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Brott S, Nam KH, Thomas F, Dutschei T, Reisky L, Behrens M, Grimm HC, Michel G, Schweder T, Bornscheuer UT. Unique alcohol dehydrogenases involved in algal sugar utilization by marine bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2363-2384. [PMID: 36881117 PMCID: PMC10033563 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine algae produce complex polysaccharides, which can be degraded by marine heterotrophic bacteria utilizing carbohydrate-active enzymes. The red algal polysaccharide porphyran contains the methoxy sugar 6-O-methyl-D-galactose (G6Me). In the degradation of porphyran, oxidative demethylation of this monosaccharide towards D-galactose and formaldehyde occurs, which is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and its redox partners. In direct proximity to the genes encoding for the key enzymes of this oxidative demethylation, genes encoding for zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) were identified, which seem to be conserved in porphyran utilizing marine Flavobacteriia. Considering the fact that dehydrogenases could play an auxiliary role in carbohydrate degradation, we aimed to elucidate the physiological role of these marine ADHs. Although our results reveal that the ADHs are not involved in formaldehyde detoxification, a knockout of the ADH gene causes a dramatic growth defect of Zobellia galactanivorans with G6Me as a substrate. This indicates that the ADH is required for G6Me utilization. Complete biochemical characterizations of the ADHs from Formosa agariphila KMM 3901T (FoADH) and Z. galactanivorans DsijT (ZoADH) were performed, and the substrate screening revealed that these enzymes preferentially convert aromatic aldehydes. Additionally, we elucidated the crystal structures of FoADH and ZoADH in complex with NAD+ and showed that the strict substrate specificity of these new auxiliary enzymes is based on a narrow active site. KEY POINTS: • Knockout of the ADH-encoding gene revealed its role in 6-O-methyl-D-galactose utilization, suggesting a new auxiliary activity in marine carbohydrate degradation. • Complete enzyme characterization indicated no function in a subsequent reaction of the oxidative demethylation, such as formaldehyde detoxification. • These marine ADHs preferentially convert aromatic compounds, and their strict substrate specificity is based on a narrow active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brott
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ki Hyun Nam
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - François Thomas
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Theresa Dutschei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Reisky
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maike Behrens
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanna C Grimm
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Carstensen L, Beil S, Schwab E, Banke S, Börnick H, Stolte S. Primary and ultimate degradation of benzophenone-type UV filters under different environmental conditions and the underlying structure-biodegradability relationships. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130634. [PMID: 36599278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ten common benzophenone-based UV filters (BPs), sharing the same basic structure and differing only in their substituents, were investigated with respect to their primary and ultimate biodegradability. This study was carried out in order to gain deeper insights into the relationship between structure and biodegradability. The primary biodegradation of the selected BPs was studied in river water at environmentally relevant concentrations (1 µg/L) while varying specific, crucial environmental conditions (aerobic, suboxic, supplementation of nutrients). For this purpose, both batch and column degradation tests were performed, which allowed a systematic study of the effects. Subsequently, the ultimate biodegradation, i.e. the potential to achieve full mineralization of BPs, was examined according to OECD guideline 301 F. The results indicate that mineralization is limited to derivatives in which both aromatic rings contain substituents. This hypothesis was supported by docking simulations showing systematic differences in the orientation of BPs within the active site of the cytochrome P450 enzyme. These differences in orientation correspond to the substitution pattern of the BPs. This study provides valuable insights for assessing the environmental hazards of this class of trace organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Carstensen
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Beil
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Schwab
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Banke
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hilmar Börnick
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Niu X, Lin L, Liu L, Yu Y, Wang H. Antifungal activity and molecular mechanisms of mulberrin derivatives against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for mango storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 378:109817. [PMID: 35759883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, by using high throughput virtual screening and bioactivity assays, this work revealed that three natural compounds, mulberrin (Mul) exhibiting the highest anti-CYP51 activity, isoxanthohumol and (s)-isopsoralen markedly inhibited 14α-demethylase (a pivotal biosynthetic enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol) in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Results of computational biology analysis demonstrated that, among the three inhibitors bound to the catalytic pocket of CYP51, Mul showed a closer distance with heme in CYP51 and a stronger binding free energy with CYP51. In vitro tests, Mul demonstrated excellent anti-Colletotrichum gloeosporioides activity by inhibiting CYP51 activity. Notably, Mul treatment decreased the bioactivity of CYP51, thereby increasing cell membrane permeability and cell death. Moreover, Mul treatment significantly prolonged the preservation period of fruits. These results suggest that Mul suppresses anthracnose in postharvest mango by inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and can be used as a potential natural preserving agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiding Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Hongsu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Brott S, Thomas F, Behrens M, Methling K, Bartosik D, Dutschei T, Lalk M, Michel G, Schweder T, Bornscheuer U. Connecting algal polysaccharide degradation to formaldehyde detoxification. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200269. [PMID: 35561127 PMCID: PMC9400963 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a toxic metabolite that is formed in large quantities during bacterial utilization of the methoxy sugar 6‐O‐methyl‐d‐galactose, an abundant monosaccharide in the red algal polysaccharide porphyran. Marine bacteria capable of metabolizing porphyran must therefore possess suitable detoxification systems for formaldehyde. We demonstrate here that detoxification of formaldehyde in the marine Flavobacterium Zobellia galactanivorans proceeds via the ribulose monophosphate pathway. Simultaneously, we show that the genes encoding the key enzymes of this pathway are important for maintaining high formaldehyde resistance. Additionally, these genes are upregulated in the presence of porphyran, allowing us to connect porphyran degradation to the detoxification of formed formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brott
- Universität Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | | | - Maike Behrens
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Karen Methling
- Universität Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Daniel Bartosik
- Universität Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Theresa Dutschei
- Universität Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Michael Lalk
- Universität Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Universite, Station Biologique de Roscoff, FRANCE
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Universität Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Greifswald University, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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Metabolism of a hybrid algal galactan by members of the human gut microbiome. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:501-510. [PMID: 35289327 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-00983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Native porphyran is a hybrid of porphryan and agarose. As a common element of edible seaweed, this algal galactan is a frequent component of the human diet. Bacterial members of the human gut microbiota have acquired polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) that enable the metabolism of porphyran or agarose. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the deconstruction and use of native porphyran remains incompletely defined. Here, we have studied two human gut bacteria, porphyranolytic Bacteroides plebeius and agarolytic Bacteroides uniformis, that target native porphyran. This reveals an exo-based cycle of porphyran depolymerization that incorporates a keystone sulfatase. In both PULs this cycle also works together with a PUL-encoded agarose depolymerizing machinery to synergistically reduce native porphyran to monosaccharides. This provides a framework for understanding the deconstruction of a hybrid algal galactan, and insight into the competitive and/or syntrophic relationship of gut microbiota members that target rare nutrients.
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Li J, He Z, Liang Y, Peng T, Hu Z. Insights into Algal Polysaccharides: A Review of Their Structure, Depolymerases, and Metabolic Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1749-1765. [PMID: 35124966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, marine macroalgae with extensive biomass have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. Furthermore, algal polysaccharides have been widely studied in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields because of their various kinds of bioactivities. However, there are immense barriers to their application as a result of their high molecular size, poor solubility, hydrocolloid nature, and low physiological activities. Unique polysaccharides, such as laminarin, alginate, fucoidan, agar, carrageenan, porphyran, ulvan, and other complex structural polysaccharides, can be digested by marine bacteria with many carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) by breaking down the limitation of glycosidic bonds. However, structural elucidation of algal polysaccharides, metabolic pathways, and identification of potential polysaccharide hydrolases that participate in different metabolic pathways remain major obstacles restricting the efficient utilization of algal oligosaccharides. This review focuses on the structure, hydrolase families, metabolic pathways, and potential applications of seven macroalgae polysaccharides. These results will contribute to progressing our understanding of the structure of algal polysaccharides and their metabolic pathways and will be valuable for clearing the way for the compelling utilization of bioactive oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiao He
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Liang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, People's Republic of China
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7
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Sangster JJ, Marshall JR, Turner NJ, Mangas-Sanchez J. New Trends and Future Opportunities in the Enzymatic Formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100464. [PMID: 34726813 PMCID: PMC9401909 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemistry provides society with fundamental products we use daily. Concerns about the impact that the chemical industry has over the environment is propelling major changes in the way we manufacture chemicals. Biocatalysis offers an alternative to other synthetic approaches as it employs enzymes, Nature's catalysts, to carry out chemical transformations. Enzymes are biodegradable, come from renewable sources, operate under mild reaction conditions, and display high selectivities in the processes they catalyse. As a highly multidisciplinary field, biocatalysis benefits from advances in different areas, and developments in the fields of molecular biology, bioinformatics, and chemical engineering have accelerated the extension of the range of available transformations (E. L. Bell et al., Nat. Rev. Meth. Prim. 2021, 1, 1-21). Recently, we surveyed advances in the expansion of the scope of biocatalysis via enzyme discovery and protein engineering (J. R. Marshall et al., Tetrahedron 2021, 82, 131926). Herein, we focus on novel enzymes currently available to the broad synthetic community for the construction of new C-C, C-N and C-O bonds, with the purpose of providing the non-specialist with new and alternative tools for chiral and sustainable chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Sangster
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - James R Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Kennes-Veiga DM, Vogler B, Fenner K, Carballa M, Lema JM. Heterotrophic enzymatic biotransformations of organic micropollutants in activated sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146564. [PMID: 33774287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While heterotrophic microorganisms constitute the major fraction of activated sludge biomass, the role of heterotrophs in the biotransformation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) has not been fully elucidated. Yet, such knowledge is essential, particularly when conceiving novel wastewater treatment plants based on a two-stage process including an A-stage under heterotrophic conditions and a B-stage based on anammox activity. Biotransformation of OMPs in activated sludge is thought to mostly occur cometabolically thanks to the action of low specificity enzymes involved in the metabolism of the primary substrates. For a better understanding of the process, it is important to determine such enzymatic activities and the underlying mechanisms involved in OMPs biotransformation. This task has proven to be difficult due to the lack of information about the enzymatic processes and the complexity of the biological systems present in activated sludge. In this paper, a continuous aerobic heterotrophic reactor following 20 OMPs at environmental concentrations was operated to (i) assess the potential of heterotrophs during the cometabolic biotransformation of OMPs, (ii) identify biotransformation reactions catalyzed by aerobic heterotrophs and (iii) predict possible heterotrophic enzymatic activities responsible for such biotransformations. Contradicting previous reports on the dominant role of nitrifiers in OMPs removal during activated sludge treatment, the heterotrophic population proved its capacity to biotransform the OMPs to extents equivalent to reported values in nitrifying activated sludge plants. Besides, 12 transformation products potentially formed through the activity of several enzymes present in heterotrophs, including monooxygenases, dioxygenases, hydrolases and transferases, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kennes-Veiga
- Cretus Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Bernadette Vogler
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Carballa
- Cretus Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Juan M Lema
- Cretus Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:88-119. [PMID: 32558088 PMCID: PMC7818486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.126 E. Lincoln AveRahwayNJ07065USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech ConsultingHafenstr. 3168159MannheimGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biokatalyse: Enzymatische Synthese für industrielle Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Global Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and Development Merck & Co., Inc. 126 E. Lincoln Ave Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech Consulting Hafenstraße 31 68159 Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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