1
|
Robinson MP, Jung J, Lopez-Barbosa N, Chang M, Li M, Jaroentomeechai T, Cox EC, Zheng X, Berkmen M, DeLisa MP. Isolation of full-length IgG antibodies from combinatorial libraries expressed in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3514. [PMID: 37316535 PMCID: PMC10267130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a facile and robust genetic selection for isolating full-length IgG antibodies from combinatorial libraries expressed in the cytoplasm of redox-engineered Escherichia coli cells. The method is based on the transport of a bifunctional substrate comprised of an antigen fused to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which allows positive selection of bacterial cells co-expressing cytoplasmic IgGs called cyclonals that specifically capture the chimeric antigen and sequester the antibiotic resistance marker in the cytoplasm. The utility of this approach is first demonstrated by isolating affinity-matured cyclonal variants that specifically bind their cognate antigen, the leucine zipper domain of a yeast transcriptional activator, with subnanomolar affinities, which represent a ~20-fold improvement over the parental IgG. We then use the genetic assay to discover antigen-specific cyclonals from a naïve human antibody repertoire, leading to the identification of lead IgG candidates with affinity and specificity for an influenza hemagglutinin-derived peptide antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Robinson
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jinjoo Jung
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Natalia Lopez-Barbosa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew Chang
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingji Li
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Emily C Cox
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zheng
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mehmet Berkmen
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jackson C, Anderson A, Alexandrov K. The present and the future of protein biosensor engineering. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102424. [PMID: 35870398 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein biosensors play increasingly important roles in cell and neurobiology and have the potential to revolutionise the way clinical and industrial analytics are performed. The gradual transition from multicomponent biosensors to fully integrated single chain allosteric biosensors has brought the field closer to commercial applications. We evaluate various approaches for converting constitutively active protein reporter domains into analyte operated switches. We discuss the paucity of the natural receptors that undergo conformational changes sufficiently large to control the activity of allosteric reporter domains. This problem can be overcome by constructing artificial versions of such receptors. The design path to such receptors involves the construction of Chemically Induced Dimerisation systems (CIDs) that can be configured to operate single and two-component biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia; Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Selection and characterization of a novel affibody peptide and its application in a two-site ELISA for the detection of cancer biomarker alpha-fetoprotein. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:884-892. [PMID: 33157139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is one of the most important biomarkers associated with primary liver cancer, and the main approaches for diagnosis are based on immunoassay. Affibody is a 58 amino acids peptide derived from the Z domain of staphylococcal protein A and generally applied in imaging diagnosis, clinical therapeutics and biotechnology research. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a novel affibody-based ELISA for detection of AFP. After three rounds of biopanning, six AFP-binding affibody peptides were selected using phage display technology, among them affibody ZAFPD2 showed high and specific binding affinity to AFP. An affibody dimer of ZAFPD2 was created, named (ZAFP D2)2, expressed in E.coli and the purified (ZAFP D2)2 recombinant protein showed higher binding affinity to AFP, as well as high thermal stability. A novel affibody-based two-site ELISA method using ZAFPD2 or (ZAFP D2)2 and polyclonal antibody to detect AFP was developed, the detection limit of the immunoassay using (ZAFP D2)2 was 2 ng mL-1 that was 4 times lower than ZAFPD2, which meets the requirements for practical application. Therefore, this concept of affibody-based ELISA may provide a new method for the detection of various cancer biomarkers.
Collapse
|
4
|
Checco JW, Eddinger GA, Rettko NJ, Chartier AR, Gellman SH. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Trimer Disassembly and Inactivation via Peptide-Small Molecule Synergy. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2116-2124. [PMID: 32662976 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is associated with inflammatory diseases that can be treated with engineered proteins that inhibit binding of this cytokine to cell-surface receptors. Despite these clinical successes, there is considerable interest in the development of smaller antagonists of TNFα-receptor interactions. We describe a new 29-residue α/β-peptide, a molecule that contains three β-amino acid residues and three α-aminoisobutryic acid (Aib) residues, that displays potent inhibition of TNFα binding to TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) and rescues cells from TNFα-induced death. The complement of nonproteinogenic residues renders this α/β-peptide highly resistant to proteolysis, relative to all-α analogues. The mechanism of inhibitory action of the new 29-mer involves disruption of the trimeric TNFα quaternary structure, which prevents productive binding to TNFα receptors. Unexpectedly, we discovered that peptide-induced trimer disruption can be promoted by structurally diverse small molecules, including a detergent commonly used during selection procedures. The discovery of this synergistic effect provides a new context for understanding previous reports on peptidic antagonists of TNFα-receptor interactions and suggests new avenues for future efforts to block signaling via proteins with an active form that is oligomeric, including other members of the TNFα family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W. Checco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Geoffrey A. Eddinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Rettko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Alexander R. Chartier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jing L, Liu J, Cui D, Li Y, Liu Z, Tao L, Zhao Q, Diao A. Screening and production of an affibody inhibiting the interaction of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 166:105520. [PMID: 31644959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An affibody is a 58 amino acids peptide derived from the Z domain of staphylococcal protein A and generally applied in areas such as imaging diagnosis, clinical therapeutics and biotechnology research. To screen for an affibody targeting the immune checkpoint PD-L1, a combinatorial affibody library was generated in yeast using degenerate overlap PCR primers and In-fusion technology. Z-j1 and Z-j2 affibodies targeting the Ig-like V domain of PD-L1 were screened and identified from this combinatorial library using the yeast two hybrid system. The Z-j1 and Z-j2 recombinant affibody proteins were over produced in E.coli and purified. ELISA and GST pull-down assays showed that recombinant Z-j1 and Z-j2 affibody proteins bound with high affinity to PD-L1 and inhibited the interaction of PD-1/PD-L1. Thus, novel affibodies targeting the immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 were identified and produced in this study and have the potential to be used in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jing
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Dongxu Cui
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yuyin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Li Tao
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Safety Control Technology in Food Processing, 300457, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, 300457, Tianjin, China.
| | - Aipo Diao
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De A, Kuppusamy G, Karri VVSR. Affibody molecules for molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery in the management of breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:906-919. [PMID: 28935537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading reasons for the morbidity and mortality of cancer related death globally. The modern therapies are basically the combination of the breast-preserving surgeries or ablation with or without node biopsy or destroying the carcinoma cells adjuvant with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal or biological therapies depending upon the nature of the receptor of the cancerous cells, nature of the lymph node, as well as the tendency of the recurrence. For decade's carcinoma management suffered by the limitation of imagining, targeting and penetrability problem associated with management and cure of this deadly disease leads to unwanted chemo-toxicity and side effects. Alike other antibody mimetics, affibodies are designed with the combinatorial protein engineering approaches which are small and robust protein scaffolds retaining the favorable folding and stability. Affibody is one of the significantly important tools for imaging and diagnosis of the affinity specific over expressed proteins in the breast cancer management. The review summarizes the various affibody strategies uses in the management of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita De
- JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ståhl S, Gräslund T, Eriksson Karlström A, Frejd FY, Nygren PÅ, Löfblom J. Affibody Molecules in Biotechnological and Medical Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:691-712. [PMID: 28514998 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Affibody molecules are small (6.5-kDa) affinity proteins based on a three-helix bundle domain framework. Since their introduction 20 years ago as an alternative to antibodies for biotechnological applications, the first therapeutic affibody molecules have now entered clinical development and more than 400 studies have been published in which affibody molecules have been developed and used in a variety of contexts. In this review, we focus primarily on efforts over the past 5 years to explore the potential of affibody molecules for medical applications in oncology, neurodegenerative, and inflammation disorders, including molecular imaging, receptor signal blocking, and delivery of toxic payloads. In addition, we describe recent examples of biotechnological applications, in which affibody molecules have been exploited as modular affinity fusion partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ståhl
- Division of Protein Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Torbjörn Gräslund
- Division of Protein Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Fredrik Y Frejd
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Affibody AB, Gunnar Asplunds Allé 24, SE-171 69 Solna, Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Division of Protein Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Division of Protein Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Woldring DR, Holec PV, Stern LA, Du Y, Hackel BJ. A Gradient of Sitewise Diversity Promotes Evolutionary Fitness for Binder Discovery in a Three-Helix Bundle Protein Scaffold. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1656-1671. [PMID: 28248518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineered proteins provide clinically and industrially impactful molecules and utility within fundamental research, yet inefficiencies in discovering lead variants with new desired functionality, while maintaining stability, hinder progress. Improved function, which can result from a few strategic mutations, is fundamentally separate from discovering novel function, which often requires large leaps in sequence space. While a highly diverse combinatorial library covering immense sequence space would empower protein discovery, the ability to sample only a minor subset of sequence space and the typical destabilization of random mutations preclude this strategy. A balance must be reached. At library scale, compounding several destabilizing mutations renders many variants unable to properly fold and devoid of function. Broadly searching sequence space while reducing the level of destabilization may enhance evolution. We exemplify this balance with affibody, a three-helix bundle protein scaffold. Using natural ligand data sets, stability and structural computations, and deep sequencing of thousands of binding variants, a protein library was designed on a sitewise basis with a gradient of mutational levels across 29% of the protein. In direct competition of biased and uniform libraries, both with 1 × 109 variants, for discovery of 6 × 104 ligands (5 × 103 clusters) toward seven targets, biased amino acid frequency increased ligand discovery 13 ± 3-fold. Evolutionarily favorable amino acids, both globally and site-specifically, are further elucidated. The sitewise amino acid bias aids evolutionary discovery by reducing the level of mutant destabilization as evidenced by a midpoint of denaturation (62 ± 4 °C) 15 °C higher than that of unbiased mutants (47 ± 11 °C; p < 0.001). Sitewise diversification, identified by high-throughput evolution and rational library design, improves discovery efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Woldring
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Patrick V Holec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lawrence A Stern
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University , 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin J Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baydemir G, Bettazzi F, Palchetti I, Voccia D. Strategies for the development of an electrochemical bioassay for TNF-alpha detection by using a non-immunoglobulin bioreceptor. Talanta 2016; 151:141-147. [PMID: 26946021 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine produced by the immune system. Serum TNF-α level is elevated in some pathological states such as septic shock, graft rejection, HIV infection, neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Detecting trace amount of TNF-α is, also, very important for the understanding of tumor biological processes. Detection of this key biomarker is commonly achieved by use of ELISA or cytofluorimetric based methods. In this study the traditional optical detection was replaced by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and an affinity molecule, produced by evolutionary approaches, has been tested as capture bioreceptor. This molecule, namely a combinatorial non-immunoglobulin protein (Affibody®) interacts with TNF-α selectively and was here tested in a sandwich assay format. Moreover magnetic beads were used as support for bioreceptor immobilization and screen printed carbon electrodes were used as transducers. TNF-α calibration curve was performed, obtaining the detection limit of 38pg/mL, the quantification range of 76-5000pg/mL and RSD%=7. Preliminary results of serum samples analysis were also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Baydemir
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Francesca Bettazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Diego Voccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Grimm S, Salahshour S, Nygren PÅ. Monitored whole gene in vitro evolution of an anti-hRaf-1 affibody molecule towards increased binding affinity. N Biotechnol 2011; 29:534-42. [PMID: 22027369 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of library technologies for the generation of affinity proteins often includes an affinity maturation step, based on the construction of secondary libraries from which second generation variants with improved affinities are selected. Here, we describe for the first time the affinity maturation of affibody molecules based on step-wise in vitro molecular evolution, involving cycles of error-prone PCR (epPCR) amplification for the introduction of diversity over the entire 58-residue three-helix bundle structure and ribosome display (RD) for the selection of improved variants. The model affibody molecule for the process was Z(RAF322), binding with a 1.9μm equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D)) to human Raf-1 (hRaf-1), a protein kinase of central importance in the MAPK/ERK proliferation pathway. The molecular evolution process was followed on both gene and protein levels via DNA sequencing and a biosensor-based binding analysis of pools of selected variants. After two cycles of diversification and selection, a significant increase in binding response of selected pools was seen. DNA sequencing showed that a dominant alanine to valine substitution had been effectively enriched, and was found in 83% of all selected clones, either alone or in combination with other enriched substitutions. The evolution procedure resulted in variants showing up to 26-fold increases in affinity to the hRaf-1 target. Noteworthy, for the two variants showing the highest affinities, substitutions were also found in affibody framework positions, corresponding to regions of the protein domain not addressed by traditional affibody molecule affinity maturation strategies. Interestingly, thermal melting point (T(m)) analyses showed that an increased affinity could be associated with both higher and lower T(m) values. All investigated variants showed excellent refolding properties and selective binding to hRaf-1, as analysed using a multiplexed bead-based binding assay, making them potentially valuable affinity reagents for cell biology studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Grimm
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wållberg H, Löfdahl PÅ, Tschapalda K, Uhlén M, Tolmachev V, Nygren PÅ, Ståhl S. Affinity recovery of eight HER2-binding affibody variants using an anti-idiotypic affibody molecule as capture ligand. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 76:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Löfblom J, Feldwisch J, Tolmachev V, Carlsson J, Ståhl S, Frejd F. Affibody molecules: Engineered proteins for therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological applications. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2670-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|