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Nagler R, Weizman A, Gavish A. Cigarette smoke, saliva, the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), and oral cancer. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1843-1849. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nagler
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petah Tikva Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Avishai Gavish
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
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Park A, Ghezzi A, Wijesekera TP, Atkinson NS. Genetics and genomics of alcohol responses in Drosophila. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:22-35. [PMID: 28161376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has become a significant model organism for alcohol research. In flies, a rich variety of behaviors can be leveraged for identifying genes affecting alcohol responses and adaptations. Furthermore, almost all genes can be easily genetically manipulated. Despite the great evolutionary distance between flies and mammals, many of the same genes have been implicated in strikingly similar alcohol-induced behaviors. A major problem in medical research today is that it is difficult to extrapolate from any single model system to humans. Strong evolutionary conservation of a mechanistic response between distantly related organisms, such as flies and mammals, is a powerful predictor that conservation will continue all the way to humans. This review describes the state of the Drosophila alcohol research field. It describes common alcohol behavioral assays, the independent origins of resistance and tolerance, the results of classical genetic screens and candidate gene analysis, and the outcomes of recent genomics studies employing GWAS, transcriptome, miRNA, and genome-wide histone acetylation surveys. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Park
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alfredo Ghezzi
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras. San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Thilini P Wijesekera
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nigel S Atkinson
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Hinsen K, Vaitinadapoule A, Ostuni MA, Etchebest C, Lacapere JJ. Construction and validation of an atomic model for bacterial TSPO from electron microscopy density, evolutionary constraints, and biochemical and biophysical data. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:568-80. [PMID: 25450341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa protein TSPO is a highly conserved transmembrane protein found in bacteria, yeast, animals and plants. TSPO is involved in a wide range of physiological functions, among which the transport of several molecules. The atomic structure of monomeric ligand-bound mouse TSPO in detergent has been published recently. A previously published low-resolution structure of Rhodobacter sphaeroides TSPO, obtained from tubular crystals with lipids and observed in cryo-electron microscopy, revealed an oligomeric structure without any ligand. We analyze this electron microscopy density in view of available biochemical and biophysical data, building a matching atomic model for the monomer and then the entire crystal. We compare its intra- and inter-molecular contacts with those predicted by amino acid covariation in TSPO proteins from evolutionary sequence analysis. The arrangement of the five transmembrane helices in a monomer of our model is different from that observed for the mouse TSPO. We analyze possible ligand binding sites for protoporphyrin, for the high-affinity ligand PK 11195, and for cholesterol in TSPO monomers and/or oligomers, and we discuss possible functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Hinsen
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CNRS), Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France; Synchrotron SOLEIL, Division Expériences, Saint Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Aurore Vaitinadapoule
- INSERM, UMR-S1134, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France; GR-Ex, Laboratoire d'Excellence, Paris, France; National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Dynamique des Structures et des Interactions des des Macromolécules Biologiques, France.
| | - Mariano A Ostuni
- INSERM, UMR-S1134, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France; GR-Ex, Laboratoire d'Excellence, Paris, France.
| | - Catherine Etchebest
- INSERM, UMR-S1134, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France; GR-Ex, Laboratoire d'Excellence, Paris, France; Dynamique des Structures et des Interactions des des Macromolécules Biologiques, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapere
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire de Biomolécules (LBM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Wang HJ, Fan J, Papadopoulos V. Translocator protein (Tspo) gene promoter-driven green fluorescent protein synthesis in transgenic mice: an in vivo model to study Tspo transcription. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:261-75. [PMID: 22868914 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is a ubiquitous drug- and cholesterol-binding protein primarily found in the outer mitochondrial membrane as part of a mitochondrial cholesterol transport complex. TSPO is present at higher levels in steroid-synthesizing and rapidly proliferating tissues and its biological role has been mainly linked to mitochondrial function, steroidogenesis and cell proliferation/apoptosis. Aberrant TSPO levels have been linked to multiple diseases, including cancer, endocrine disorders, brain injury, neurodegeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammatory diseases. Investigation of the functions of this protein in vitro and in vivo have been mainly carried out using high-affinity drug ligands, such as isoquinoline carboxamides and benzodiazepines and more recently, gene silencing methods. To establish a model to study the regulation of Tspo transcription in vivo, we generated a transgenic mouse model expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea coerulescens under control of the Tspo promoter region (Tspo-AcGFP). The expression profiles of Tspo-AcGFP, endogenous TSPO and Tspo mRNA were found to be well-correlated. Tspo-AcGFP synthesis in the transgenic mice was seen in almost every tissue examined and as with TSPO in wild-type mice, Tspo-AcGFP was highly expressed in steroidogenic cells of the endocrine and reproductive systems, epithelial cells of the digestive system, skeletal muscle and other organs. In summary, this transgenic Tspo-AcGFP mouse model recapitulates endogenous Tspo expression patterns and could be a useful, tractable tool for monitoring the transcriptional regulation and function of Tspo in live animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Wang
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1A4, Canada
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Ostuni MA, Issop L, Péranzi G, Walker F, Fasseu M, Elbim C, Papadopoulos V, Lacapere JJ. Overexpression of translocator protein in inflammatory bowel disease: potential diagnostic and treatment value. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1476-87. [PMID: 20222126 PMCID: PMC2930116 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are chronic inflammatory disorders that increase the risk for colorectal cancer. The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is a high-affinity drug- and cholesterol-binding protein expressed in the colon and its expression is increased in colon cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate TSPO expression in IBD biopsies and to establish an animal model of IBD to examine the role of TSPO. In addition, we evaluated the potential use of TSPO drug ligands in diagnosing and treating IBD. METHODS TSPO expression in IBD biopsies was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. IBD was induced in a rat experimental model via treatment with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Colon morphology, TSPO expression, and proinflammatory cytokine production were evaluated in addition to the effect of TSPO drug ligands on disease pathology. RESULTS TSPO protein levels were elevated in the enterocytes of IBD biopsies. TSPO expression was localized to the enterocyte mitochondria. DSS treatment induced a time-dependent phenotype mimicking IBD with tissue injury and subsequent tissue regeneration. Coadministration of DSS and the TSPO drug ligands PK 11195 or Ro5-4864 increased both the rate of colon ulceration and regeneration, whereas administration of the TSPO drug ligand flunitrazepam partially prevented this pathology. These data correlated with changes in proinflammatory cytokine plasma levels, as well as increased cytokine production and secretion from the colon. CONCLUSIONS TSPO may serve as a marker of the IBD repair process, and TSPO drug ligands should be further evaluated for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Ostuni
- Unité INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France.
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Distribution, pharmacological characterization and function of the 18 kDa translocator protein in rat small intestine. Biol Cell 2009; 101:573-86. [PMID: 19392661 DOI: 10.1042/bc20080231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The TSPO (18 kDa translocator protein) is a mitochondrial transmembrane protein involved in cholesterol transport in organs that synthesize steroids and bile salts. Different natural and synthetic high-affinity TSPO ligands have been characterized through their ability to stimulate cholesterol transport, but also to stimulate other physiological functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis and calcium-dependent transepithelial ion secretion. Here, we investigate the localization and functions of TSPO in the small intestine. RESULTS TSPO was present in enterocyte mitochondria but not in rat intestinal goblet cells. Enterocyte cytoplasm also contained the endogenous TSPO ligand, polypeptide DBI (diazepam-binding inhibitor). Whereas intestinal TSPO had high affinity for the synthetic ligand PK 11195, the pharmacological profile of TSPO in the duodenum was distinct from the jejunum and ileum. Specifically, benzodiazepine Ro5-4864 and protoporphyrin IX showed 5-13-fold lower affinity for duodenal TSPO. The mRNA and protein ratios of TSPO to other mitochondrial membrane proteins VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel) and ANT (adenine nucleotide transporter) were significantly different. PK 11195 stimulated calcium-dependent chloride secretion in the duodenum and calcium-dependent chloride absorption in the ileum, but did not affect jejunum ion transport. CONCLUSIONS The functional differences in subpopulations of TSPO in different regions of the intestine could be related to structural organization of mitochondrial protein complexes that mediate the ability of TSPO to modulate either chloride secretion or absorption in the duodenum and ileum respectively.
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