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Manners DJ, Bathgate GN. α-1,4-GLUCANS. PART XX. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE STARCHES FROM OATS AND MALTED OATS*. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1969.tb03196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lin AHM, Chang YH, Chou WB, Lu TJ. Interference prevention in size-exclusion chromatographic analysis of debranched starch glucans by aqueous system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5890-5898. [PMID: 21553821 DOI: 10.1021/jf104393q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Branch chain-length distribution of amylopectin plays an important role on the characteristics of starch. One of the adapted protocols for determining the chain-length distribution and mass proportion of starch molecules is that starch is debranched with isoamylase and then analyzed by using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser-light scattering and refractive index detection (HPSEC-MALS-RI). However, ammonium sulfate in commercial isoamylase and acetate in debranching buffer give significant interferences on the chromatograms because of their undesirable ionic interactions with column sorbent materials. This study deals with development for correcting those interferences. A weak anion-exchange resin or selective precipitation with barium acetate was employed to remove sulfate prior to HPSEC determination. The interference of acetate was overcome by means of high ionic strength eluent, 0.3 M sodium nitrate. The specific refractive index increment (dn/dc) of amylodextrin was determined to be 0.147 using the modified conditions and was applied to calculate the molecular weight distribution of debranched starch molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hui-Mei Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ryman BE, Whelan WJ. New aspects of glycogen metabolism. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 34:285-443. [PMID: 4335607 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122792.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Estimation of the distribution of molecular weight for amylose by the low-angle laser-light-scattering technique combined with high-performance gel chromatography. Carbohydr Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Takeda Y, Shirasaka K, Hizukuri S. Examination of the purity and structure of amylose by gel-permeation chromatography. Carbohydr Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Spencer-Martins I. Extracellular Isoamylase Produced by the Yeast
Lipomyces kononenkoae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:1253-7. [PMID: 16346143 PMCID: PMC242182 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.6.1253-1257.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A strain of the starch-converting yeast
Lipomyces kononenkoae
produced, when grown on starch, a debranching enzyme that proved to be an isoamylase (glycogen 6-glucanohydrolase; E.C. 3.2.1.68). So far, only bacteria have been found to produce extracellular isoamylases. The yeast isoamylase enhanced β-amylolysis of amylopectin and glycogen and completely hydrolyzed these substrates into maltose when combined with a β-amylase but had no action on dextran or pullulan. By isopropanol precipitation and carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography,
L. kononenkoae
isoamylase was partially purified from the supernatant of cultures grown on a mineral medium with soluble starch. Optimum temperature and pH for activity of the isoamylase were 30°C and 5.6. The molecular weight was around 65,000, and the pI was at pH 4.7 to 4.8. The
K
m
(30°C, pH 5.5) for soluble starch was 9 g liter
−1
.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spencer-Martins
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, 2781 Oeiras Codex, Portugal
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Borovsky D, Smith EE, Whelan WJ, French D, Kikumoto S. The mechanism of Q-enzyme action and its influence on the structure of amylopectin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 198:627-31. [PMID: 518102 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Blair HS, Watt PJ. Spectroscopic Investigation of Amylose 1-Phenylflavazole Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1080/00222337708061294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Borovsky D, Smith EE, Whelan WJ. On the mechanism of amylose branching by potato Q-enzyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 62:307-12. [PMID: 1253793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. When potato Q-enzyme converts amylose into an amylopectin-like molecule, the action is by a random, endo-type transglycosylation of the substrate chains. 2. Inter-chain transfer takes place during the formation of the amylopectin branch linkage. This is seen in experiments in which radioactive label was transferred between substrates of disparate molecular weight. Intra-chain transfer, leading to the formation of a branch linkage, is not excluded by these experiments. 3. The minimum length of amylose chain that can act as an acceptor in the transglycosylation reaction, under the experimental conditions described, is greater than 40 glucose units. 4. The requirement of Q-enzyme for substrate chains at least 40 glucose units in length is interpreted as meaning that a stabilized secondary and tertiary structure must be established in the substrate before it can be utilized by Q-enzyme, and that the forces that provide such conformation are sufficiently strong only when the chains are longer than the minimum. Inter-chain transfer is seen as taking place by one of two mechanisms. The first involved the reaction of the enzyme with a chain that has a stabilized (helical?) conformation. An enzyme-donor chain intermediate is formed, that then reacts with an acceptor chain to complete the transglycosylation. The second mechanism envisages the substrate for the enzyme as being a complex formed between two chains (a double helix?). The enzyme encounters the complex and carries out an inter-chain transglycosylation reactions.
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Marshall JJ. Application of enzymic methods to the structural analysis of polysaccharides: part I. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1974; 30:257-370. [PMID: 4620244 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Banks W, Greenwood CT. Molecular properties of the starch components and their relation to the structure of the granule. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 210:17-33. [PMID: 4572689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Drummond GS, Smith EE, Whelan WJ. Purification and properties of potato -1,4-glucan. -1,4-Glucan 6-glycosyltransferase (Q-enzyme). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 26:168-76. [PMID: 5046040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Marshall JJ, Whelan WJ. Detection of endo-acting carbohydrases, particularly in the presence of exoenzymes acting on the smae substrate. Anal Biochem 1971; 43:316-21. [PMID: 4331762 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(71)90141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Walker GJ, Builder JE. Metabolism of the reserve polysaccharide of Streptococcus mitis. Properties of branching enzyme, and its effect on the activity of glycogen synthetase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 20:14-21. [PMID: 5578613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Manners D, Masson A, Sturgeon R. An enzymic method for the determination of the degree of polymerisation of glucans. Carbohydr Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)81547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Palevitz BA, Newcomb EH. A study of sieve element starch using sequential enzymatic digestion and electron microscopy. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1970; 45:383-98. [PMID: 5513608 PMCID: PMC2107890 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.45.2.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fine structure of plastids and their starch deposits in differentiating sieve elements was studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ultrastructural cytochemistry employing two carbohydrases specific for different linkages was then used to compare the chemical nature of "sieve tube starch" (the starch deposited in sieve elements) with that of the ordinary starch of other cell types. Hypocotyl tissue from seedlings was fixed in glutaraldehyde, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon-Araldite. Treatment of thin sections on uncoated copper grids with alpha-amylase or diastase at pH 6.8 to cleave alpha-(1 --> 4) bonds resulted in digestion of ordinary starch grains but not sieve element grains, as determined by electron microscopy. Since alpha-(1 --> 6) branch points in amylopectin-type starches make the adjacent alpha-(1 --> 4) linkages somewhat resistant to hydrolysis by alpha-amylase, other sections mounted on bare copper or gold grids were treated with pullulanase (a bacterial alpha-[1 --> 6] glucosidase) prior to digestion with diastase. Pullulanase did not digest sieve element starch, but rendered the starch digestible subsequently by alpha-amylase. Diastase followed by pullulanase did not result in digestion. The results provide evidence that sieve element starch is composed of highly branched molecules with numerous alpha-(1 --> 6) linkages.
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Starch and Glycogen. POLYSACCHARIDES 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-013409-3.50010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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HELMREICH ERNST. Control of Synthesis and Breakdown of Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-40695-8.50011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Banks W, Greenwood C. The fine structure of amylose: The action of pullulanase as evidence of branching. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brown BI, Brown DH. [67] α-1,4-glucan: α-1,4-glucan 6-glycosyltransferase from mammalian muscle. Methods Enzymol 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(66)08071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Anderson FB, Cunningham WL, Manners DJ. Studies on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes. 10. Barley beta-glucosidases. Biochem J 1964; 90:30-5. [PMID: 5832296 PMCID: PMC1202515 DOI: 10.1042/bj0900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rogols S, Hyldon RG. Enzymic Hydrolysis of Wheat Starch II. The effect of pH on the degradation products of wheat and corn starch substrates and their role in titanium dioxide retention. STARCH-STARKE 1963. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19630151005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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