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Siebert G, Humphrey GB. Enzymology of the nucleus. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 27:239-88. [PMID: 4303032 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122723.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Filsell OH, Jarrett IG. Adenosine-triphosphatase activity and nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes in the parotid gland of the young lamb and adult sheep. Biochem J 2006; 97:479-84. [PMID: 16749154 PMCID: PMC1264665 DOI: 10.1042/bj0970479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The activity of a Mg(2+)-dependent Na(+)-plus-K(+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase and the concentrations of nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes have been measured in the immature parotid glands of young lambs and in the actively secreting glands of adult sheep. 2. The activity of the adenosine triphosphatase increased during development and attained relatively high levels in the mature secreting gland. 3. A high ([NAD]+[NADH(2)])/([NADP]+[NADPH(2)]) ratio (approx. 10:1) was observed in the parotid glands of lambs and sheep. 4. The high concentrations of NAD and the very low concentrations of NADPH(2) have been discussed in relation to metabolic activity, the activity of the Na(+)-plus-K(+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase and the secretion of saliva by the parotid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Filsell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
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FILSELL OH, JARRETT IG, ATKINSON MR, CAIGER P, MORTON RK. NICOTINAMIDE NUCLEOTIDE COENZYMES AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE LIVERS OF FOETAL AND NEWBORN LAMBS. Biochem J 1996; 89:92-100. [PMID: 14097372 PMCID: PMC1202276 DOI: 10.1042/bj0890092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GREENBAUM AL, CLARK JB, MCLEAN P. THE ESTIMATION OF THE OXIDIZED AND REDUCED FORMS OF THE NICOTINAMIDE NUCLEOTIDES. Biochem J 1996; 95:161-6. [PMID: 14333552 PMCID: PMC1215190 DOI: 10.1042/bj0950161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. A method is described for the determination of the oxidized and reduced forms of the nicotinamide nucleotides by measuring the rate of the oxygen uptake with an oxygen electrode in a system in which the nucleotide acts as the rate-limiting carrier in a cyclic system. 2. The method permits the measurement of quantities as low as 0.02mug. of NAD(+) or NADH or 0.01mug. of NADP(+) or NADPH. 3. The method permits the measurement of the nucleotides in extracts that contain non-specific reducing substances, coloured compounds or fluorescent materials, e.g. green leaves. 4. The results obtained by the present method are compared with those reported in the literature.
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Sun IL, Navas P, Crane FL, Chou JY, Löw H. Transplasmalemma electron transport is changed in simian virus 40 transformed liver cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1986; 18:471-85. [PMID: 3025192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00743145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transplasma membrane electron transport activity by fetal rat liver cells (RLA209-15) infected with a temperature-sensitive strain of SV40 has been measured with cells grown at the restrictive temperature (40 degrees C) and permissive temperature (33 degrees C). The transformed cells grown at 33 degrees C had only one-half the rate of external ferricyanide reduction as the nontransformed cells held at 40 degrees C. Both the Km and Vmax for ferricyanide reduction were changed in the transformed state. The change in Vmax can be based on a decrease of NADH in the transformed cells. The change in rate with ferricyanide does not depend on change in surface charge. Reduction of external ferricyanide was accompanied by release of protons from the cells. The ratio of protons released to ferricyanide reduced was higher in the transformed cells than in the non-transformed cells. Since the transplasma membrane electron transport has been shown to stimulate cell growth under limiting serum, the changes in the plasma membrane electron transport and proton release in transformed cells may relate to modification of growth control.
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Content of nicotinamide coenzymes in normal and regenerating rat liver. Bull Exp Biol Med 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00842737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bredehorst R, Wielckens K, Adamietz P, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Hilz H. Mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins in developing liver and in hepatomas: relation of conjugate subfractions to metabolic competence and proliferation rates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 120:267-74. [PMID: 7318824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous levels of mono(ADP-ribose)-protein conjugates are low in fetal liver. They increase during development reaching 30-times higher levels in the adult stage. Undifferentiated hepatomas also exhibit low degrees of mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation compared with differentiated tumors. The observed changes cannot be explained by depolymerisation of pre-existing protein-bound poly(ADP-ribose) groups or elongation of monomeric ADP-ribose residues since the monomeric and polymeric residues change independently, the absolute levels of residues present in the form of polymers being 20--350-times lower than monomeric ADP-ribose residues. Subfractionation of the mono(ADP-ribose)-protein conjugates on the basis of their NH2OH sensitivity also showed independent changes during liver development. The level of the NH2OH-sensitive conjugates exhibit an inverse relationship to cell proliferation rates in normal and malignant hepatic tissues, while the NH2OH-resistant subfraction, which was hardly detectable in fetal liver, could be related to the degree of terminal differentiation (relative to adult liver). The ratio of NH2OH-resistant to NH2OH-sensitive mono(ADP-ribose)-protein conjugates being near unity in adult liver, fell to extremely low values in fetal and neonatal liver. In undifferentiated hepatomas (proliferating or stationary), however, the ratio was higher than in the adult normal tissue. This parameter, then, allows one to discriminate between malignant and normal hepatic tissues with similar proliferative capacity and similar metabolic competence. On the basis of the findings presented it is suggested that covalent modification of proteins by mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation serve multiple and independent functions.
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Bredehorst R, Lengyel H, Hilz H. Determination by radioimmunoassay of the sum of oxidized and reduced forms of NAD and NADP in picomole quantities from the same acid extract. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 99:401-11. [PMID: 40793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sum of the amounts of NAD + NADH was determined from the same acid tissue extract with the aid of a highly specific radioimmunoassay for 5'-AMP. NAD was converted to 5'-AMP via ADP-ribose by alkaline treatment while NADH was converted first to ADP-ribose by incubation of the acid extract at 25 degrees C followed by alkaline conversion to 5'-AMP. Removal of phosphate groups in NADP and NADPH by treatment of the extracts with alkaline phosphatase extended the procedure to the quantification of NADP(H). When combined with enzymic analyses of the oxidized coenzyme forms, NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH ratios could also be obtained from the same extracts. The sensitivity of the test allows quantification of pyridine nucleotides in the range of 0.1--10 pmol.
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Claycomb WC. Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase activity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in differentiating cardiac muscle. Biochem J 1976; 154:387-93. [PMID: 180977 PMCID: PMC1172719 DOI: 10.1042/bj1540387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in nuclei isolated from differentiating cardiac muscle of the rat has been characterized and its activity measured during development. Optimum enzyme activity is observed at pH 8.5. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is inhibited by ATP, thymidine, nicotinamide, theophylline, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and caffeine and stimulated by actinomycin D. The activity measured under optimal assay conditions increases during differentiation of cardiac muscle and is inversely related to the rate of DNA synthesis and to the activities of DNA polymerase alpha and thymidine kinase. When DNA synthesis and the activity of DNA polymerase alpha are inhibited in cardiac muscle of the 1-day-old neonatal rat by dibutyryl cyclic AMP or isoproterenol, the specific activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase measured in isolated nuclei is increased. The concentration of NAD+ in cardiac muscle increases during postnatal development. In the adult compared with the 1-day-old neonatal rat the concentration of NAD+ relative to fresh tissue weight, DNA or protein increased 1.7-fold, 5.2-fold or 1.4-fold respectively. The concentration of NAD+ in cardiac muscle of the 1-day-old neonatal rat can be increased by approx. 20% by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. These data suggest that NAD+ and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase may be involved with the repression of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in differentiating cardiac muscle.
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Hilz H, Stone P. Poly(ADP-ribose) and ADP-ribosylation of proteins. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 76:1-58, 177. [PMID: 185679 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0027686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stone PR, Hilz H. Quantitation of hydroxylamine sensitive mono(adenosine diphosphate ribose) residues in different hepatic tissues. FEBS Lett 1975; 57:209-12. [PMID: 170137 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rechsteiner M, Lund K, Hillyard D, Olivera B. Autoradiographic studies of pyridine nucleotide metabolism in human culture cells. J Cell Physiol 1974; 83:389-400. [PMID: 4151246 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040830309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
1. The concentrations and total content of the nicotinamide nucleotides were measured in the livers of rats at various times after partial hepatectomy and laparotomy (sham hepatectomy) and correlated with other events in the regeneration process. 2. The NAD content and concentration in rat liver were relatively unaffected by laparotomy, but fell to a minimum, 25 and 33% below control values respectively, 24h after partial hepatectomy. NADP content and concentration were affected similarly by both laparotomy and partial hepatectomy, falling rapidly and remaining depressed for up to 48h. 3. The effect of injecting various doses of nicotinamide on the liver DNA and NAD 18h after partial hepatectomy was studied and revealed an inverse correlation between NAD content and DNA content. 4. Injections of nicotinamide at various times after partial hepatectomy revealed that the ability to synthesize NAD from nicotinamide was impaired during the first 12h, rose to a peak at 26h and fell again by 48h after partial hepatectomy. 5. The total liver activity of NAD pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.1) remained at or slightly above the initial value for 12h after partial hepatectomy and then rose continuously until 48h after operation. The activity of NMN pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.12) showed a similar pattern of change after partial hepatectomy, but was at no time greater than 5% of the activity of NAD pyrophosphorylase. 6. The results are discussed with reference to the control of NAD synthesis in rapidly dividing tissue. It is suggested that the availability of cofactors and substrates for NAD synthesis is more important as a controlling factor than the maximum enzyme activities. It is concluded that the low concentrations of nicotinamide nucleotides in rapidly dividing tissues are the result of competition between NAD synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis for common precursor and cofactors.
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Haines ME, Johnston IR, Mathias AP, Ridge D. The synthesis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) in various classes of rat liver nuclei. Biochem J 1969; 115:881-7. [PMID: 4311824 PMCID: PMC1185229 DOI: 10.1042/bj1150881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The activities of NMN adenylyltransferase and an enzyme that synthesizes poly (ADP-ribose) from NAD were investigated in the various classes of rat liver nuclei fractionated by zonal centrifugation. 2. The highest specific activities of these two nuclear enzymes occur in different classes of nuclei. In very young and in mature rats it was shown that a correlation exists between DNA synthesis and NMN adenylyltransferase activity, but in rats of intermediate age this correlation is less evident. The highest activities of the enzyme that catalyses formation of poly (ADP-ribose) are in the nuclei involved in the synthesis of RNA. 3. The significance of these results in relation to NAD metabolism is discussed.
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Stepanyan NO, Tseitlin LA. Effect of nikethamide on content of pyridine nucleotides in rabbit heart muscle. Bull Exp Biol Med 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00803727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mhatre RM, Saslaw LD, Waravdekar VS. Effect of methotrexate on NAD kinase activity in leukaemic mice. Nature 1967; 214:926-7. [PMID: 6054989 DOI: 10.1038/214926a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Platt DS, Cockrill BL. Changes in the liver concentrations of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzymes and in the activities of oxidoreductase enzymes following treatment of the rat with ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (Atromid-S). Biochem Pharmacol 1966; 15:927-35. [PMID: 4381792 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(66)90169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kronfeld DS, Raggi F. Nicotinamide coenzyme concentrations in livers of normal, starved and alloxan-diabetic rats. Biochem J 1964; 93:517-20. [PMID: 4378756 PMCID: PMC1214002 DOI: 10.1042/bj0930517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Slater TF, Sawyer B, Sträuli U. An assay procedure for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotides in rat liver and other tissues. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1964; 72:427-47. [PMID: 4157673 DOI: 10.3109/13813456409065351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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WARAVDEKAR VS, MCCONNELL D. Effect of tumor implant on the synthesis of diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the host liver. Exp Cell Res 1964; 34:24-32. [PMID: 14134533 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(64)90179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mandel P. Free nucleotides in animal tissues. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1964; 3:299-334. [PMID: 5318917 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Fritz GJ, Stout ER, Leister DE. Estimation of Nicotinamide Nucleotide Coenzymes in Etiolated Maize Seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1963; 38:642-8. [PMID: 16655846 PMCID: PMC549989 DOI: 10.1104/pp.38.6.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G J Fritz
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville
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