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van Emmerik CL, van Ingen H. Unspinning chromatin: Revealing the dynamic nucleosome landscape by NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 110:1-19. [PMID: 30803691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
NMR is an essential technique for obtaining information at atomic resolution on the structure, motions and interactions of biomolecules. Here, we review the contribution of NMR to our understanding of the fundamental unit of chromatin: the nucleosome. Nucleosomes compact the genome by wrapping the DNA around a protein core, the histone octamer, thereby protecting genomic integrity. Crucially, the imposed barrier also allows strict regulation of gene expression, DNA replication and DNA repair processes through an intricate system of histone and DNA modifications and a wide range of interactions between nucleosomes and chromatin factors. In this review, we describe how NMR has contributed to deciphering the molecular basis of nucleosome function. Starting from pioneering studies in the 1960s using natural abundance NMR studies, we focus on the progress in sample preparation and NMR methodology that has allowed high-resolution studies on the nucleosome and its subunits. We summarize the results and approaches of state-of-the-art NMR studies on nucleosomal DNA, histone complexes, nucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays. These studies highlight the particular strength of NMR in studying nucleosome dynamics and nucleosome-protein interactions. Finally, we look ahead to exciting new possibilities that will be afforded by on-going developments in solution and solid-state NMR. By increasing both the depth and breadth of nucleosome NMR studies, it will be possible to offer a unique perspective on the dynamic landscape of nucleosomes and its interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L van Emmerik
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hugo van Ingen
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Capacitive biosensor for quantification of trace amounts of DNA. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2559-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Wilhelm X, Champagne M. Dissociation de la nucléoprotéine d'érythrocytes de poulets par les sels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Makarov AA, Adzhubei IA, Protasevich II, Lobachov VM, Esipova NG. Scanning microcalorimetry and circular dichroism study of melting of the natural polypeptides in the left-handed helical conformation. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 12:85-91. [PMID: 8381285 DOI: 10.1007/bf01024919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that in aqueous solution histone H1 and H5 C-terminal fragments and peptide hormones beta-endorphin and ACTH adopt preferably the left-handed helical conformation of the poly-L-proline II type. Scanning microcalorimetry and circular dichroism have been used to show that the linear temperature dependence of CD maximum amplitude and partial heat capacity value are broken in the temperature interval between 50 and 60 degrees C, after which [C]p reaches the constant level. It was proposed to be due to noncooperative disordering of the conformation caused by the destruction of the polypeptide hydration shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Acad. Sci. Russia, Moscow
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Makarov AA, Lobachov VM, Adzhubei IA, Esipova NG. Natural polypeptides in left-handed helical conformation. A circular dichroism study of the linker histones' C-terminal fragments and beta-endorphin. FEBS Lett 1992; 306:63-5. [PMID: 1628745 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism has been used to investigate the histone H1 and H5 C-terminal fragments and beta-endorphin conformation. It has been shown that in aqueous solution these polypeptides preferably adopt the left-handed helical conformation of the poly-L-proline II type. A break in the linear temperature dependence of the CD value was found in the temperature interval between 50 and 55 degrees C. It was proposed to be due to non-cooperative disordering of the conformation caused by the destruction of the hydration shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Acad. Sci. Russia, Moscow
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Wood MJ, Yau P, Imai BS, Goldberg MW, Lambert SJ, Fowler AG, Baldwin JP, Godfrey JE, Moudrianakis EN, Koch MH. Neutron and x-ray scatter studies of the histone octamer and amino and carboxyl domain trimmed octamers. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Segers A, Muyldermans S, Wyns L. The interaction of histone H5 and its globular domain with core particles, depleted chromatosomes, polynucleosomes, and a DNA decamer. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Deeg KJ, Katsikas L, Schnabel W. High energy radiation effects in single histones. I. Preparation of histones and irradiation of histone H2B. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1987; 51:527-40. [PMID: 3494701 DOI: 10.1080/09553008714551001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2B from calf thymus was irradiated with 50 or 100 ns pulses of 16 MeV electrons in N2O-saturated aqueous solution at pH 9 in the presence of NaN3. All tyrosine moieties in the histone were found to be freely accessible to the attack of .N3 radicals (formed by the reaction .OH + N3(-)----OH- + .N3). At sufficiently high concentrations of H2B, tyrosyl radicals were formed with G(TyrO.) = 5.4/100 eV and dityrosine groups with G(dityr) = 1.6/100 eV, indicating that about 60 per cent of tyrosyl radicals formed bisphenolic products. There is no polymer effect with respect to G(dityr) as inferred from comparison with other authors' data obtained with low molecular weight compounds. Kinetic measurements revealed that tyrosyl radicals reacted in two modes, a fast one with a value of tau 1/2 of about several milliseconds and a slow second order process also in the millisecond range. The fast process is assigned to intramolecular reactions of tyrosyl radicals generated in close proximity to each other and the slow process to intermolecular self reactions of isolated tyrosyl radicals distributed statistically in the solution. There is a polymer effect with respect to the rate constant of the slow process: 2k8 = 4.8 X 10(7) dm3 mol-1 s-1 (H2B) and 2k8 = 4 X 10(8) dm3 mol-1 s-1 (Lys-Tyr-Lys, Prütz et al. (1983)). The five histones contained in calf thymus were isolated chromatographically with the aid of two gels, Bio-Gel P-60 (BioRad) and Sephadex G100 (Pharmacia).
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Read CM, Crane-Robinson C. The structure of sub-nucleosomal particles. The octameric (H3/H4)4--125-base-pair-DNA complex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 152:143-50. [PMID: 4043075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chicken erythrocyte chromatin was depleted of histones H1, H5, H2A and H2B. The resulting (H3/H4)-containing chromatin was digested with micrococcal nuclease to yield monomer, dimer, trimer etc. units, irregularly spaced on the DNA, with even-number multimers being more prominent. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation separated monomers and dimers (7.7 S and 10.5 S). Sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis and cross-linking indicated: the monomer contains 50-base-pair (bp), 60-bp and 70-bp DNA and the dimer 125-bp DNA; the monomer contains a tetramer and the dimer an octamer of H3 and H4. Partial association of monomer units to dimers inhibits structural studies of monomers. The internal structure of the dimer, i.e. and (H3/H4)4-125-bp-DNA particle, was studied using circular dichroism, thermal denaturation and nuclease digestion. Both micrococcal nuclease and DNase I digestion indicate that, unlike core particles, accessible sites occur in the centre of the particle and it is concluded that the (H3/H4)4-125-bp-DNA particle is not a 'pseudo-core particle' in which the 'extra' H3 and H4 replace H2A and H2B. It is proposed that the octamer particle is formed by the sliding together of two 'monomer' units, each containing the (H3/H4)2 tetramer and 70 bp of DNA. Excision of this dimer unit with micrococcal nuclease results in the loss of 10 readily digestible base pairs at each end, leaving 125 bp.
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Stoeckert CJ, Beer M, Wiggins JW, Wierman JC. Histone positions within the nucleosome using platinum labeling and the scanning transmission electron microscope. J Mol Biol 1984; 177:483-505. [PMID: 6547981 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An approach to studying the organization of macromolecular complexes using heavy-atom labeling has been developed and applied to the problem of determining the positions of the histone proteins within the nucleosome. The approach is based on the capability of the scanning transmission electron microscope to image heavy atoms. Nucleosomes containing histones labeled with heavy atoms were prepared by lysine modification of selected histones with methyl (methylthio)acetimidate, followed by reconstitution of the modified histones into nucleosomes, and reaction of the reconstituted nucleosomes with chloroglycyl-1-methioninatoplatinum (II). Micrographs of the platinum-labeled nucleosomes were obtained using the scanning transmission electron microscope, and analyzed using both computer and manual techniques. The results of the analysis were 24 A resolution maps of the distribution of high electron scattering density picture elements (representative of platinum atoms) indicating the position of each histone. The significance of those results and the general applicability of the platinum-labeling techniques are discussed. Finally, a description of the histone positions within the nucleosomes is presented and discussed in relation to the current literature on nucleosome structure.
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Greyling HJ, Schwager S, Sewell BT, von Holt C. The identity of conformational states of reconstituted and native histone octamers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 137:221-6. [PMID: 6653554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Histone octamers were reconstituted from the following preparations: (a) natural histone H3-H4 tetramer and histone H2A-H2B dimer, either selectively extracted from chromatin with solutions chloride or prepared by dissociation of the natural octamer; (b) acid-denatured core histones, either an unfractionated mixture or individually purified proteins. Complexes assembled from these histones elute from exclusion chromatography columns with octamer size as verified by cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate. The reconstituted octamers all crystallize in the same form of helical tubes as the natural octamer.
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12
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Srebreva L, Zlatanova J. A rapid and convenient method for the purification of chicken erythrocyte histone H5. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1983; 8:85-6. [PMID: 6630871 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(83)90024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Tiktopulo EI, Privalov PL, Odintsova TI, Ermokhina TM, Krasheninnikov IA, Aviles FX, Cary PD, Crane-Robinson C. The central tryptic fragment of histones H1 and H5 is a fully compacted domain and is the only folded region in the polypeptide chain. A thermodynamic study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 122:327-31. [PMID: 7060579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb05884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Scanning microcalorimetry has been used to show that the globular structure in histones H1 and H5 melts reversibly over a relatively narrow temperature range as a single domain with enthalpy of melting very close to the van't Hoff enthalpy. These proteins therefore exhibit macroscopic cooperativity like that of many well-studied small proteins. For histone H5 the observed melting temperature and melting enthalpy coincide with those previously obtained [Eur. J. Biochem. 67, 379-388 (1976)] using intrinsic Cotton effects in the circular dichroism spectrum, but not with those from extrinsic Cotton effects or NMR chemical shifts. Calorimetric measurements on a central tryptic fragment from histones H1 and H5 show these fragments to have the same molar melting enthalpy as the parent histones. The folded structures of H1 and H5 are therefore located only within these fragments. For histone H1 this conclusion is supported by the finding that the C-terminal fragment (residues 122-213) shows no peak in the specific heat curve.
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14
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Beer M, Wiggins JW, Stoeckert CJ, Marenus K, Kuhn E, Erickson M. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Ultramicroscopy 1982; 8:207-18. [PMID: 6178196 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(82)90289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The STEM can be used in one of three modes: 1) to image individual atoms; 2) to measure mass or molecular weight; 3) to collect electron energy loss spectra or x-ray fluorescence data. Heavy atom imaging is used to identify chemical groups in a molecule or macromolecules in an assembly. Specific labels have been developed for bases in nucleic acids. These permit localization of bound proteins on single strand nucleic acids. Pt(gly-L-met)Cl is a specific label for methionine residues of proteins as shown with the SLS aggregate of collagen. Lysine can be labeled as well if first methyl (methyl-thio-acetimidate) is coupled. This labeling procedure permits the localization of individual histones within a nucleosome. Mass determination can be used to answer crucial questions about biological assemblies. This is demonstrated by examples from muscle structure.
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Seyedin SM, Cole RD, Kistler WS. H1 histones from mammalian testes. The widespread occurrence of H1t. Exp Cell Res 1981; 136:399-405. [PMID: 7308315 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Beaudette NV, Fulmer AW, Okabayashi H, Fasman GD. Study of conformational states and reversibility of histone complexes. Biochemistry 1981; 20:6526-35. [PMID: 7306522 DOI: 10.1021/bi00526a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The core histone complex (H3:H4:H2A:H2B)2 and products of dissociation, the H2A:H2B: dimer and the H3:H4 tetramer, were isolated from chicken erythrocyte chromatin by several literature methods as well as gel filtration on Bio-Gel A15m at various salt concentrations. The conformational and oligomeric characteristic of these histone complexes were compared to analogous histone complexes prepared by renaturation of individually acid-extracted histones by circular dichroism (CD) and analytical gel filtration chromatography. The salt-extracted core histone complex (independent of method of preparation), the purified dissociation products, the H2A:H2B dimer, and the H3:H4 tetramer in 2 M NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate, 0.25 mM EDTA and 0.1 mM DTT, pH 7.0, have conformation which are identical, by the criteria of similar CD spectra, with complexes prepared from acid-extracted histones, Likewise, the salt-extracted complexes may be cycled through solvents of low ionic strength (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 or 50 mM NaOAc, pH 5.0) or 1 mM HCl and returned to 2.0 M NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate, 0.25 mM EDTA, and 0.1 mM DTT, pH 7.0, in a completely reversible manner. Thus it would appear that acid-denatured histones are capable of being fully renatured to yield native-like complexes.
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Cary PD, Hines ML, Bradbury EM, Smith BJ, Johns EW. Conformation studies of histone H1(0) in comparison with histones H1 and H5. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 120:371-7. [PMID: 7318833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The class of lysine-rich histones, H1, found in most eukaryotic cells is largely replaced by another class of lysine-rich histones, H5, in avian and other erythrocytes. Erythrocytes are transcriptionally inert and this state has been attributed to the presence of H5. Although there are many sequence differences between H1 and H5 both molecules have very similar structures with three well-defined domains: a flexible basic N-terminal region, an apolar globular central region and a flexible basic C-terminal region. The lengths of the N-terminal regions are different for H1 and H5 whereas the lengths of the central and C-terminal regions are very similar. Considerable interest attaches to the findings that another type of mammalian lysine-rich histone H1(0) has an apolar region exhibiting considerable sequence homology (70%) with the central globular region of H5. The abundance of H1 in cells has been found to correlate inversely with their mitotic activities. Conformational studies using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy have been made of H1 and its conformational behaviour has been compared with those of H1 and H5. H1 has been found to contain a central globular region of similar size to those found in H1 and H5. However, the conformation and stability of the globular domain of H1 are very similar to the globular region of H5 rather than H1. H1 appears to be a hybrid containing a major feature of the H5 histone. The globular regions of H1 and H5 are known to bind to a specific site on the nucleosome sealing off two turns of DNA. It is proposed that H1 binds to the same site.
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Mura CV, Stollar BD. Fluorescence-activated sorting of isolated nuclei. Heterogeneity of histone H5 immunofluorescence in chicken erythrocyte nuclei. Exp Cell Res 1981; 135:31-7. [PMID: 7026268 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
An extraction procedure for histone H5 for chicken erythrocytes described in the literature has been applied to mouse spleen. The SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of the resulting protein preparation revealed the presence of a component with the mobility of the marked chicken erythrocyte H5. Additionally the preparation has been characterized using antiserum raised against purified chicken H5. The presumptive mouse spleen H5 preparation gave visible precipitation lines with the anti-H5 chicken-antiserum. The combined electrophoretic and immunological evidence suggests the presence of histone H5 in mammalian tissue.
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Romac J, Bouley JP, Van Regenmortel MH. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the study of histone antigens and nucleosome structure. Anal Biochem 1981; 113:366-71. [PMID: 7283140 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Mura CV, Mazen A, Neelin JM, Briand G, Sautiere P, Champagne M. Distribution of antigenicity in chicken erythrocyte histone H5. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 108:613-20. [PMID: 6157533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the inhibitory strengths of eight peptides from chicken histone H5 to that of the parent protein (189 residues) in complement fixation by guinea pig anti-H5 serum complexed with the homologous histone. Two precisely delineated regions (residues 59 to 65 and 94 to 99) and two less-defined regions (between 66 and 93; 100 and 189) are depicted. The sequences of particular consequences are quite conserved in avian histone H5 while the most variable N-terminal portion of 31 residues has no inhibitory effect.
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Seyedin S, Kistler W. Isolation and characterization of rat testis H1t. An H1 histone variant associated with spermatogenesis. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Goyns MH. Changes in the nuclear polyamine content of chick erythrocytes during embryonic development. Biochem J 1979; 184:607-12. [PMID: 540053 PMCID: PMC1161844 DOI: 10.1042/bj1840607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The polyamine content of the circulating erythrocyte population in the embryonic chick was studied during its development. Total cellular polyamine content fell dramatically between 5 and 7 days of development, paralleling the decrease in metabolic activity exhibited by these cells. Nuclei were isolated from the erythrocytes by a non-aqueous technique, which not only eliminated the polyamine loss that occurred with aqueous isolation, but also prevented redistribution of the polyamines from the cytoplasm. Nuclear spermidine and spermine contents decreased markedly between 5 and 6 days of development from 31 to 10 pmol/microgram of DNA and from 33 to 18 pmol/microgram of DNA respectively. Thereafter the spermine content remained constant, but the spermidine content continued to decline. Good correlations between spermidine and RNA contents were observed in both cells and nuclei, and similarly between spermine and RNA contents in cells, but no such correlation was observed between spermine and RNA in nuclei.
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Fasy TM, Inoue A, Johnson EM, Allfrey VG. Phosphorlyation of H1 and H5 histones by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase reduces DNA binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 564:322-34. [PMID: 226145 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(79)90229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of H1 histones by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may be an important transcriptional control mechanism. We have used affinity chromatography to examine the effect of phosphorylation by this enzyme on the DNA-binding properties of calf thymus H1 histones and two highly basic H1 homologues from condensed and transcriptionally silent nuclei: duck erythrocyte H5 and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sperm H1. Without in vitro phosphorylation, all three histones were eluted from native DNA-Sephadex G-25 columns at salt concentrations which closely resembled those required to extract these histones from nuclei or chromatin. When a small portion of radioactively phosphorylated histone was chromatographed with untreated carrier histone, the phosphorylated species was consistently eluted from the DNA column at slightly lower salt concentrations than the main histone peak. Rechromatography experiments showed that in vitro phosphorylation of H1 can shift its elution position to lower salt concentrations.
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Suau P, Bradbury EM, Baldwin JP. Higher-order structures of chromatin in solution. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 97:593-602. [PMID: 467433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutron scatter studies have been made on gently prepared chicken erythrocyte chromatin over a range of ionic strength. At low ionic strength the mass per unit length of the '10 nm nucleofilament corresponds to one nucleosome per 8--12 nm and a DNA packing ratio of between 6 and 9. From the contrast dependence of the cross-section radius of gyration of the nucleofilament the following parameters have been obtained; RgDNA' the cross-section radius of gyration (Rg) when DNA dominates the scatter; RgP, the cross-section Rg when protein dominates the scatter; Rc, the cross-section Rg at infinite contrast and alpha, the constant which describes the dependence of the cross-section Rg on contrast variation. From our understanding of the structure of the core particle, various arrangement of core particles in the nucleofilament have been tested. In models consistent with the above parameters the core particles are arranged edge-to-edge or with the faces of the core particles inclined to within 20 degrees to the axis of the nucleofilament. With increase of ionic strength the transition to the second-order chromatin structure has been followed. This gave the interesting result that above 20 microM NaCL or 0.4 mM MgCL2 the cross-section Rg increases abruptly to about 9 nm with a packing ratio of 0.2 nucleosome/mn and with further increase of ionic strength the Rg increases to 9.5 nm while the packing ratio increases threefold to 0.6 nucleosome/nm. This suggests a family of supercoils of nucleosomes which contract with increasing ionic strength. In its most contracted form the diameter of the hydrated supercoil has been found from the radial distribution function to be 34 nm. Models for the arrangements of core particles in the 34-nm supercoil are discussed.
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Aviles FJ, Danby SE, Chapman GE, Crane-Robinson C, Bradbury EM. The conformation of histone H5 bound to DNA. Maintenance of the globular structure after binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 578:290-6. [PMID: 486528 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin digestion is used to investigate the conformation of histone H5 when bound to DNA. A central region of H5 comprising residues (22--100) is found to be resistant to digestion and it is concluded that this region is compacted whilst the remaining N- and C-terminal regions are more extended. Since this is the same result found previously for the free solution conformation of histone H5 it follows that a 3-domain structure is preserved on DNA binding. The binding of H5 and the central region (22--100) to DNA is also studied using proton magnetic resonance (270 MHz) and a precipitation approach. It is concluded that all 3 domains of H5 bind to DNA at low ionic strengths. The central domain (residues 22--100) is released at 0.3--0.4 M NaCl, but 0.7 M NaCl is required to release the N- and C-terminal regions. Comparison is made of H5 binding to DNA with that of the related histone H1.
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Byrne RH, Stone PR, Kidwell WR. Effect of polyamines and divalent cations on histone H1-poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) complex formation. Exp Cell Res 1978; 115:277-83. [PMID: 689084 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Aviles FJ, Chapman GE, Kneale GG, Crane-Robinson C, Bradbury EM. The conformation of histone H5. Isolation and characterisation of the globular segment. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 88:363-71. [PMID: 689022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of chicken erythrocyte histone H5 with trypsin in a high-ionic-strength medium results in very rapid initial digestion and the formation of a 'limiting' resistant product peptide. Under these solution conditions the H5 molecule is maximally folded by spectroscopic criteria and it is concluded that the resistant peptide, GH5, represents a globular folded region of the molecule whilst the rapidly digested parts are disordered. The peptide GH5 is shown to comprise the sequence 22-100. In support of this conclusion it is shown that whilst intact histone H5 is hydrodynamically far from being a compact globular shape, peptide GH5 is approximately spherical by hydrodynamic and scattering criteria. Further more, peptide GH5 retains all the alpha-helical structure of intact H5 (circular dichroism) and appears to also maintain all the tertiary structure (nuclear magnetic resonance). It follows that in solution at high ionic strength, histone H5 consists of three domains: an N-terminal disordered region 1-21, a compact globular central domain 22-100 and a long disordered C-terminal chain 101-185. Structural parallels are drawn with the three-domain structure of the histone H1 molecule.
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30
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Suau P, Kneale GG, Braddock GW, Baldwin JP, Bradbury EM. A low resolution model for the chromatin core particle by neutron scattering. Nucleic Acids Res 1977; 4:3769-86. [PMID: 593885 PMCID: PMC343199 DOI: 10.1093/nar/4.11.3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron scattering studies have been applied to chromatin core particles in solution, using the contrast variation technique. On the basis of the contrast dependance of the radius of gyration and the radial distribution function it is shown that the core particle consists of a core containing most of the histone around which is wound the DNA helix,following a path with a mean radius of 4.5 nm,in association with a small proportion of the histones. Separation of the shape from the internal structure, followed by model calculations shows that the overall shape of the particle is that of a flat cylinder with dimensions ca. 11x11x6 nm. Further details of the precise folding of the DNA cannot be deduced from the data, but detailed model calculations support concurrent results from crystallographic studies(25).Images
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31
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Sharpless T, Melamed MR. Interphase and metaphase chromatin. Different stainability of DNA with acridine orange after treatment at low pH. Exp Cell Res 1977; 110:201-14. [PMID: 72675 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(77)90286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Giancotti V, Fonda M, Crane-Robinson C. Tyrosine fluorescence of two tryptophan-free proteins: histones H1 and H5. Biophys Chem 1977; 6:379-83. [PMID: 18223 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(77)85019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence intensity of the single tyrosine residue in histone H1 increases from RTYR = 0.3 to RTYR = 1.3 as the protein undergoes a conformational change from the random coil state to a folded form. Enhanced fluorescence in the folded state has not been observed before in ap protein. Histone H5 shows no change in fluorescence intensity on folding. This is interpreted as a result of compensation between enhanced and reduced fluorescence in the three tyrosine residues.
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Hjelm RP, Kneale GG, Sauau P, Baldwin JP, Bradbury EM, Ibel K. Small angle neutron scattering studies of chromatin subunits in solution. Cell 1977; 10:139-51. [PMID: 556978 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutron scattering studies have been performed on dilute solutions of the fundamental subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome. The subunits contain approximately 195 base paris (bp) of DNA and histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Measurements of the small angle scattering curves in various H2O/D2O solvents allow the contrast dependence of the radius of gyration of the subunits to be examined and give the mean scattering density of the particle. Further application of contrast variation to the higher angle scatter curves allows the contributions from the shape and internal structure of the subunits to be analyzed separately. From these results, we are able to propose a spherically averaged structure with most of the histones closely packed into a core of radius 3.2 nm surrounded by a loosely packed DNA-rich shell of 2.0 nm thickness resulting in a particle of 5.2 nm average radius. Model calculations for ellipsoids show that the outer shape of the subunit must have an axial ratio between 0.5 and 1.4 but is probably best described by more spherical particle. These results are correlated with the diffraction from chromatin films to provide an explanation for some of the diffraction rings.
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36
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Seligy V, Roy C, Dove M, Yaguchi M. Species variability of N-terminal sequence of avian erythrocyte-specific histone H5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 71:196-202. [PMID: 962913 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Shelton KR, Cobbs CS, Povlishock JT, Burkat RK. Nuclear envelope fraction proteins: isolation and comparison with the nuclear protein of the avian erythrocyte. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:177-86. [PMID: 938050 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Penman CS, Duffus JH. Histone-like protein fractions ofKluyveromyces fragilis and their relation to the cell cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630160505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Murphy RF, Bonner J. Alkaline extraction of non-histone proteins from rat liver chromatin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 405:62-6. [PMID: 240437 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Diggle JH, McVittie JD, Peacocke AR. The self-association of chicken-erythrocyte histones. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 56:173-82. [PMID: 240703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The self-association of the separate histone fractions isolated from chicken erythrocytes has been studied in solution at a number of different pH values and ionic strengths. The apparent molecular weights of the histones were determined over a range of macromolecular concentrations using the techniques of osmotic pressure and sedimentation equilibrium. Histone F2c (H5) did not associate under any of the conditions investigated whereas the other histone fractions all appeared to undergo self-association forming dimers, dimers of dimers, etc. The degree of association increased with the pH and ionic strength of the medium. The tendency to aggregate increased in the order; histone F2c (H5) (non-aggregating), histone F2b (H2B), histone F2a2 (H2A), histone F3 (H3), histone F2a1 (H4) (highly aggregating). In the case of histone F2a2 (H2A) at pH 3.0 and ionic strength 0.1, the apparent weight-average molecular weight was determined at a number of macromolecular concentrations at five different temperatures. The self-association was analysed according to the method of Adams (published by Beckman Instruments Inc. in 1967) and shown to be a monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibrium. The association constants were evaluated at each of the temperatures studied and from their variation with temperature the values of the enthalpy and entropy of association were calculated. The intermolecular association was characterised by only a small change in enthalpy but a large, positive, change in entropy. This suggests that the association of histones at acid pH is due to hydrophobic interactions between the relatively uncharged segments of like polypeptide chains.
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41
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Scott AC, Wells JR. The isolation of chicken histone F2c(v) messenger RNA by immunoadsorption of F2c-synthesising polysomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 64:448-55. [PMID: 1147934 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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42
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Hjelm RP, Huang RC. The contribution of RNA and non-histone proteins to the circular dichroism spectrum of chromatin. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1682-8. [PMID: 1125194 DOI: 10.1021/bi00679a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper is an investigation of the contribution of low salt extractable RNA and non-histone proteins to the circular dichroism of chromatin. Circular dichroism (CD) of chromatin above 250 nm is due mainly to DNA and is different from that of DNA free in solution. In addition, to a smaller extent, we find that low salt extractable RNA and/or non-histone protein side chain chromophores contribute significantly to the spectra in this region and account for the major differences observed among the CD spectra of chromatins isolated from the five tissues studied; pig cerebellum, myeloma, calf thymus, chick embryo brain, and chick erythrocytes.
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43
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Sharpless T, Melamed MR. Thermal denaturation of DNA in situ as studied by acridine orange staining and automated cytofluorometry. Exp Cell Res 1975; 90:411-28. [PMID: 46199 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tobin RS, Seligy VL. Characterization of chromatin-bound erythrocyte histone V (f2c). Synthesis, acetylation, and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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47
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van der Westhuyzen DR, Böhm EL, von Holt C. Fractionation of chicken erythrocyte whole histone into the six main components by gel exclusion chromatography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 359:341-5. [PMID: 4852082 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(74)90233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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48
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Seligy VL, Miyagi M. Comparison of template-property changes after salt extraction of avian erythrocyte and liver chromatin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 46:259-69. [PMID: 4859257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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49
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Sharpless T, Melamed M. Thermally-induced changes in chromatin of isolated nuclei and of intact cells as revealed by acridine orange staining. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 59:392-9. [PMID: 4135307 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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