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Verma P, Chauhan A, Thakur R, Lata K, Sharma A, Chattopadhyay K, Mukhopadhaya A. Vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct haemolysin induces non-classical programmed cell death despite caspase activation. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:845-873. [PMID: 37818865 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) is the key virulence factor secreted by the human gastroenteric bacterial pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. TDH is a membrane-damaging pore-forming toxin. It evokes potent cytotoxicity, the mechanism of which still remains under-explored. Here, we have elucidated the mechanistic details of cell death response elicited by TDH. Employing Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and THP-1 monocytic cells, we show that TDH induces some of the hallmark features of apoptosis-like programmed cell death. TDH triggers caspase-3 and 7 activations in the THP-1 cells, while caspase-7 activation is observed in the Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, TDH appears to induce caspase-independent cell death. Higher XIAP level and lower Smac/Diablo level upon TDH intoxication provide plausible explanation for the functional inability of caspases in the THP-1 cells, in particular. Further exploration reveals that mitochondria play a central role in the TDH-induced cell death. TDH triggers mitochondrial damage, resulting in the release of AIF and endonuclease G, responsible for the execution of caspase-independent cell death. Among the other critical mediators of cell death, ROS is found to play an important role in the THP-1 cells, while PARP-1 appears to play a critical role in the Caco-2 cells. Altogether, our work provides critical new insights into the mechanism of cell death induction by TDH, showing a common central theme of non-classical programmed cell death. Our study also unravels the interplay of crucial molecules in the underlying signalling processes. Our findings add valuable insights into the role of TDH in the context of the host-pathogen interaction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aakanksha Chauhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Reena Thakur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kusum Lata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Arpita Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Mondal AK, Chattopadhyay K. Structures and functions of the membrane-damaging pore-forming proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:241-288. [PMID: 35034720 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) of the diverse life forms have emerged as the potent cell-killing entities owing to their specialized membrane-damaging properties. PFPs have the unique ability to perforate the plasma membranes of their target cells, and they exert this functionality by creating oligomeric pores in the membrane lipid bilayer. Pathogenic bacteria employ PFPs as toxins to execute their virulence mechanisms, whereas in the higher vertebrates PFPs are deployed as the part of the immune system and to generate inflammatory responses. PFPs are the unique dimorphic proteins that are generally synthesized as water-soluble molecules, and transform into membrane-inserted oligomeric pore assemblies upon interacting with the target membranes. In spite of sharing very little sequence similarity, PFPs from diverse organisms display incredible structural similarity. Yet, at the same time, structure-function mechanisms of the PFPs document remarkable versatility. Such notions establish PFPs as the fascinating model system to explore variety of unsolved issues pertaining to the structure-function paradigm of the proteins that interact and act in the membrane environment. In this article, we discuss our current understanding regarding the structural basis of the pore-forming functions of the diverse class of PFPs. We attempt to highlight the similarities and differences in their structures, membrane pore-formation mechanisms, and their implications for the various biological processes, ranging from the bacterial virulence mechanisms to the inflammatory immune response generation in the higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Verma P, Chattopadhyay K. Current Perspective on the Membrane-Damaging Action of Thermostable Direct Hemolysin, an Atypical Bacterial Pore-forming Toxin. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:717147. [PMID: 34368235 PMCID: PMC8343067 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.717147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) is the major virulence determinant of the gastroenteric bacterial pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. TDH is a membrane-damaging pore-forming toxin (PFT). TDH shares remarkable structural similarity with the actinoporin family of eukaryotic PFTs produced by the sea anemones. Unlike most of the PFTs, it exists as tetramer in solution, and such assembly state is crucial for its functionality. Although the structure of the tetrameric assembly of TDH in solution is known, membrane pore structure is not available yet. Also, the specific membrane-interaction mechanisms of TDH, and the exact role of any receptor(s) in such process, still remain unclear. In this mini review, we discuss some of the unique structural and physicochemical properties of TDH, and their implications for the membrane-damaging action of the toxin. We also present our current understanding regarding the membrane pore-formation mechanism of this atypical bacterial PFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
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Li Y, Li Y, Mengist HM, Shi C, Zhang C, Wang B, Li T, Huang Y, Xu Y, Jin T. Structural Basis of the Pore-Forming Toxin/Membrane Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020128. [PMID: 33572271 PMCID: PMC7914777 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it is urgent to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) belong to the largest family of virulence factors of many pathogenic bacteria and constitute the most characterized classes of pore-forming proteins (PFPs). Recent studies revealed the structural basis of several PFTs, both as soluble monomers, and transmembrane oligomers. Upon interacting with host cells, the soluble monomer of bacterial PFTs assembles into transmembrane oligomeric complexes that insert into membranes and affect target cell-membrane permeability, leading to diverse cellular responses and outcomes. Herein we have reviewed the structural basis of pore formation and interaction of PFTs with the host cell membrane, which could add valuable contributions in comprehensive understanding of PFTs and searching for novel therapeutic strategies targeting PFTs and interaction with host receptors in the fight of bacterial antibiotic-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuelong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cuixiao Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (T.J.); Tel.: +86-13505694447 (Y.X.); +86-17605607323 (T.J.)
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (T.J.); Tel.: +86-13505694447 (Y.X.); +86-17605607323 (T.J.)
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Mondal AK, Verma P, Lata K, Singh M, Chatterjee S, Chattopadhyay K. Sequence Diversity in the Pore-Forming Motifs of the Membrane-Damaging Protein Toxins. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:469-478. [PMID: 32955633 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins/toxins (PFPs/PFTs) are the distinct class of membrane-damaging proteins. They act by forming oligomeric pores in the plasma membranes. PFTs and PFPs from diverse organisms share a common mechanism of action, in which the designated pore-forming motifs of the membrane-bound protein molecules insert into the membrane lipid bilayer to create the water-filled pores. One common characteristic of these pore-forming motifs is that they are amphipathic in nature. In general, the hydrophobic sidechains of the pore-forming motifs face toward the hydrophobic core of the membranes, while the hydrophilic residues create the lining of the water-filled pore lumen. Interestingly, pore-forming motifs of the distinct subclass of PFPs/PFTs share very little sequence similarity with each other. Therefore, the common guiding principle that governs the sequence-to-structure paradigm in the mechanism of action of these PFPs/PFTs still remains an enigma. In this article, we discuss this notion using the examples of diverse groups of membrane-damaging PFPs/PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar Mondal
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Pratima Verma
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kusum Lata
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Shamaita Chatterjee
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Kundu N, Verma P, Kumar A, Dhar V, Dutta S, Chattopadhyay K. N-Terminal Region of Vibrio parahemolyticus Thermostable Direct Hemolysin Regulates the Membrane-Damaging Action of the Toxin. Biochemistry 2019; 59:605-614. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kundu
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Pratima Verma
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vinica Dhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
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Paria P, Chakraborty HJ, Behera BK, Das Mohapatra PK, Das BK. Computational characterization and molecular dynamics simulation of the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (TRH) amplified from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:172-182. [PMID: 30503957 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major seafood-borne pathogen that causes life-threatening gastroenteric diseases in humans through the consumption of contaminated seafoods. V. parahaemolyticus produces different kinds of toxins, including thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), and some effector proteins belonging to the Type 3 Secretion System, out of which TDH and TRH are considered to be the major factors for virulence. Although TRH is one of the major virulent proteins, there is a dearth of understanding about the structural and functional properties of this protein. This study therefore aimed to amplify the full length trh gene from V. parahaemolyticus and perform sequence-based analyses, followed by structural and functional analyses of the TRH protein using different bioinformatics tools. The TRH protein shares significant conservedness with the TDH protein. A multiple sequence alignment of TRH proteins from Vibrio and non-Vibrio species revealed that the TRH protein is highly conserved throughout evolution. The three dimensional (3D) structure of the TRH protein was constructed by comparative modelling and the quality of the predicted model was verified. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand the dynamics, residual fluctuations, and the compactness of the protein. The structure of TRH was found to contain 19 pockets, of which one (pocket ID: 2) was predicted to be important from the view of drug design. Eleven residues (E138, Y140, C151, F158, C161, K162, S163, and Q164), which are reported to actively participate in the formation of the tetrameric structure, were present in this pocket. This study extends our understanding of the structural and functional dynamics of the TRH protein and as well as provides new insights for the treatment and prevention of V. parahaemolyticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Paria
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India; Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapure, 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Hirak Jyoti Chakraborty
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | | | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
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Cai Q, Zhang Y. Structure, function and regulation of the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) in pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:242-245. [PMID: 30031890 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis. The pathogen produces the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), which is the sole cause of the Kanagawa phenomenon (KP), a special β-type haemolysis in the Wagatsuma agar. TDH also exerts several other biological activities, the major includes lethal toxicity, cytotoxicity, and enterotoxicity. The structure and roles of TDH and the transcriptional regulation of tdh genes, are summarized in this review, which will give a better understanding of the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Cai
- The Fourth People 's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Mondal AK, Sreekumar A, Kundu N, Kathuria R, Verma P, Gandhi S, Chattopadhyay K. Structural Basis and Functional Implications of the Membrane Pore-Formation Mechanisms of Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1112:281-291. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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