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Uludağ Alkaya D, Taner HE, Yıldırım T, Akpınar E, Tüysüz B. Further characterization of ARSK-related mucopolysaccharidosis type 10. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63635. [PMID: 38634625 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type 10 is caused by biallelic variants in ARSK, which encodes for a lysosomal sulfatase. To date, seven patients with a mild phenotype resembling spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia have been described. In this report, we present two novel ARSK variants and report clinical and radiological findings of three patients. The patients' initial complaints were hip or knee pain and a waddling gait. All patients showed normal intelligence, normal hearing and eye examinations, and none had organomegaly. While typical dysostosis multiplex findings were not observed, mild platyspondyly with anterior beaking of some vertebral bodies, irregular vertebral endplates, wide ribs, inferior tapering of the ilea with a poorly developed acetabulum, irregularity of the central part of the femoral head, delayed ossification of the carpals were noted. Remarkably, all patients showed metaphyseal striation of the long bones, a crucial diagnostic clue to identify ARSK-related MPS type 10. Interestingly, vertebral involvement regressed during follow-up. On the other hand, hip dysplasia progressed in all patients. In conclusion, this study provides valuable long-term results on a recently discovered form of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Uludağ Alkaya
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Emir Taner
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Timur Yıldırım
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evren Akpınar
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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3
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Welleman IM, Reeβing F, Boersma HH, Dierckx RAJO, Feringa BL, Szymanski W. The Development of a Smart Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Contrast Agent for the Imaging of Sulfatase Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1439. [PMID: 37895910 PMCID: PMC10610007 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular imaging of biomarkers plays an increasing role in medical diagnostics. In particular, the imaging of enzyme activity is a promising approach, as it enables the use of its inherent catalytic activity for the amplification of an imaging signal. The increased activity of a sulfatase enzyme has been observed in several types of cancers. We describe the development and in vitro evaluation of molecular imaging agents that allow for the detection of sulfatase activity using the whole-body, non-invasive MRI and CEST imaging methods. This approach relies on a responsive ligand that features a sulfate ester moiety, which upon sulfatase-catalyzed hydrolysis undergoes an elimination process that changes the functional group, coordinating with the metal ion. When Gd3+ is used as the metal, the complex can be used for MRI, showing a 25% decrease at 0.23T and a 42% decrease at 4.7T in magnetic relaxivity after enzymatic conversion, thus providing a "switch-off" contrast agent. Conversely, the use of Yb3+ as the metal leads to a "switch-on" effect in the CEST imaging of sulfatase activity. Altogether, the results presented here provide a molecular basis and a proof-of-principle for the magnetic imaging of the activity of a key cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M. Welleman
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (I.M.W.)
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike Reeβing
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (I.M.W.)
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H. Boersma
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (I.M.W.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (I.M.W.)
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (I.M.W.)
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Benicky J, Sanda M, Panigrahi A, Liu J, Wang Z, Pagadala V, Su G, Goldman R. A 6-O-endosulfatase activity assay based on synthetic heparan sulfate oligomers. Glycobiology 2023; 33:384-395. [PMID: 37052463 PMCID: PMC10243761 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulf-2 is an extracellular heparan 6-O-endosulfatase involved in the postsynthetic editing of heparan sulfate (HS), which regulates many important biological processes. The activity of the Sulf-2 and its substrate specificity remain insufficiently characterized in spite of more than two decades of studies of this enzyme. This is due, in part, to the difficulties in the production and isolation of this highly modified protein and due to the lack of well-characterized synthetic substrates for the probing of its catalytic activity. We introduce synthetic HS oligosaccharides to fill this gap, and we use our recombinant Sulf-2 protein to show that a paranitrophenol (pNP)-labeled synthetic oligosaccharide allows a reliable quantification of its enzymatic activity. The substrate and products of the desulfation reaction are separated by ion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography and quantified by UV absorbance. This simple assay allows the detection of the Sulf-2 activity at high sensitivity (nanograms of the enzyme) and specificity. The method also allowed us to measure the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity in biological samples as complex as the secretome of cancer cell lines. Our in vitro measurements show that the N-glycosylation of the Sulf-2 enzyme affects the activity of the enzyme and that phosphate ions substantially decrease the Sulf-2 enzymatic activity. This assay offers an efficient, sensitive, and specific measurement of the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity that could open avenues to in vivo activity measurements and improve our understanding of the enzymatic editing of the sulfation of heparan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Herz- und Lungenforschung, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Aswini Panigrahi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | | | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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5
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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6
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Pei S, Dou Y, Zhang W, Qi D, Li Y, Wang M, Li W, Shi H, Gao Z, Yao C, Fang D, Sun H, Xie S. O-Sulfation disposition of curcumin and quercetin in SULT1A3 overexpressing HEK293 cells: the role of arylsulfatase B in cellular O-sulfation regulated by transporters. Food Funct 2022; 13:10558-10573. [PMID: 36156668 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01436j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extensive phase II metabolic reactions (i.e., glucuronidation and sulfation) have resulted in low bioavailability and decreased biological effects of curcumin and quercetin. Compared to glucuronidation, information on the sulfation disposition of curcumin and quercetin is limited. In this study, we identified that BCRP and MRP4 played a critical role in the cellular excretion of curcumin-O-sulfate (C-O-S) and quercetin-O-sulfate (Q-O-S) by integrating chemical inhibition with transporter knock-down experiments. Inhibited excretion of sulfate (C-O-S and Q-O-S) caused significant reductions in cellular O-sulfation of curcumin (a maximal 74.4% reduction) and quercetin (a maximal 76.9% reduction), revealing a strong interplay of sulfation with efflux transport. It was further identified that arylsulfatase B (ARSB) played a crucial role in the regulation of cellular O-sulfation by transporters. ARSB overexpression significantly enhanced the reduction effect of MK-571 on the cellular O-sulfation (fmet) of the model compound (38.8% reduction for curcumin and 44.2% reduction for quercetin). On the contrary, ARSB knockdown could reverse the effect of MK-571 on the O-sulfation disposition of the model compound (29.7% increase for curcumin and 47.3% increase for quercetin). Taken together, ARSB has been proven to be involved in cellular O-sulfation, accounting for transporter-dependent O-sulfation of curcumin and quercetin. A better understanding of the interplay beneath metabolism and transport will contribute to the exact prediction of in vivo drug disposition and drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Wenke Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Defei Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Mengqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Wenqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Hongxiang Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Zixuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Chaoyan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Dong Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China. .,Academy for advanced interdisciplinary studies, Henan University, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Hua Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China. .,Academy for advanced interdisciplinary studies, Henan University, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Songqiang Xie
- Academy for advanced interdisciplinary studies, Henan University, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China. .,Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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7
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Shen Y, Wei Z, Zhou C, Song J, Wang J, Wang J, Wu L, Fang S, Shen Z. Arylsulfatase I
is a prognostic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and Pan‐cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24600. [PMID: 35870182 PMCID: PMC9459304 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sulfatase gene family members mediate various biological functions in tumor stroma and tumor cell environments. However, the expressions and prognostic value of Arylsulfatase I (ARSI), a sulfatase gene family member, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) have not been fully established. Methods Arylsulfatase I expressions in pan‐cancer were profiled using publicly available databases. Then, univariate Cox regression, Kaplan–Meier, and the Pearson's correlation analyses were performed to determine correlations between ARSI expressions and cancer prognosis, immune cell status, and drug sensitivity. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to assess the potential mechanisms underlying ARSI functions in HNSC. Results Arylsulfatase I was highly expressed in 15 cancer types, with significant expressions in HNSC. Elevated ARSI levels were associated with worse prognostic outcomes in HNSC patients. In addition, GSVA and GSEA showed that ARSI was highly involved in tumor cell escape and inflammatory responses. Expressions of ARSI negatively correlated with tumor mutation burden or microsatellite instability and positively correlated with immune‐related genes. Elevated ARSI expressions conferred poor tolerance to daporinad and sinularin, but increased cell sensitivity to dasatinib and XAV939. Conclusion Arylsulfatase I is a promising prognostic and therapeutic target for HNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
- Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
- Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
- Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
- Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Jiada Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
- Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Linrong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
| | - Shenzhe Fang
- Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo China
- Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
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8
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Differential expression of CD11c defines two types of tissue-resident macrophages with different origins in steady-state salivary glands. Sci Rep 2022; 12:931. [PMID: 35042931 PMCID: PMC8766464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gland macrophages are primed for gland development and functions through interactions within their niche. However, the phenotype, ontogeny, and function of steady-state salivary gland (SG) macrophages remain unclear. We herein identified CD11c+ and CD11c- subsets among CD64+ macrophages in steady-state murine SGs. CD11c- macrophages were predominant in the SGs of embryonic and newborn mice and decreased with advancing age. CD11c+ macrophages were rarely detected in the embryonic period, but rapidly expanded after birth. CD11c+, but not CD11c-, macrophage numbers decreased in mice treated with a CCR2 antagonist, suggesting that CD11c+ macrophages accumulate from bone marrow-derived progenitors in a CCR2-dependent manner, whereas CD11c- macrophages were derived from embryonic progenitors in SGs. CD11c+ and CD11c- macrophages strongly expressed colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 receptor, the injection of an anti-CSF-1 receptor blocking antibody markedly reduced both subsets, and SGs strongly expressed CSF-1, indicating the dependency of SG resident macrophage development on CSF-1. The phagocytic activity of SG macrophages was extremely weak; however, the gene expression profile of SG macrophages indicated that SG macrophages regulate gland development and functions in SGs. These results suggest that SG CD11c+ and CD11c- macrophages are developed and instructed to perform SG-specific functions in steady-state SGs.
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9
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Forming 4-Methylcatechol as the Dominant Bioavailable Metabolite of Intraruminal Rutin Inhibits p-Cresol Production in Dairy Cows. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010016. [PMID: 35050138 PMCID: PMC8780962 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin, a natural flavonol glycoside, elicits its diverse health-promoting effects from the bioactivities of quercetin, its aglycone. While widely distributed in the vegetables and fruits of human diet, rutin is either absent or inadequate in common animal feed ingredients. Rutin has been supplemented to dairy cows for performance enhancement, but its metabolic fate in vivo has not been determined. In this study, plasma, urine, and rumen fluid samples were collected before and after the intraruminal dosing of 100 mg/kg rutin to 4 Holsteins, and then characterized by both targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis. In plasma and urine, 4-methylcatechol sulfate was identified as the most abundant metabolite of rutin, instead of quercetin and its flavonol metabolites, and its concentration was inversely correlated with the concentration of p-cresol sulfate. In rumen fluid, the formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPAA) and 4-methylcatechol after rapid degradation of rutin and quercetin concurred with the decrease of p-cresol and the increase of its precursor, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. Overall, the formation of 4-methylcatechol, a bioactive microbial metabolite, as the dominant bioavailable metabolite of rutin and quercetin, could contribute to their beneficial bioactivities in dairy cows, while the decrease of p-cresol, a microbial metabolite with negative biological and sensory properties, from the competitive inhibition between microbial metabolism of rutin and tyrosine, has the potential to reduce environmental impact of dairy operations and improve the health of dairy cattle.
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10
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Verheyen S, Blatterer J, Speicher MR, Bhavani GS, Boons GJ, Ilse MB, Andrae D, Sproß J, Vaz FM, Kircher SG, Posch-Pertl L, Baumgartner D, Lübke T, Shah H, Al Kaissi A, Girisha KM, Plecko B. Novel subtype of mucopolysaccharidosis caused by arylsulfatase K (ARSK) deficiency. J Med Genet 2021; 59:957-964. [PMID: 34916232 PMCID: PMC9554054 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are monogenic metabolic disorders that significantly affect the skeleton. Eleven enzyme defects in the lysosomal degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been assigned to the known MPS subtypes (I–IX). Arylsulfatase K (ARSK) is a recently characterised lysosomal hydrolase involved in GAG degradation that removes the 2-O-sulfate group from 2-sulfoglucuronate. Knockout of Arsk in mice was consistent with mild storage pathology, but no human phenotype has yet been described. Methods In this study, we report four affected individuals of two unrelated consanguineous families with homozygous variants c.250C>T, p.(Arg84Cys) and c.560T>A, p.(Leu187Ter) in ARSK, respectively. Functional consequences of the two ARSK variants were assessed by mutation-specific ARSK constructs derived by site-directed mutagenesis, which were ectopically expressed in HT1080 cells. Urinary GAG excretion was analysed by dimethylene blue and electrophoresis, as well as liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS analysis. Results The phenotypes of the affected individuals include MPS features, such as short stature, coarse facial features and dysostosis multiplex. Reverse phenotyping in two of the four individuals revealed additional cardiac and ophthalmological abnormalities. Mild elevation of dermatan sulfate was detected in the two subjects investigated by LC-MS/MS. Human HT1080 cells expressing the ARSK-Leu187Ter construct exhibited absent protein levels by western blot, and cells with the ARSK-Arg84Cys construct showed markedly reduced enzyme activity in an ARSK-specific enzymatic assay against 2-O-sulfoglucuronate-containing disaccharides as analysed by C18-reversed-phase chromatography followed by MS. Conclusion Our work provides a detailed clinical and molecular characterisation of a novel subtype of mucopolysaccharidosis, which we suggest to designate subtype X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Verheyen
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Blatterer
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gandham SriLakshmi Bhavani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mai-Britt Ilse
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dominik Andrae
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jens Sproß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology - Mass Spectrometry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frédéric Maxime Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Disease, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Core Facility Metabolomics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam UMC Locatie Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne G Kircher
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Posch-Pertl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Baumgartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Torben Lübke
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hitesh Shah
- Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal, India
| | - Ali Al Kaissi
- Pediatric Department, Speising Orthopaedic Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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11
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Decoding the consecutive lysosomal degradation of 3-O-sulfate containing heparan sulfate by Arylsulfatase G (ARSG). Biochem J 2021; 478:3221-3237. [PMID: 34405855 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate is mediated by the concerted action of nine different enzymes. Within this degradation pathway, Arylsulfatase G (ARSG) is critical for removing 3-O-sulfate from glucosamine, and mutations in ARSG are causative for Usher syndrome type IV. We developed a specific ARSG enzyme assay using sulfated monosaccharide substrates, which reflect derivatives of its natural substrates. These sulfated compounds were incubated with ARSG, and resulting products were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC after chemical addition of the fluorescent dyes 2-aminoacridone or 2-aminobenzoic acid, respectively. We applied the assay to further characterize ARSG regarding its hydrolytic specificity against 3-O-sulfated monosaccharides containing additional sulfate-groups and N-acetylation. The application of recombinant ARSG and cells overexpressing ARSG as well as isolated lysosomes from wild-type and Arsg knockout mice validated the utility of our assay. We further exploited the assay to determine the sequential action of the different sulfatases involved in the lysosomal catabolism of 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residues of heparan sulfate. Our results confirm and extend the characterization of the substrate specificity of ARSG and help to determine the sequential order of the lysosomal catabolic breakdown of (3-O-)sulfated heparan sulfate.
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12
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Byrne DP, London JA, Eyers PA, Yates EA, Cartmell A. Mobility shift-based electrophoresis coupled with fluorescent detection enables real-time enzyme analysis of carbohydrate sulfatase activity. Biochem J 2021; 478:735-748. [PMID: 33480417 PMCID: PMC7897442 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental process, which occurs in all domains of life. Carbohydrate sulfatases are enzymes that remove sulfate groups from carbohydrates and are essential to the depolymerisation of complex polysaccharides. Despite their biological importance, carbohydrate sulfatases are poorly studied and challenges remain in accurately assessing the enzymatic activity, specificity and kinetic parameters. Most notably, the separation of desulfated products from sulfated substrates is currently a time-consuming process. In this paper, we describe the development of rapid capillary electrophoresis coupled to substrate fluorescence detection as a high-throughput and facile means of analysing carbohydrate sulfatase activity. The approach has utility for the determination of both kinetic and inhibition parameters and is based on existing microfluidic technology coupled to a new synthetic fluorescent 6S-GlcNAc carbohydrate substrate. Furthermore, we compare this technique, in terms of both time and resources, to high-performance anion exchange chromatography and NMR-based methods, which are the two current 'gold standards' for enzymatic carbohydrate sulfation analysis. Our study clearly demonstrates the advantages of mobility shift assays for the quantification of near real-time carbohydrate desulfation by purified sulfatases, and will support the search for small molecule inhibitors of these disease-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P. Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - James A. London
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Patrick A. Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Alan Cartmell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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