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Wang HL, Sun HP, Zheng PR, Cheng RT, Liu ZW, Yuan H, Gao WY, Li H. Re-investigation of in vitro activity of acetohydroxyacid synthase I holoenzyme from Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109962. [PMID: 38499055 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is one of the key enzymes of the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, it is also an effective target for the screening of herbicides and antibiotics. In this study we present a method for preparing Escherichia coli AHAS I holoenzyme (EcAHAS I) with exceptional stability, which provides a solid ground for us to re-investigate the in vitro catalytic properties of the protein. The results show EcAHAS I synthesized in this way exhibits similar function to Bacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase in its catalysis with pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate (2-KB) as dual-substrate, producing four 2-hydroxy-3-ketoacids including (S)-2-acetolactate, (S)-2-aceto-2-hydroxybutyrate, (S)-2-propionyllactate, and (S)-2-propionyl-2-hydroxybutyrate. Quantification of the reaction indicates that the two substrates almost totally consume, and compound (S)-2-aceto-2- hydroxybutyrate forms in the highest yield among the four major products. Moreover, the protein also condenses two molecules of 2-KB to furnish (S)-2-propionyl-2-hydroxybutyrate. Further exploration manifests that EcAHAS I ligates pyruvate/2-KB and nitrosobenzene to generate two arylhydroxamic acids N-hydroxy-N-phenylacetamide and N-hydroxy-N-phenyl- propionamide. These findings enhance our comprehension of the catalytic characteristics of EcAHAS I. Furthermore, the application of this enzyme as a catalyst in construction of C-N bonds displays promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Hui-Peng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Pei-Rong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Rui-Tong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Heng Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Wen-Yun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Heng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Toci EM, Austin SL, Majumdar A, Woodcock HL, Freel Meyers CL. Disruption of an Active Site Network Leads to Activation of C2α-Lactylthiamin Diphosphate on the Antibacterial Target 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate Synthase. Biochemistry 2024; 63:671-687. [PMID: 38393327 PMCID: PMC11015862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial metabolic enzyme 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) catalyzes the thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent formation of DXP from pyruvate and d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (d-GAP). DXP is an essential bacteria-specific metabolite that feeds into the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), and ThDP. DXPS catalyzes the activation of pyruvate to give the C2α-lactylThDP (LThDP) adduct that is long-lived on DXPS in a closed state in the absence of the cosubstrate. Binding of d-GAP shifts the DXPS-LThDP complex to an open state which coincides with LThDP decarboxylation. This gated mechanism distinguishes DXPS in ThDP enzymology. How LThDP persists on DXPS in the absence of cosubstrate, while other pyruvate decarboxylases readily activate LThDP for decarboxylation, is a long-standing question in the field. We propose that an active site network functions to prevent LThDP activation on DXPS until the cosubstrate binds. Binding of d-GAP coincides with a conformational shift and disrupts the network causing changes in the active site that promote LThDP activation. Here, we show that the substitution of putative network residues, as well as nearby residues believed to contribute to network charge distribution, predictably affects LThDP reactivity. Substitutions predicted to disrupt the network have the effect to activate LThDP for decarboxylation, resulting in CO2 and acetate production. In contrast, a substitution predicted to strengthen the network fails to activate LThDP and has the effect to shift DXPS toward the closed state. Network-disrupting substitutions near the carboxylate of LThDP also have a pronounced effect to shift DXPS to an open state. These results offer initial insights to explain the long-lived LThDP intermediate and its activation through disruption of an active site network, which is unique to DXPS. These findings have important implications for DXPS function in bacteria and its development as an antibacterial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eucolona M Toci
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Steven L Austin
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ananya Majumdar
- Biomolecular NMR Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - H Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Caren L Freel Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Zhao K, Tang H, Zhang B, Zou S, Liu Z, Zheng Y. Microbial production of vitamin B5: current status and prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1172-1192. [PMID: 36210178 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B5, also called D-pantothenic acid (D-PA), is a necessary micronutrient that plays an essential role in maintaining the physiological function of an organism. It is widely used in: food, medicine, feed, cosmetics, and other fields. Currently, the production of D-PA in industry heavily relies on chemical processes and enzymatic catalysis. With an increasing demand on the market, replacing chemical-based production of D-PA with microbial fermentation utilizing renewable resources is necessary. In this review, the physiological role and applications of D-PA were firstly introduced, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be summarized. Subsequently, a series of cell factory development strategies for excessive D-PA production are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the prospect of microbial production of D-PA production has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Heng Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuping Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
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Structural basis of resistance to herbicides that target acetohydroxyacid synthase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3368. [PMID: 35690625 PMCID: PMC9188596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is the target for more than 50 commercial herbicides; first applied to crops in the 1980s. Since then, 197 site-of-action resistance isolates have been identified in weeds, with mutations at P197 and W574 the most prevalent. Consequently, AHAS is at risk of not being a useful target for crop protection. To develop new herbicides, a functional understanding to explain the effect these mutations have on activity is required. Here, we show that these mutations can have two effects (i) to reduce binding affinity of the herbicides and (ii) to abolish time-dependent accumulative inhibition, critical to the exceptional effectiveness of this class of herbicide. In the two mutants, conformational changes occur resulting in a loss of accumulative inhibition by most herbicides. However, bispyribac, a bulky herbicide is able to counteract the detrimental effects of these mutations, explaining why no site-of-action resistance has yet been reported for this herbicide. Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is the target of more than 50 commercial herbicides, with many site-of-action resistance isolates identified in weeds. Here, the authors report the structural and kinetic characterizations to explain the effect AHAS mutations have on herbicide potency.
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Shao S, Li B, Sun Q, Guo P, Du Y, Huang J. Acetolactate synthases regulatory subunit and catalytic subunit genes VdILVs are involved in BCAA biosynthesis, microscletotial and conidial formation and virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 159:103667. [PMID: 35041986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetolactate synthase (AHAS) catalyses the first common step in the biosynthesis pathways of three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) of valine, isoleucine and leucine. Here, we characterized one regulatory subunit (VdILV6) and three catalytic subunits (VdILV2A, VdILV2B and VdILV2C) of AHAS from the important cotton Verticillium wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. Phenotypic analysis showed that VdILV6 knockout mutants were auxotrophic for valine and isoleucine and were defective in conidial morphogenesis, hypha penetration and virulence to cotton, and lost ability of microscletotial formation. The growth of single catalytic subunit gene knockout mutants were significantly inhibited by leucine at higher concentration and single catalytic subunit gene knockout mutants showed significantly reduced virulence to cotton. VdILV2B knockout also led to obviously reduced microscletotial formation and conidial production, VdILV2C knockout led to reduced conidial production. Further studies suggested that both feedback inhibition by leucine and the inhibition by AHAS inhibiting herbicides of tribenuron and bispyribac resulted in significantly down-regulated expression of the four subunit VdILVs genes (VdILV2A, VdILV2B, VdILV2C and VdILV6). Any single catalytic subunit gene knockout led to reduced expression of the other three subunit genes, whereas VdILV6 knckout induced increased expression of the three catalytic subunit genes. VdILV2B, VdILV2C and VdILV6 knockout resulted in increased expression of VdCPC1 regulator gene of the cross-pathway control of amino acid biosynthesis. Taken together, these results indicate multiple roles of four VdILVs genes in the biosynthesis of BCAAs, virulence, fungal growth and development in the filamentous fungi V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShengNan Shao
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - Biao Li
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - PeiRu Guo
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - YeJuan Du
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang.
| | - JiaFeng Huang
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang.
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Stella RG, Gertzen CGW, Smits SHJ, Gätgens C, Polen T, Noack S, Frunzke J. Biosensor-based growth-coupling and spatial separation as an evolution strategy to improve small molecule production of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng 2021; 68:162-173. [PMID: 34628038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary engineering is a powerful method to improve the performance of microbial cell factories, but can typically not be applied to enhance the production of chemicals due to the lack of an appropriate selection regime. We report here on a new strategy based on transcription factor-based biosensors, which directly couple production to growth. The growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum was coupled to the intracellular concentration of branched-chain amino acids, by integrating a synthetic circuit based on the Lrp biosensor upstream of two growth-regulating genes, pfkA and hisD. Modelling and experimental data highlight spatial separation as key strategy to limit the selection of 'cheater' strains that escaped the evolutionary pressure. This approach facilitated the isolation of strains featuring specific causal mutations enhancing amino acid production. We envision that this strategy can be applied with the plethora of known biosensors in various microbes, unlocking evolution as a feasible strategy to improve production of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G Stella
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Center for Structural Studies (CSS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Center for Structural Studies (CSS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gätgens
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich D-52425, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich D-52425, Germany.
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L-valine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum based on systematic metabolic engineering: progress and prospects. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1301-1312. [PMID: 34401958 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
L-valine is an essential branched-chain amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and has a wide range of applications in food, medicine and feed. Market demand has stimulated people's interest in the industrial production of L-valine. At present, the mutagenized or engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum is an effective microbial cell factory for producing L-valine. Because the biosynthetic pathway and metabolic network of L-valine are intricate and strictly regulated by a variety of key enzymes and genes, highly targeted metabolic engineering can no longer meet the demand for efficient biosynthesis of L-valine. In recent years, the development of omics technology has promoted the upgrading of traditional metabolic engineering to systematic metabolic engineering. This whole-cell-scale transformation strategy has become a productive method for developing L-valine producing strains. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis and regulation mechanism of L-valine, and summarizes the current metabolic engineering techniques and strategies for constructing L-valine high-producing strains. Finally, the opinion of constructing a cell factory for efficiently biosynthesizing L-valine was proposed.
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Wang HL, Li HR, Zhang YC, Yang WT, Yao Z, Wu RJ, Niu CW, Li YH, Wang JG. Discovery of ortho-Alkoxy Substituted Novel Sulfonylurea Compounds That Display Strong Herbicidal Activity against Monocotyledon Grasses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8415-8427. [PMID: 34283603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have designed and synthesized a series of 42 novel sulfonylurea compounds with ortho-alkoxy substitutions at the phenyl ring and evaluated their herbicidal activities. Some target compounds showed excellent herbicidal activity against monocotyledon weed species. When applied at 7.5 g ha-1, 6-11 exhibited more potent herbicidal activity against barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and crab grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) than commercial acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 2.2.1.6) inhibitors triasulfuron, penoxsulam, and nicosulfuron at both pre-emergence and postemergence conditions. 6-11 was safe for peanut for postemergence application at this ultralow dosage, suggesting that it could be considered a potential herbicide candidate for peanut fields. Although 6-11 and triasulfuron share similar chemical structures and have close Ki values for plant AHAS, a significant difference has been observed between their LUMO maps from DFT calculations, which might be a possible factor that leads to their different behaviors toward monocotyledon weed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lian Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao-Ran Li
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi-Chi Zhang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Yao
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ren-Jun Wu
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jian-Guo Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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