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Slater PG, Cammarata GM, Monahan C, Bowers JT, Yan O, Lee S, Lowery LA. Characterization of Xenopus laevis guanine deaminase reveals new insights for its expression and function in the embryonic kidney. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:296-305. [PMID: 30682232 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian guanine deaminase (GDA), called cypin, is important for proper neural development, by regulating dendritic arborization through modulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics. Additionally, cypin can promote MT assembly in vitro. However, it has never been tested whether cypin (or other GDA orthologs) binds to MTs or modulates MT dynamics. Here, we address these questions and characterize Xenopus laevis GDA (Gda) for the first time during embryonic development. RESULTS We find that exogenously expressed human cypin and Gda both display a cytosolic distribution in primary embryonic cells. Furthermore, while expression of human cypin can promote MT polymerization, Xenopus Gda has no effect. Additionally, we find that the tubulin-binding collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP) homology domain is only partially conserved between cypin and Gda. This likely explains the divergence in function, as we discovered that the cypin region containing the CRMP homology and PDZ-binding domain is necessary for regulating MT dynamics. Finally, we observed that gda is strongly expressed in the kidneys during late embryonic development, although it does not appear to be critical for kidney development. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that GDA has diverged in function between mammals and amphibians, and that mammalian GDA plays an indirect role in regulating MT dynamics. Developmental Dynamics 248:296-305, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Boston College, Department of Biology, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | | | - Connor Monahan
- Boston College, Department of Biology, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Jackson T Bowers
- Boston College, Department of Biology, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Oliver Yan
- Boston College, Department of Biology, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Sangmook Lee
- Boston College, Department of Biology, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Kumar S, Josan V, Sanger KC, Tewari KK, Krishnan PS. Studies on guanine deaminase and its inhibitors in rat tissue. Biochem J 2010; 102:691-704. [PMID: 16742482 PMCID: PMC1270316 DOI: 10.1042/bj1020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. In kidney, but not in rat whole brain and liver, guanine-deaminase activity was localized almost exclusively in the 15000g supernatant fraction of iso-osmotic sucrose homogenates. However, as in brain and liver, the enzymic activity recovered in the supernatant was higher than that in the whole homogenate. The particulate fractions of kidney, especially the heavy mitochondria, brought about powerful inhibition of the supernatant guanine-deaminase activity. 2. In spleen, as in kidney, guanine-deaminase activity was localized in the 15000g supernatant fraction of iso-osmotic sucrose homogenates. However, the particulate fractions did not inhibit the activity of the supernatant. 3. Guanine-deaminase activity in rat brain was absent from the cerebellum and present only in the cerebral hemispheres. The inhibitor of guanine deaminase was located exclusively in the cerebellum, where it was associated with the particles sedimenting at 5000g from sucrose homogenates. 4. Homogenates of cerebral hemispheres, the separated cortex or the remaining portion of the hemispheres had significantly higher guanine-deaminase activity than homogenates of whole brain. The enzymic activity of the subcellular particulate fractions was nearly the same. 5. Guanine deaminase was purified from the 15000g supernatant of sucrose homogenates of whole brain. The enzyme separated as two distinct fractions, A and B, on DEAE-cellulose columns. 6. The guanine-deaminase activity of the light-mitochondrial fraction of whole brain was fully exposed and solubilized by treatment with Triton X-100, and partially purified. 7. Tested in the form of crude preparations, the inhibitor from kidney did not act on the brain and liver supernatant enzymes and the inhibitor from cerebellum did not act on kidney enzyme, but the inhibitor from liver acted on both brain and kidney enzyme. 8. The inhibitor of guanine deaminase was purified from the heavy mitochondria of whole brain and liver and the 5000g residue of cerebellum, isolated from iso-osmotic homogenates. The inhibitor appeared to be protein in nature and was heat-labile. The inhibition of the enzyme was non-competitive. 9. Kinetic, immunochemical and electrophoretic studies with the preparations purified from brain revealed that the enzyme from light mitochondria was distinct from enzyme B from the supernatant. A distinction between the two forms of supernatant enzyme was less certain. 10. Guanine deaminase isolated from light mitochondria of brain did not react with 8-azaguanine or with the inhibitor isolated from heavy mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U.P., India
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Deficiency of a naturally occurring protein inhibitor in brain of clinically 'brain damaged' newborn human infants - a possible cause of mental retardation? Neurosci Lett 2009; 3:163-5. [PMID: 19604880 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(76)90087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/27/1976] [Accepted: 08/27/1976] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an inhibitor of guanine deaminase in the 'heavy' mito-chondrial fractions of rat brain homogenates has been reported. The results of the present study, using brain homogenates from normal infants who died between ages 1-6 months, low birth weight infants who were brain damaged and died between ages 2 days-4 months and premature (7-8 months pregnancy) infants, who were considered clinical cases with acute brain damage and died 1-3 days after birth, indicate that while normal human brain contains the inhibitory material, it is conspicuously absent from the particulate fractions of brain damaged low birth weight and premature infants. Since brain damage at birth in an infant could result in mental retardation of some kind on development, a possible relationship between deficiency or absence of the inhibitory material of guanine deaminase in human brain and mental retardation is suggested.
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Fernández JR, Byrne B, Firestein BL. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution of guanine deaminases: from guanine to dendrites. J Mol Evol 2009; 68:227-35. [PMID: 19221682 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-009-9205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Guanine deaminase (GDA; guanase) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the first step of purine metabolism by hydrolytic deamination of guanine, resulting in the production of xanthine. This hydrolase subfamily member plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis of cellular triphosphate nucleotides for energy, signal transduction pathways, and nitrogen sources. In mammals, GDA protein levels can play a role in neuronal development by regulating dendritic arborization. We previously demonstrated that the most abundant alternative splice form of GDA in mammals, termed cypin (cytosolic PSD-95 interactor), interacts with postsynaptic density proteins, regulates microtubule polymerization, and increases dendrite number. Since purine metabolism and dendrite development were previously thought to be independent cellular processes, this multifunctional protein serves as a new target for the treatment of cognitive disorders characterized by aberrant neuronal morphology and purine metabolism. Although the enzymatic activity of GDA has been conserved during evolution from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes, a detailed evolutionary assessment of the principal domains in GDA proteins has not yet been put forward. In this study, we perform a complete evolutionary analysis of the full-length sequences and the principal domains in guanine deaminases. Furthermore, we reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of guanine deaminases with neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood, and UPGMA methods of phylogenetic inference. This study can act as a model whereby a universal housekeeping enzyme may be adapted to act also as a key regulator of a developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Nelson Biological Laboratories, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA
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Abstract
Rat brain microsomes, when they are suspended in moderate ionic strength medium, released enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.C.1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, E.C.1.1.1.37), adenosine deaminase (ADA, E.C.3.5.4.4), guanine deaminase (GAH, E.C.3.5.4.3), and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, E.C.2.1.2.4). The activities released decreased when the saline concentration of the medium was increased and the opposite occurred when 50 mM, pH 7.4 sodium phosphate medium was used. Rat brain microsomes that had been extracted previously by moderate ionic strength solutions still had activities of all the enzymes tested, and released these activities upon sonication or deoxycholate (DOC) treatment. The proportion of the activity released was similar for all the enzymes. DOC treatment released higher enzymic activities and a smaller amount of protein than sonication did. The proportion of activities released was similar to that found in the 105,000 g supernatant. The suspension of microsomes still retained activities of the above-mentioned enzymes after consecutive extractions with increasing concentrations of detergent solutions (DOC and Triton X-100). The amount of enzymic activities released from the microsomes by sonication or DOC treatment did not depend on the protein composition of the homogenization medium. Thus, on increasing the enzyme concentration in the homogenization medium, the activities released did not increase in parallel. The set of results obtained showed that the microsomal fraction is as useful as the cytosolic one for studying purine catabolism in rat brain. Furthermore, the conditions in which purine enzymes are attached to the microsomal fraction are probably closer to "in vivo" conditions than those in which these enzymes are found in the soluble fraction.
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Franco R, Canela EI, Bozal J. Heterogeneous localization of some purine enzymes in subcellular fractions of rat brain and cerebellum. Neurochem Res 1986; 11:423-35. [PMID: 3010150 DOI: 10.1007/bf00965016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The activity of guanine deaminase (GAH, E.C.3.5.4.3) was lower in rat cerebellum soluble and microsomal fractions than in rat brain subfractions. Adenosine deaminase (ADA, E.C.3.5.4.4) activity was released in higher proportion than guanine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, E.C.2.1.2.4), 5'-nucleotidase (5'N, E.C.3.1.3.5), and lactate (LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27) and malate (MDH, E.C. 1.1.1.37) dehydrogenase in press-juices of rat brain. Furthermore, nerve ending-derived fractions (synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles) showed an enrichment of adenosine deaminase and also of 5'-nucleotidase. The action of deoxycholate over the subfractions did not increase the activity of either enzyme. The contrary occurred with the remaining enzymes studied. Thus, it is possible that one set of enzymes are located on the surface of the particulate vesicles, whereas another set are located inside these vesicles, suggesting a compartmentation of purine catabolic enzymes in different areas of the central nervous system.
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Abstract
Guanine deaminase was measured in nearly 100 different areas of mouse brain. The levels are relatively high in all parts of the telencephalon, both gray and white. It is especially active in parts of the olfactory tubercle and amygdala. Levels in the diencephalon range from low to as high as in the telencephalon. Brain areas caudal to the diencephalon, including all parts of the cerebellum, are almost uniformly below the level of detection. The enzyme is also virtually absent from the retina. The extreme range of concentration suggests that guanine deaminase might play a role in the metabolism of a neuroeffector.
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Abstract
A procedure for the purification of guanine deaminase inhibitor from human brain mitochondria is described. The inhibitor was enriched about 150-fold with recoveries of over 65%. It is nondialyzable, insoluble in water, and stable for over 30 days at -16 degrees C. However, the protein is completely inactivated at 50 degrees C in 5 min. The purified protein also inhibits the activities of a number of other enzymes.
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Rossi C, Solaini G, Hakim G. Reversible immobilization of guanine deaminase by covalent chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(77)80049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Singh AG, Tewari M, Madan VK, Tewari CP. Activation of particle associated rat liver guanine deaminase by lecithin and interferences of lecithin in protein precipitation. EXPERIENTIA 1976; 32:694-5. [PMID: 950009 DOI: 10.1007/bf01919837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Guanine deaminase solubilized from the "light" mitochondrial fraction of rat liver was activated by lecithin. The activation was proportional to the concentration of lecithin taken in the system. A ratio of 1:1 between the two constituents (protein and lecithin) was at least necessary for complete precipitation.
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Fogle PJ, Bieber AL. Purification of rabbit liver guanine aminohydrolase. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 5:59-77. [PMID: 239400 DOI: 10.1080/00327487508061562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit liver guanine aminohydrolase has been purified 1250-fold by utilization of an affinity chromatographic separation on 9-(p-aminoethoxyphenyl) guanine-Sepharose with 50% recovery of activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified preparations revealed several protein bans which corresponded to regions of enzyme activity measured on gels which had been run under the same conditons. Gel concentration studies of the protein migration rate showed that the protein bans differed in molecular size. The minimum molecular weight was 100,000 from gel permeation chromatography studies. The pH optimum was near pH 8 and the Km, with guanine as substrate was 5.6 x 10-6 M. The latter values are in close agreement with partially purified preparations described in the literature.
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Ali S, Sitaramayya A, Kumar KS, Krishnan PS. Guanine deaminase inhibitor from rat liver. Isolation and characterization. Biochem J 1974; 137:85-92. [PMID: 4821397 PMCID: PMC1166084 DOI: 10.1042/bj1370085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
1. An inhibitor of cytoplasmic guanine deaminase of rat liver was isolated from liver ;heavy mitochondrial' fraction after freezing and thawing and treatment with Triton X-100. 2. Submitochondrial fractionation revealed that the inhibitor was localized in the outer-membrane fraction. 3. The method of purification of inhibitor, involving precipitation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, its precipitability by trichloroacetic acid and the pattern of absorption in the u.v. indicated that the inhibitor was a protein. In confirmation, tryptic digestion of the isolated material resulted in destruction of the inhibitor activity. The inhibitor was stable to acid, but labile to heat. 4. The isolated inhibitor required phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) for activity. Phosphatidylcholine also partially protected the inhibitor against heat inactivation. 5. When detergent treatment was omitted, the inhibitor activity of frozen mitochondria was precipitated by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) in a fully active form without supplementation with phosphatidylcholine, indicating that Triton X-100 ruptured the linkage between inhibitor and lipid. 6. A reconstituted sample of inhibitor-phosphatidylcholine complex was precipitated in a fully active form by dialysis against 2-mercaptoethanol, but treatment of the precipitate with NaCl yielded an extract which was inactive unless supplemented with fresh phosphatidylcholine. 7. We interpret the results as evidence that the inhibitor was present in vivo as a lipoprotein and that once the complex was dissociated by the action of detergent and the protein precipitated, there was an absolute need for exogenous phosphatidylcholine for its activity. The manner in which inhibitor associated with the outer membrane of rat liver mitochondria might regulate the activity of the enzyme in the supernatant has been suggested.
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Kumar KS, Sitaramayya A, Krishnan PS. Guanine deaminase in rat liver and mouse liver and brain. Biochem J 1972; 128:1079-88. [PMID: 4643694 PMCID: PMC1173995 DOI: 10.1042/bj1281079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. The guanine deaminase in rat liver supernatant preparations was resolved into two fractions, A and B, on DEAE-cellulose columns. The two differed in electrophoretic mobility and in various properties. The most noteworthy distinction between A and B components was that the enzyme A activity showed a sigmoid dependence on substrate concentration whereas the enzyme B showed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The K(m) value of enzyme A for guanine was 5.3mum and that of enzyme B 20mum. 2. The entire guanine deaminase activity of mouse liver was contained in the 15000g supernatant of iso-osmotic homogenates. 3. A reinvestigation of the behaviour of rat brain 15000g supernatant guanine deaminase isoenzymes revealed that one enzyme had sigmoidal kinetics and the other enzyme showed a hyperbolic response. 4. Of the guanine deaminase in mouse brain iso-osmotic sucrose homogenate 80% was recovered in the 15000g supernatant and the rest from the particles. The supernatant guanine deaminase was resolvable into two fractions on DEAE-cellulose columns. One enzyme showed sigmoidal kinetics whereas the other showed a hyperbolic response to increasing substrate concentration; the K(m) values for the reaction with guanine were respectively 5 and 66mum. 5. The particulate fractions of mouse liver and brain were devoid of any overt inhibitory activity.
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Kumar S. Isolation and characterization of low molecular weight (4-6S) nuclear RNA in the developing rat brain, and the effect of starvation. Brain Res 1972; 42:455-64. [PMID: 5050177 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kumar KS, Krishnan PS. An allosteric and a non-allosteric guanine deaminase isozyme in rat liver supernatant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 39:1087-93. [PMID: 5513246 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Mustafa SJ, Tewari CP. Latent adenosine deaminase in mouse brain. I. Exposure and solubilization of the mitochondrial enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 198:93-100. [PMID: 5413944 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(70)90037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Murray AW, Elliott DC, Atkinson MR. Nucleotide biosynthesis from preformed purines in mammalian cells: regulatory mechanisms and biological significance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970; 10:87-119. [PMID: 4910307 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fridovich I. A Reversible Association of Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase with Milk Xanthine Oxidase. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kumar S, Tewari KK, Krishnan PS. Solubilization and partial purification of particulate guanine deaminase from rat brain. J Neurochem 1966; 13:1550-2. [PMID: 5962036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1966.tb04323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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