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Nakamura Y, Kainuma K. On the cluster structure of amylopectin. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:291-306. [PMID: 34599732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two opposing models for the amylopectin structure are historically and comprehensively reviewed, which leads us to a better understanding of the specific fine structure of amylopectin. Amylopectin is a highly branched glucan which accounts for approximately 65-85 of starch in most plant tissues. However, its fine structure is still not fully understood due to the limitations of current methodologies. Since the 1940 s, many scientists have attempted to elucidate the distinct structure of amylopectin. One of the most accepted concepts is that amylopectin has a structural element known as "cluster", in which neighboring side chains with a degree of polymerization of ≥ 10 in the region of their non-branched segments form double helices. The double helical structures are arranged in inter- and intra-clusters and are the origin of the distinct physicochemical and crystalline properties of starch granules. Several models of the cluster structure have been proposed by starch scientists worldwide during the progress of analytical methods, whereas no direct evidence so far has been provided. Recently, Bertoft and colleagues proposed a new model designated as "the building block and backbone (BB) model". The BB model sharply contrasts with the cluster model in that the structural element for the BB model is the building block, and that long chains are separately synthesized and positioned from short chains constituting the building block. In the present paper, we conduct the historical review of the cluster concept detailing how and when the concept was established based on experimental results by many scientists. Then, differences between the two opposing concepts are explained and both models are critically discussed, particularly from the point of view of the biochemical regulation of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-city, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kainuma
- Science Academy of Tsukuba, 2-20-3 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0032, Japan
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2
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Junejo SA, Flanagan BM, Zhang B, Dhital S. Starch structure and nutritional functionality - Past revelations and future prospects. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118837. [PMID: 34893254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch exists naturally as insoluble semi-crystalline granules assembled by amylose and amylopectin. Acknowledging the pioneers, we have reviewed the major accomplishments in the area of starch structure from the early 18th century and further established the relation of starch structure to nutritional functionality. Although a huge array of work is reported in the area, the review identified that some features of starch are still not fully understood and needs further elucidation. With the rise of diet-related diseases, it has never been more important to understand starch structure and use that knowledge to improve the nutritional value of the world's principal energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ahmed Junejo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia.
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3
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Bezborodkina NN, Stepanov AV, Vorobev ML, Chestnova AY, Stein GI, Kudryavtsev BN. Cytochemical analysis of spatial structure of glycogen molecules in rat hepatocytes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Bezborodkina NN, Chestnova AY, Vorobev ML, Kudryavtsev BN. Spatial Structure of Glycogen Molecules in Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:467-482. [PMID: 29738682 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a strongly branched polymer of α-D-glucose, with glucose residues in the linear chains linked by 1→4-bonds (~93% of the total number of bonds) and with branching after every 4-8 residues formed by 1→6-glycosidic bonds (~7% of the total number of bonds). It is thought currently that a fully formed glycogen molecule (β-particle) with the self-glycosylating protein glycogenin in the center has a spherical shape with diameter of ~42 nm and contains ~ 55,000 glucose residues. The glycogen molecule also includes numerous proteins involved in its synthesis and degradation, as well as proteins performing a carcass function. However, the type and force of bonds connecting these proteins to the polysaccharide moiety of glycogen are significantly different. This review presents the available data on the spatial structure of the glycogen molecule and its changes under various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Bezborodkina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - A Yu Chestnova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - M L Vorobev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - B N Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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5
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Roth C, Moroz OV, Ariza A, Skov LK, Ayabe K, Davies GJ, Wilson KS. Structural insight into industrially relevant glucoamylases: flexible positions of starch-binding domains. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:463-470. [PMID: 29717717 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318004989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucoamylases are one of the most important classes of enzymes in the industrial degradation of starch biomass. They consist of a catalytic domain and a carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM), with the latter being important for the interaction with the polymeric substrate. Whereas the catalytic mechanisms and structures of the individual domains are well known, the spatial arrangement of the domains with respect to each other and its influence on activity are not fully understood. Here, the structures of three industrially used fungal glucoamylases, two of which are full length, have been crystallized and determined. It is shown for the first time that the relative orientation between the CBM and the catalytic domain is flexible, as they can adopt different orientations independently of ligand binding, suggesting a role as an anchor to increase the contact time and the relative concentration of substrate near the active site. The flexibility in the orientations of the two domains presented a considerable challenge for the crystallization of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roth
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Olga V Moroz
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Antonio Ariza
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Lars K Skov
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Gideon J Davies
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Keith S Wilson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
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6
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Prentice N, Refsguard JM. Enzymic Hydrolysis of Brewers' Spent Grain. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-36-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Prentice
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Barley and Malt Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705
| | - J. M. Refsguard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Barley and Malt Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705
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7
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Abstract
This article surveys methods for the enzymatic conversion of starch, involving hydrolases and nonhydrolyzing enzymes, as well as the role of microorganisms producing such enzymes. The sources of the most common enzymes are listed. These starch conversions are also presented in relation to their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, pulp, textile, and other branches of industry. Some sections are devoted to the fermentation of starch to ethanol and other products, and to the production of cyclodextrins, along with the properties of these products. Light is also shed on the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch in human and animal organisms. Enzymatic processes acting on starch are useful in structural studies of the substrates and in understanding the characteristics of digesting enzymes. One section presents the application of enzymes to these problems. The information that is included covers the period from the early 19th century up to 2009.
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8
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Manners DJ, Yellowlees D. STUDIES ON DEBRANCHING ENZYMES. PART I THE LIMIT DEXTRINASE ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF CERTAIN HIGHER PLANTS AND COMMERCIAL MALTS. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1973.tb03553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Seetharaman K, Bertoft E. Perspectives on the history of research on starch Part V: On the conceptualization of amylopectin structure. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dumpitak C, Beekes M, Weinmann N, Metzger S, Winklhofer KF, Tatzelt J, Riesner D. The polysaccharide scaffold of PrP 27-30 is a common compound of natural prions and consists of alpha-linked polyglucose. Biol Chem 2006; 386:1149-55. [PMID: 16307480 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An inert polysaccharide scaffold identified as a 5-15% component of prion rods (PrP 27-30) is unambiguously distinguishable from the N-glycosyl groups and the GPI anchor of PrP, and consists predominantly of 1,4-linked glucose with some branching via 1,4,6-linked glucose. We show that this polysaccharide scaffold is a common secondary component of prions found in hamster full-length PrP(Sc), prion rods and in mouse ScN2a prions from cell culture. The preparation from prion rods was improved, resulting in a polysaccharide scaffold free of remaining infectivity. Furthermore, we determined the stereochemistry of the glycoside linkages as pre-dominantly if not entirely alpha-glycosidic. The origin of the polysaccharide, its interaction with PrP and its potential relation to glycogen and corpora amylacea are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dumpitak
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Matheson N, Caldwell R. α(1-4) Glucan chain disposition in models of α(1-4)(1-6) glucans: comparison with structural data for mammalian glycogen and waxy amylopectin. Carbohydr Polym 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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13
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Liu HS, Chen WH, Lai JT. Immobilization of isoamylase on carboxymethyl-cellulose and chitin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02788807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Matsui M, Kakut M, Misaki A. Fine structural features of oyster glycogen: mode of multiple branching. Carbohydr Polym 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(96)00116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Improved purification and biochemical characterization of extracellular amylopullulanase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00205038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Glycosidase and Glycosyltransferase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89558-5.50038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, England
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18
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Saha BC, Lamed R, Lee CY, Mathupala SP, Zeikus JG. Characterization of an
endo
-Acting Amylopullulanase from
Thermoanaerobacter
Strain B6A. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:881-6. [PMID: 16348174 PMCID: PMC184316 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.4.881-886.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermoanaerobe (
Thermoanaerobacter
sp.) grown in TYE-starch (0.5%) medium at 60°C produced both extra- and intracellular pullulanase (1.90 U/ml) and amylase (1.19 U/ml) activities. Both activities were produced at high levels on a variety of carbon sources. The temperature and pH optima for both pullulanase and amylase activities were 75°C and pH 5.0, respectively. Both the enzyme activities were stable up to 70°C (without substrate) and at pH 4.5 to 5.0. The half-lives of both enzyme activities were 5 h at 70°C and 45 min at 75°C. The enzyme activities did not show any metal ion activity, and both activities were inhibited by β- and γ-cyclodextrins but not by α-cyclodextrin. A single amylolytic pullulanase responsible for both activities was purified to homogeneity by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography, gel filtration using high-pressure liquid chromatography, and pullulan-Sepharose affinity chromatography. It was a 450,000-molecular-weight glycoprotein composed of two equivalent subunits. The pullulanase cleaved pullulan in α1,6 linkages and produced multiple saccharides from cleavage of α-1,4 linkages in starch. The
K
m
s for pullulan and soluble starch were 0.43 and 0.37 mg/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saha
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Lansing, Michigan 48909, and Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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19
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Changes in Carbohydrate Fractions in Enzyme-Supplemented Bread and the Potential Relationship to Staling. STARCH-STARKE 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19900421005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Sreenath HK, Bemiller J. Effect of Pullulanase and α-Amylase on Hydrolysis of Waxy Corn Starch. STARCH-STARKE 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19900421208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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22
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Saha BC, Mathupala SP, Zeikus JG. Purification and characterization of a highly thermostable novel pullulanase from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. Biochem J 1988; 252:343-8. [PMID: 3415657 PMCID: PMC1149150 DOI: 10.1042/bj2520343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum mutant Z 21-109 produced intracellular thermostable pullulanase and glucoamylase activities. The glucoamylase activity was inactivated by treating C. thermohydrosulfuricum cells with 10% (v/v) propan-1-ol at 85 degrees C in the presence of 5 mM-CaCl2. Pullulanase activity was selectively solubilized from cells by treatment with detergent and lipase. The solubilized pullulanase was purified by treatment with streptomycin sulphate and (NH4)2SO4 and by DEAE-Sephacel, octyl-Sepharose and pullulan-Sepharose chromatography. Pullulanase was purified 3511-fold and displayed homogeneity on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The pullulanase was a monomeric glycoprotein with an apparent Mr of about 136,500, and it displayed a pI of 5.9. The enzyme was enriched in both acidic and hydrophobic amino acids. The purified pullulanase was stable and optimally active at 90 degrees C. The optimum pH for activity and pH-stability ranges were 5.0-5.5 and 3.0-5.0 respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by cyclodextrins, EDTA and N-bromosuccinimide, but not by p-chloromercuribenzoate and acarbose. The pullulanase displayed a relative substrate specificity for hydrolysis of pullulan (100%) versus 75% for glycogen and 50% for soluble starch. The apparent Km, Vmax. and Kcat. values for enzyme activity on pullulan at 60 degrees C were 0.675 mg/ml, 122.5 mumol of reducing sugar formed/min per mg of protein and 16,240 min-1 respectively. The novel properties of this extremely thermostable pullulanase are discussed in relation to other purified starch-debranching enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saha
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Lansing 48909
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23
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Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) of glycogen. Colloid Polym Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01412718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Lelievre J, Lewis JA, Marsden K. The size and shape of amylopectin: a study using analytical ultracentrifugation. Carbohydr Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Callaghan PT, Lelievre J. The size and shape of amylopectin: A study using pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance. Biopolymers 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360240303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Truscheit E, Frommer W, Junge B, Müller L, Schmidt DD, Wingender W. Chemie und Biochemie mikrobieller α-Glucosidasen-Inhibitoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19810930905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Miwa M, Ishihara M, Takishima S, Takasuka N, Maeda M, Yamaizumi Z, Sugimura T, Yokoyama S, Miyazawa T. The branching and linear portions of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) have the same alpha(1 leads to 2) ribose-ribose linkage. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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30
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Abstract
Isoamylase has been prepared by affinity chromatography of a commercial enzyme-preparation from a strain of Cytophaga (also known as a Flavobacterium or Polyangium). The enzyme was not very stable, but the stability could be improved by calcium ions. The enzyme had a very low but significant activity on pullulan and on alpha-dextrins having maltosyl side-chains. This observation, which is contrary to previous reports, has been related to the specificity of isoamylase and other bacterial debranching-enzymes.
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31
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32
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Wood LF, Mercier C. Molecular structure of unmodified and chemically modified manioc starches. Carbohydr Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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El-Harith E, Walker R, Birch G, Sukan G. Some factors influencing caecal enlargement induced by raw potato starch in the rat. Food Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(77)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Pfannemüller B, Potratz C. Untersuchungen an enzymatisch modifizierten verzweigten Polysacchariden. II. Sternpolymere aus Glykogen und Amylopektin als Strukturmodelle für Stärke. STARCH-STARKE 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19770290302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Takeshita M, Hehre EJ. The capacity of alpha-amylases to catalyze the nonhydrolytic degradation of starch and glycogen with formation of novel glycosylation products. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 169:627-37. [PMID: 810091 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Marshall JJ. Application of enzymic methods to the structural analysis of polysaccharides: part I. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1974; 30:257-370. [PMID: 4620244 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Marshall JJ, Whelan WJ. Removal of -glucosidase impurity from crystalline sweet-potato -amylase. Anal Biochem 1973; 52:642-6. [PMID: 4698857 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(73)90073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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43
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Mercier C, Frantz BM, Whelan WJ. An improved purification of cell-bound pullulanase from Aerobacter aerogenes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 26:1-9. [PMID: 5065077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Eisele B, Rasched IR, Wallenfels K. Molecular characterization of pullulanase from Aerobacter aerogenes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 26:62-7. [PMID: 5043329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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45
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46
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