (4), 645-650]. Thus, predictions from sequence analysis and distant superfamily structures yielded enzyme activities with high selectivity for mandelonitrile. These data suggest that similar data mining techniques can be used to identify other substrate-specific enzymes from published, unannotated sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Seffernick
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Swartz JD, Miller SA, Wright D. Rapid Production of Nitrilase Containing Silica Nanoparticles Offers an Effective and Reusable Biocatalyst for Synthetic Nitrile Hydrolysis. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op9000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Swartz
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, U.S.A., and University of South Alabama, Department of Chemistry, 307 University Boulevard North, Mobile, Alabama 36688, U.S.A
| | - Scott A. Miller
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, U.S.A., and University of South Alabama, Department of Chemistry, 307 University Boulevard North, Mobile, Alabama 36688, U.S.A
| | - David Wright
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, U.S.A., and University of South Alabama, Department of Chemistry, 307 University Boulevard North, Mobile, Alabama 36688, U.S.A
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Abstract
Enzyme assays are analytical tools to visualize enzyme activities. In recent years a large variety of enzyme assays have been developed to assist the discovery and optimization of industrial enzymes, in particular for "white biotechnology" where selective enzymes are used with great success for economically viable, mild and environmentally benign production processes. The present article highlights the aspects of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates, sensors, and enzyme fingerprinting, which are our particular areas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, Berne, 3012, Switzerland.
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Selection and screening for enzymes of nitrile metabolism. J Biotechnol 2008; 133:318-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Naik SC, Kaul P, Barse B, Banerjee A, Banerjee UC. Studies on the production of enantioselective nitrilase in a stirred tank bioreactor by Pseudomonas putida MTCC 5110. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:26-31. [PMID: 17251010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrilases constitute an important class of hydrolases, having numerous industrial applications. The present work aims to address the production of nitrile hydrolyzing enzymes from Pseudomonas putida MTCC 5110 in a 6l bioreactor. Effect of various physico-chemical conditions and process parameters like pH, temperature, aeration and agitation rates and inducer concentration was studied. Further, the enzyme activity was enhanced by adopting the inducer feeding strategy. Various biochemical engineering parameters pertaining to the cultivation of P. putida in different physico-chemical conditions were reported. Finally, segregation of growth phase from the enzyme production phase allowed significant reduction in total fermentation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandra Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Reymond JL, Babiak P. Screening systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 105:31-58. [PMID: 17408081 DOI: 10.1007/10_2006_032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme screening technology has undergone massive developments in recent years, particularly in the area of high-throughput screening and microarray methods. Screening consists of testing each sample of a sample library individually for the targeted reaction. This requires enzyme assays that accurately test relevant parameters of the reaction, such as catalytic turnover with a given substrate and selectivity parameters such as enantio- and regioselectivity. Enzyme assays also play an important role outside of enzyme screening, in particular for drug screening, medical diagnostics, and in the area of cellular and tissue imaging. In the 1990s, methods for high-throughput screening of enzyme activities were perceived as a critical bottleneck. As illustrated partly in this chapter, a large repertoire of efficient screening strategies are available today that allow testing of almost any reaction with high-throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Hydrolase-catalyzed reactions have been widely applied in organic synthesis. Nitrilases are an important class of hydrolase that converts naturally occurring, as well as xenobiotically derived, nitriles to the corresponding carboxylic acids and ammonia. Because of their inherent enantio- and regioselectivities and other benefits, nitrilases are attractive as 'green', mild, and selective catalysts for setting stereogenic centers in fine-chemical synthesis and enantiospecific synthesis of a variety of carboxylic acid derivatives. In this review, the literature has been surveyed to provide a comprehensive coverage of the application of nitrilases in organic synthesis. Literature has also been cited to describe the isolation and/or characterization of nitrilases and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India.
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Cloning and optimization of a nitrilase for the synthesis of (3S)-3-cyano-5-methyl hexanoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yazbeck DR, Durao PJ, Xie Z, Tao J. A metal ion-based method for the screening of nitrilases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Banerjee A, Kaul P, Banerjee UC. Purification and characterization of an enantioselective arylacetonitrilase from Pseudomonas putida. Arch Microbiol 2005; 184:407-18. [PMID: 16341723 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The highly enantioselective arylacetonitrilase of Pseudomonas putida was purified to homogeneity using a combination of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and different chromatographic techniques. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 412 kDa and consisted of approximately nine to ten identical subunits (43 kDa). The purified enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of 7.0 and temperature optimum of 40 degrees C. The nitrilase was highly susceptible to thiol-specific reagents and metal ions and also required a reducing environment for its activity. These reflected the presence of a catalytically essential thiol group for enzyme activity which is in accordance with the proposed mechanism for nitrilase-catalyzed reaction. The enzyme was highly specific for arylacetonitriles with phenylacetonitrile and its derivatives being the most preferred substrates. Higher specificity constant (kcat/K(m)) values for phenylacetonitrile compared to mandelonitrile also revealed the same. Faster reaction rate achieved with this nitrilase for mandelonitrile hydrolysis was possibly due to the low activation energy required by the protein. Incorporation of low concentration (<5%) of organic solvent increased the enzyme activity by increasing the availability of the substrate. Higher stability of the enzyme at slightly alkaline pH and ambient temperature provides an excellent opportunity to establish a dynamic kinetic resolution process for the production of (R)-(-)-mandelic acid from readily available mandelonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, 160 062, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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Singh R, Banerjee A, Kaul P, Barse B, Banerjee UC. Release of an enantioselective nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis MTCC 126: a comparative study. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 27:415-424. [PMID: 16080003 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-005-0013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrilases constitute an important class of hydrolases, however, cheap and ready availability of enzyme sources limit their practical synthetic applications. The present investigation was directed to compare the applicability of various physical cell disintegration methods namely, solid shear, liquid shear and sonication, for the release of an enantioselective nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis MTCC 126. Different parameters associated with each method were optimized in order to ensure maximal release of active nitrilase. The methods were also compared under optimal conditions for their efficiency of nitrilase release and extent of cell disruption, and enzyme release were visualized under a differential interference contrast microscope (DIC) and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Maximum release of the enzyme protein from the cells was observed in case of liquid shear method employing high-pressure homogenization, however, the specific activity of nitrilase was highest in cell-free extract (CFE) generated by sonication. Both the solid shear and liquid shear proved to be equally effective for maximum release of intracellular enzymes, however, from the specific activity point of view, sonication was found to be a better one compared to other two methodologies. The generated cell-free extract can be further employed for the production of enantiopure chiral carboxylic acids, which are important chiral building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Praveen Kaul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Brajesh Barse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - U C Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India.
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Cilia E, Fabbri A, Uriani M, Scialdone GG, Ammendola S. The signature amidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus belongs to the CX3C subgroup of enzymes cleaving both amides and nitriles. Ser195 and Cys145 are predicted to be the active site nucleophiles. FEBS J 2005; 272:4716-24. [PMID: 16156792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The signature amidase from the extremophile archeum Sulfolobus solfataricus is an enantioselective enzyme that cleaves S-amides. We report here that this enzyme also converts nitriles in the corresponding organic acid, similarly to the well characterized amidase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. The archaeal and rhodococcal enzymes belong to the signature amidases and contain the typical serine-glycine rich motif. They work at different optimal temperature, share a high sequence similarity and both contain an additional CX3C motif. To explain their dual specificity, we built a 3D model of the structure of the S. solfataricus enzyme, which suggests that, in addition to the classical catalytic Ser-cisSer-Lys, a putative additional Cys-cisSer-Lys catalytic site, likely to be responsible for nitrile hydrolysis, is present in these proteins. The results of random and site-directed mutagenesis experiments, as well as inhibition studies support our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cilia
- Centre of Biotechnology-Bioprogress, Anagni, Italy
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42
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Kaul P, Banerjee A, Mayilraj S, Banerjee UC. Screening for enantioselective nitrilases: kinetic resolution of racemic mandelonitrile to (R)-(−)-mandelic acid by new bacterial isolates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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