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Ying H, Huang RJ, Jing XM, Li Y, Tong QQ. Effect of cetuximab plus FOLFOX4 regimen on clinical outcomes in advanced gastric carcinoma patients receiving evidence-based care. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:3360-3367. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i18.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chemotherapy is effective for treating advanced gastric carcinoma (aGC), it may lead to an adverse prognosis. Establishing a highly effective and low-toxicity chemotherapy regimen is necessary for improving efficacy and outcomes in aGC patients.
AIM To determine the efficacy and safety of cetuximab (CET) combined with the FOLFOX4 regimen (infusional fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin) as first-line therapy for patients with aGC, who received evidence-based care (EBC).
METHODS A total of 117 aGC patients who received EBC from March 2019 to March 2022 were enrolled. Of these, 60 in the research group (RG) received CET + FOLFOX4 as first-line therapy, whereas 57 in the control group (CG) received FOLFOX4. The efficacy [clinical response rate (RR) and disease control rate (DCR)], safety (liver and kidney dysfunction, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, rash, and diarrhea), serum tumor marker expression [STMs; carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, CA72-4, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)], inflammatory indicators [interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10], and quality of life (QOL) of the two groups were compared.
RESULTS A markedly higher RR and DCR were observed in the RG compared with the CG, with an equivalent safety profile between the two groups. RG exhibited notably reduced CA19-9, CA72-4, CEA, and IL-2 levels following treatment, which were lower than the pre-treatment levels and those in the CG. Post-treatment IL-10 was statistically increased in RG, higher than the pre-treatment level and the CG. Moreover, a significantly improved QOL was evident in the RG.
CONCLUSION The CET + FOLFOX4 regimen is highly effective as first-line treatment for aGC patients receiving EBC. It facilitates the suppression of STMs, ameliorates the serum inflammatory microenvironment, and enhances QOL, without increased adverse drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying
- Department of General Surgery, Yongkang First People's Hospital, Yongkang 321300, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ren-Jun Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Yongkang First People's Hospital, Yongkang 321300, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Min Jing
- Department of Oncology, Yongkang First People's Hospital, Yongkang 321300, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Yongkang First People's Hospital, Yongkang 321300, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qun-Qiu Tong
- Department of Oncology, Yongkang First People's Hospital, Yongkang 321300, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Balint E, Unk I. For the Better or for the Worse? The Effect of Manganese on the Activity of Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:363. [PMID: 38203535 PMCID: PMC10779026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases constitute a versatile group of enzymes that not only perform the essential task of genome duplication but also participate in various genome maintenance pathways, such as base and nucleotide excision repair, non-homologous end-joining, homologous recombination, and translesion synthesis. Polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis via the stepwise addition of deoxynucleoside monophosphates to the 3' primer end in a partially double-stranded DNA. They require divalent metal cations coordinated by active site residues of the polymerase. Mg2+ is considered the likely physiological activator because of its high cellular concentration and ability to activate DNA polymerases universally. Mn2+ can also activate the known DNA polymerases, but in most cases, it causes a significant decrease in fidelity and/or processivity. Hence, Mn2+ has been considered mutagenic and irrelevant during normal cellular function. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that Mn2+ can positively influence some DNA polymerases by conferring translesion synthesis activity or altering the substrate specificity. Here, we review the relevant literature focusing on the impact of Mn2+ on the biochemical activity of a selected set of polymerases, namely, Polβ, Polλ, and Polµ, of the X family, as well as Polι and Polη of the Y family of polymerases, where congruous data implicate the physiological relevance of Mn2+ in the cellular function of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ildiko Unk
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
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3
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Eichman BF. Repair and tolerance of DNA damage at the replication fork: A structural perspective. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 81:102618. [PMID: 37269798 PMCID: PMC10525001 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The replication machinery frequently encounters DNA damage and other structural impediments that inhibit progression of the replication fork. Replication-coupled processes that remove or bypass the barrier and restart stalled forks are essential for completion of replication and for maintenance of genome stability. Errors in replication-repair pathways lead to mutations and aberrant genetic rearrangements and are associated with human diseases. This review highlights recent structures of enzymes involved in three replication-repair pathways: translesion synthesis, template switching and fork reversal, and interstrand crosslink repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt F Eichman
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, 5270A MRBIII, 465 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
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4
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Feng Y, Cao Z, Xu A, Du H. Evaluation of toxicity and mutagenicity of oxaliplatin on germ cells in an alternative in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113902. [PMID: 37331561 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The platinum compound oxaliplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug that shows a broad spectrum of activity in various human tumors. While the treatment-related side effects of oxaliplatin on directly treated individuals have been well-documented, little is known about the influence of oxaliplatin on germ cells and non-exposed progenies. Here we investigated the reproductive toxicity of oxaliplatin in a 3R-compliant in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans, and evaluated the germ cell mutagenicity of oxaliplatin by using whole genome sequencing. Our results indicated that oxaliplatin treatment significantly disrupts development of spermatids and oocytes. By treating parental worms with oxaliplatin for three successive generations, sequencing data unveiled the clear mutagenic effects of oxaliplatin on germ cells. Analysis of genome-wide mutation spectra showed the preferentially induction of indels by oxaliplatin. In addition, we uncovered the involvement of translesion synthesis polymerase ζ in modulating mutagenic effects of oxaliplatin. These findings suggest that germ cell mutagenicity is worthy of consideration for the health risk assessment of chemotherapeutic drugs, while the combined use of alternative in vivo models and next generation sequencing technology appears to be a promising way for the preliminary safety assessment of various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhenxiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, PR China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Hua Du
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China.
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5
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Stalling of Eukaryotic Translesion DNA Polymerases at DNA-Protein Cross-Links. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020166. [PMID: 35205211 PMCID: PMC8872012 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) are extremely bulky adducts that interfere with replication. In human cells, they are processed by SPRTN, a protease activated by DNA polymerases stuck at DPCs. We have recently proposed the mechanism of the interaction of DNA polymerases with DPCs, involving a clash of protein surfaces followed by the distortion of the cross-linked protein. Here, we used a model DPC, located in the single-stranded template, the template strand of double-stranded DNA, or the displaced strand, to study the eukaryotic translesion DNA polymerases ζ (POLζ), ι (POLι) and η (POLη). POLι demonstrated poor synthesis on the DPC-containing substrates. POLζ and POLη paused at sites dictated by the footprints of the polymerase and the cross-linked protein. Beyond that, POLζ was able to elongate the primer to the cross-link site when a DPC was in the template. Surprisingly, POLη was not only able to reach the cross-link site but also incorporated 1–2 nucleotides past it, which makes POLη the most efficient DNA polymerase on DPC-containing substrates. However, a DPC in the displaced strand was an insurmountable obstacle for all polymerases, which stalled several nucleotides before the cross-link site. Overall, the behavior of translesion polymerases agrees with the model of protein clash and distortion described above.
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6
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Shilkin ES, Boldinova EO, Stolyarenko AD, Goncharova RI, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Smal MP, Makarova AV. Translesion DNA Synthesis and Reinitiation of DNA Synthesis in Chemotherapy Resistance. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:869-882. [PMID: 33045948 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920080039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many chemotherapy drugs block tumor cell division by damaging DNA. DNA polymerases eta (Pol η), iota (Pol ι), kappa (Pol κ), REV1 of the Y-family and zeta (Pol ζ) of the B-family efficiently incorporate nucleotides opposite a number of DNA lesions during translesion DNA synthesis. Primase-polymerase PrimPol and the Pol α-primase complex reinitiate DNA synthesis downstream of the damaged sites using their DNA primase activity. These enzymes can decrease the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, contribute to the survival of tumor cells and to the progression of malignant diseases. DNA polymerases are promising targets for increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy, and mutations and polymorphisms in some DNA polymerases can serve as additional prognostic markers in a number of oncological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - E O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A D Stolyarenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - R I Goncharova
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - R N Chuprov-Netochin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - M P Smal
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus.
| | - A V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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7
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Saha P, Mandal T, Talukdar AD, Kumar D, Kumar S, Tripathi PP, Wang QE, Srivastava AK. DNA polymerase eta: A potential pharmacological target for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4106-4120. [PMID: 33184862 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, intensive research has been carried out to improve the survival rates of cancer patients. However, the development of chemoresistance that ultimately leads to tumor relapse poses a critical challenge for the successful treatment of cancer patients. Many cancer patients experience tumor relapse and ultimately die because of treatment failure associated with acquired drug resistance. Cancer cells utilize multiple lines of self-defense mechanisms to bypass chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One such mechanism employed by cancer cells is translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), in which specialized TLS polymerases bypass the DNA lesion with the help of monoubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Among all TLS polymerases (Pol η, Pol ι, Pol κ, REV1, Pol ζ, Pol μ, Pol λ, Pol ν, and Pol θ), DNA polymerase eta (Pol η) is well studied and majorly responsible for the bypass of cisplatin and UV-induced DNA damage. TLS polymerases contribute to chemotherapeutic drug-induced mutations as well as therapy resistance. Therefore, targeting these polymerases presents a novel therapeutic strategy to combat chemoresistance. Mounting evidence suggests that inhibition of Pol η may have multiple impacts on cancer therapy such as sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutics, suppressing drug-induced mutagenesis, and inhibiting the development of secondary tumors. Herein, we provide a general introduction of Pol η and its clinical implications in blocking acquired drug resistance. In addition; this review addresses the existing gaps and challenges of Pol η mediated TLS mechanisms in human cells. A better understanding of the Pol η mediated TLS mechanism will not merely establish it as a potential pharmacological target but also open possibilities to identify novel drug targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanima Mandal
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anupam D Talukdar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Prem P Tripathi
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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8
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Koag MC, Jung H, Lee S. Mutagenesis mechanism of the major oxidative adenine lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5119-5134. [PMID: 32282906 PMCID: PMC7229865 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species generate the genotoxic 8-oxoguanine (oxoG) and 8-oxoadenine (oxoA) as major oxidative lesions. The mutagenicity of oxoG is attributed to the lesion's ability to evade the geometric discrimination of DNA polymerases by adopting Hoogsteen base pairing with adenine in a Watson–Crick-like geometry. Compared with oxoG, the mutagenesis mechanism of oxoA, which preferentially induces A-to-C mutations, is poorly understood. In the absence of protein contacts, oxoA:G forms a wobble conformation, the formation of which is suppressed in the catalytic site of most DNA polymerases. Interestingly, human DNA polymerase η (polη) proficiently incorporates dGTP opposite oxoA, suggesting the nascent oxoA:dGTP overcomes the geometric discrimination of polη. To gain insights into oxoA-mediated mutagenesis, we determined crystal structures of polη bypassing oxoA. When paired with dGTP, oxoA adopted a syn-conformation and formed Hoogsteen pairing while in a wobble geometry, which was stabilized by Gln38-mediated minor groove contacts to oxoA:dGTP. Gln38Ala mutation reduced misinsertion efficiency ∼55-fold, indicating oxoA:dGTP misincorporation was promoted by minor groove interactions. Also, the efficiency of oxoA:dGTP insertion by the X-family polβ decreased ∼380-fold when Asn279-mediated minor groove contact to dGTP was abolished. Overall, these results suggest that, unlike oxoG, oxoA-mediated mutagenesis is greatly induced by minor groove interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Chul Koag
- The Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hunmin Jung
- The Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seongmin Lee
- The Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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9
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Koag MC, Jung H, Kou Y, Lee S. Bypass of the Major Alkylative DNA Lesion by Human DNA Polymerase η. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213928. [PMID: 31683505 PMCID: PMC6864850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of endogenous and exogenous alkylating agents attack DNA to generate various alkylation adducts. N7-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (Fm7dG) is the most abundant alkylative DNA lesion. If not repaired, Fm7dG can undergo spontaneous depurination, imidazole ring-opening, or bypass by translesion synthesis DNA polymerases. Human DNA polymerase η (polη) efficiently catalyzes across Fm7dG in vitro, but its structural basis is unknown. Herein, we report a crystal structure of polη in complex with templating Fm7dG and an incoming nonhydrolyzable dCTP analog, where a 2'-fluorine-mediated transition destabilization approach was used to prevent the spontaneous depurination of Fm7dG. The structure showed that polη readily accommodated the Fm7dG:dCTP base pair with little conformational change of protein and DNA. In the catalytic site, Fm7dG and dCTP formed three hydrogen bonds with a Watson-Crick geometry, indicating that the major keto tautomer of Fm7dG is involved in base pairing. The polη-Fm7dG:dCTP structure was essentially identical to the corresponding undamaged structure, which explained the efficient bypass of the major methylated lesion. Overall, the first structure of translesion synthesis DNA polymerase bypassing Fm7dG suggests that in the catalytic site of Y-family DNA polymerases, small N7-alkylguanine adducts may be well tolerated and form the canonical Watson-Crick base pair with dCTP through their keto tautomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Chul Koag
- The Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hunmin Jung
- The Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Yi Kou
- The Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Seongmin Lee
- The Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, TX 78712, USA.
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10
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Abstract
It is believed that the Bcl-2 family protein Bok has a redundant role similar to Bax and Bak in regulating apoptosis. We report that this protein interacts with the key enzyme involved in uridine biosynthesis, uridine monophosphate synthetase, and positively regulates uridine biosynthesis and chemoconversion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Bok-deficient cell lines are resistant to 5-FU. Bok down-regulation is a key feature of cell lines and primary colorectal tumor tissues that are resistant to 5-FU. Our data also show that through its impact on nucleotide metabolism, Bok regulates p53 level and cellular proliferation. Our results have implications for developing Bok as a biomarker for 5-FU resistance and for the development of BOK mimetics for sensitizing 5-FU-resistant cancers. BCL-2 family proteins regulate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. BOK, a multidomain BCL-2 family protein, is generally believed to be an adaptor protein similar to BAK and BAX, regulating the mitochondrial permeability transition during apoptosis. Here we report that BOK is a positive regulator of a key enzyme involved in uridine biosynthesis; namely, uridine monophosphate synthetase (UMPS). Our data suggest that BOK expression enhances UMPS activity, cell proliferation, and chemosensitivity. Genetic deletion of Bok results in chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in different cell lines and in mice. Conversely, cancer cells and primary tissues that acquire resistance to 5-FU down-regulate BOK expression. Furthermore, we also provide evidence for a role for BOK in nucleotide metabolism and cell cycle regulation. Our results have implications in developing BOK as a biomarker for 5-FU resistance and have the potential for the development of BOK-mimetics for sensitizing 5-FU-resistant cancers.
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11
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Polynuclear ruthenium organometallic compounds induce DNA damage in human cells identified by the nucleotide excision repair factor XPC. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190378. [PMID: 31227614 PMCID: PMC6629949 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium organometallic compounds represent an attractive avenue in developing alternatives to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. While evidence has been presented indicating ruthenium-based compounds interact with isolated DNA in vitro, it is unclear what effect these compounds exert in cells. Moreover, the antibiotic efficacy of polynuclear ruthenium organometallic compounds remains uncertain. In the present study, we report that exposure to polynuclear ruthenium organometallic compounds induces recruitment of damaged DNA sensing protein Xeroderma pigmentosum Group C into chromatin-immobilized foci. Additionally, we observed one of the tested polynuclear ruthenium organometallic compounds displayed increased cytotoxicity against human cells deficient in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Taken together, these results suggest that polynuclear ruthenium organometallic compounds induce DNA damage in cells, and that cellular resistance to these compounds may be influenced by the NER DNA repair phenotype of the cells.
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12
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Gallo D, Brown GW. Post-replication repair: Rad5/HLTF regulation, activity on undamaged templates, and relationship to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:301-332. [PMID: 31429594 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1651817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic post-replication repair (PRR) pathway allows completion of DNA replication when replication forks encounter lesions on the DNA template and are mediated by post-translational ubiquitination of the DNA sliding clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Monoubiquitinated PCNA recruits translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases to replicate past DNA lesions in an error-prone manner while addition of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains signals for error-free template switching to the sister chromatid. Central to both branches is the E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase Rad5/helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF). Mutations in PRR pathway components lead to genomic rearrangements, cancer predisposition, and cancer progression. Recent studies have challenged the notion that the PRR pathway is involved only in DNA lesion tolerance and have shed new light on its roles in cancer progression. Molecular details of Rad5/HLTF recruitment and function at replication forks have emerged. Mounting evidence indicates that PRR is required during lesion-less replication stress, leading to TLS polymerase activity on undamaged templates. Analysis of PRR mutation status in human cancers and PRR function in cancer models indicates that down regulation of PRR activity is a viable strategy to inhibit cancer cell growth and reduce chemoresistance. Here, we review these findings, discuss how they change our views of current PRR models, and look forward to targeting the PRR pathway in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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13
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Wei W, Xi Y, Jiamin X, Jing Z, Shuwen H. Screening of molecular targets and construction of a ceRNA network for oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31413-31424. [PMID: 35527927 PMCID: PMC9073375 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin resistance reduces the efficacy of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to screen molecular targets of oxaliplatin resistance in CRC to construct a ceRNA network. The differentially expressed mRNA and lncRNA between the oxaliplatin-resistant and oxaliplatin-sensitive colon cancer cell lines was determined using RNA sequencing data (no. GSE42387) from the NCBI GEO database. Gene Ontology BP (biological process) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were used to analyze the function and pathway enrichment of the differentially expressed mRNA and lncRNA. The lnCeDB and starBase v2.0 were used to predict miRNA, and Cytoscape software was used to build a ceRNA network. The top 5 mRNA, miRNAs, and lncRNAs with high degrees of connectivity in the ceRNA network were validated by qPCR. TCGA colon cancer clinical data was used to perform a survival analysis of patients with differential mRNA and lncRNA expression. Between the two groups, 2515 mRNAs and 23 lncRNAs were differentially expressed. We constructed a ceRNA network containing 503 lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory pairs, 210 lncRNA–miRNA pairs, 382 miRNA–mRNA pairs, and 212 mRNA co-expression pairs. The differentially expressed lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA were verified by qPCR. One lncRNA (HOTAIR) and 14 mRNAs significantly correlated with patient prognosis. The discovery of differentially expressed genes and the construction of ceRNA networks will provide important resources for the search for therapeutic targets of oxaliplatin resistance. Moreover, this resource will aid the discovery of the mechanisms behind this type of drug resistance. Oxaliplatin resistance reduces the efficacy of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Huzhou Cent Hosp
- Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University
- Huzhou
- China
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Oncology
- Huzhou Cent Hosp
- Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University
- Huzhou
- China
| | - Xu Jiamin
- Graduate School of Nursing
- Huzhou University
- Huzhou
- China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Graduate School of Nursing
- Huzhou Cent Hosp
- Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University
- Huzhou
- China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Department of Oncology
- Huzhou Cent Hosp
- Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University
- Huzhou
- China
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