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Martins CPC, Ferreira MVS, Esmerino EA, Moraes J, Pimentel TC, Rocha RS, Freitas MQ, Santos JS, Ranadheera CS, Rosa LS, Teodoro AJ, Mathias SP, Silva MC, Raices RSL, Couto SRM, Granato D, Cruz AG. Chemical, sensory, and functional properties of whey-based popsicles manufactured with watermelon juice concentrated at different temperatures. Food Chem 2018; 255:58-66. [PMID: 29571498 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the concentration of watermelon juice at different temperatures (45, 55, or 65 °C) on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of whey-based popsicles were investigated. Total phenolic content, lycopene, citrulline, VOCs, melting rate, instrumental colour, antioxidant capacity, and the sensory characteristics (hedonic test and free listing) were determined. The temperature led to a significant decrease in bioactive compounds (total phenolics, lycopene, and citrulline). The popsicle manufactured with reconstituted watermelon juice concentrated to 60 °Brix at 65 °C presented higher antioxidant capacity and was characterized by the presence of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and presented a similar acceptance to the untreated popsicle (except for flavour). It is possible to combine whey and concentrated watermelon juice for the manufacture of bioactive-rich popsicles, using the concentration temperature of 65 °C as a suitable processing condition for potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina P C Martins
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Instituto de Tecnologia (IT), Seropédica, 23890-000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius S Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Instituto de Tecnologia (IT), Seropédica, 23890-000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erick A Esmerino
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, 24230-340 Niterói, Brazil
| | - Jeremias Moraes
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ramon S Rocha
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Q Freitas
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, 24230-340 Niterói, Brazil
| | - Jânio S Santos
- State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Department of Food Engineering, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - C Senaka Ranadheera
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture & Food, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lana S Rosa
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Escola de Nutrição, 22290180 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson J Teodoro
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Escola de Nutrição, 22290180 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone P Mathias
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Instituto de Tecnologia (IT), Seropédica, 23890-000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia C Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata S L Raices
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia R M Couto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC), 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Department of Food Engineering, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) metabolizes asymmetric dimethylarginine to generate L-citrulline and is present in large quantities in the kidney. We present a new study that optimizes the Prescott-Jones colorimetric assay to measure DDAH-dependent L-citrulline generation in kidney homogenates. We found that the removal of urea with urease is necessary since urea also produces a positive reaction. Deproteinization with sulfosalicylic acid was found to be optimal and that protease inhibitors were not necessary. All assays were conducted in phosphate buffer, since other common additives can create false positive and false negative reactions. Arginase or nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes were not found to influence L-citrulline production. Our optimized L-citrulline production assay to measure DDAH activity correlated closely with the direct measure of the rate of asymmetric dimethylarginine consumption. Using this assay, we found that both superoxide and nitric oxide inhibit renal cortical DDAH activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Tain
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0274, USA.
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MCLEAN P, NOVELLO F. INFLUENCE OF PANCREATIC HORMONES ON ENZYMES CONCERNED WITH UREA SYNTHESIS IN RAT LIVER. Biochem J 1996; 94:410-22. [PMID: 14348201 PMCID: PMC1206523 DOI: 10.1042/bj0940410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The activities of enzymes of the urea cycle [carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamoylase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase (these last two comprising the arginine-synthetase system) and arginase] have been measured in control, alloxan-diabetic and glucagon-treated rats. In addition, measurements were made on alloxan-diabetic rats treated with protamine-zinc-insulin. 2. Treatment of rats with glucagon for 3 days results in a marked increase in the activities of three enzymes of the urea cycle (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinase). The pattern of change in the alloxan-diabetic group is very similar to that of the glucagon-treated group, although the magnitude of the change was much greater. 3. Comparison was made of the actual and potential rate of urea synthesis in normal and diabetic rats. In both groups the potential rate of urea production, as measured by the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, argininosuccinate synthetase, slightly exceeds the actual rate of synthesis by liver slices in the presence of substrates. The relative activities of the actual and potential rates were similar in the two groups of animals, this ratio being 1:0.70. 4. In the alloxan-diabetic rats treated with protamine-zinc-insulin for 2.5 or 4 days there was a marked increase in liver weight. This was associated with a rise in the total hepatic activity of the urea-cycle enzymes located in the soluble fraction of the cell (the arginine-synthetase system and arginase) after 2.5 days of treatment. After 4 days of treatment the concentration of these enzymes/g. of liver decreased, and the total hepatic content then reverted to the untreated alloxan-diabetic value. 5. No effects of glucagon or of insulin in vitro could be found on the rate of urea production by liver slices. 6. The present results are discussed in relation to how far this pattern of change is typical of conditions resulting in a high urea output, and comparison has been made with other values in the literature.
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Galinski EA, Oren A. Isolation and structure determination of a novel compatible solute from the moderately halophilic purple sulfur bacterium Ectothiorhodospira marismortui. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 198:593-8. [PMID: 2050139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The halophilic phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira marismortui produces three organic osmolytes to counterbalance the osmotic pressure of the surrounding medium: glycine betaine, sucrose, and a novel compound. This new compound, which accounts for approximately 30% of the cells' compatible solutes, was isolated and identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. It was characterized as N alpha-carbamoyl-L-glutamine 1-amide, an unusual amino acid derivative with no previous reference in the chemical literature. The relatively high cytoplasmic concentration of this compound (approximately 0.5 M) observed at all growth conditions suggests that it may serve a vital function as an osmoticum and/or protectant for Ectothiorhodospira marismortui in a saline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Galinski
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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Rogers GE, Taylor LD. The enzymic derivation of citrulline residues from arginine residues in situ during the biosynthesis of hair proteins that are cross-linked by isopeptide bonds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 86A:283-94. [PMID: 920501 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3282-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An enzymic activity present in hair follicles is described that can convert arginine residues to citrulline residues in proteins in situ. The Ca2+ dependent enzyme activity has been detected in hair follicle extracts but not in similar extracts of serum, liver or brain. The enzyme appears to act on proteins other than hair proteins and the citrulline produced can be quantitated in acid hydrolysates by a colorimetric procedure. The formation of citrulline has been confirmed by amino acid analysis and does not appear to be related to the formation of isopeptide linkages which is catalysed by the transamidase present in hair follicles.
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Gornall AG. Nitrogen Study in the Ornithine Cycle of Urea Formation. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1942; 47:421-423. [PMID: 20322607 PMCID: PMC1827540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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