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Demain AL, Vandamme EJ, Collins J, Buchholz K. History of Industrial Biotechnology. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L. Demain
- Drew University; Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.); 36, Madison Ave Madison NJ 07940 USA
| | - Erick J. Vandamme
- Ghent University; Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology; Belgium
| | - John Collins
- Science historian; Leipziger Straße 82A; 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Klaus Buchholz
- Technical University Braunschweig; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Hans-Sommer-Str. 10 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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Pierrel J. An RNA Phage Lab: MS2 in Walter Fiers' laboratory of molecular biology in Ghent, from genetic code to gene and genome, 1963-1976. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 2012; 45:109-138. [PMID: 21190066 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-010-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The importance of viruses as model organisms is well-established in molecular biology and Max Delbrück's phage group set standards in the DNA phage field. In this paper, I argue that RNA phages, discovered in the 1960s, were also instrumental in the making of molecular biology. As part of experimental systems, RNA phages stood for messenger RNA (mRNA), genes and genome. RNA was thought to mediate information transfers between DNA and proteins. Furthermore, RNA was more manageable at the bench than DNA due to the availability of specific RNases, enzymes used as chemical tools to analyse RNA. Finally, RNA phages provided scientists with a pure source of mRNA to investigate the genetic code, genes and even a genome sequence. This paper focuses on Walter Fiers' laboratory at Ghent University (Belgium) and their work on the RNA phage MS2. When setting up his Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fiers planned a comprehensive study of the virus with a strong emphasis on the issue of structure. In his lab, RNA sequencing, now a little-known technique, evolved gradually from a means to solve the genetic code, to a tool for completing the first genome sequence. Thus, I follow the research pathway of Fiers and his 'RNA phage lab' with their evolving experimental system from 1960 to the late 1970s. This study illuminates two decisive shifts in post-war biology: the emergence of molecular biology as a discipline in the 1960s in Europe and of genomics in the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Pierrel
- Laboratoire Épistémê (EA 2971), Bordeaux University, 40 rue Lamartine, 33405 Talence, France.
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Chen WK, Chang NCA, Chang YH, Chang KL, Wu SC, Yang TS, Wu SM, Chang AC. Characterization of the regulatory region of Adra2c, the gene encoding the murine alpha2C adrenoceptor subtype. J Biomed Sci 2005; 11:886-901. [PMID: 15591786 DOI: 10.1007/bf02254374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5' flanking sequence (3,227 base pairs, bp) of the mouse Adra2c subtype gene was determined and characterized. The transcription start site was mapped to nucleotide 'A' of two initiator motifs in tandem array, i.e. 1,159 and 1,153 bp upstream from the initiation codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of Adra2c, respectively. One structural feature salient to the 5' regulatory region of Adra2c is present in the sequence 1 kb immediately upstream from the receptor ORF, which is highly enriched in GC content (76%) and CpG island counts (i.e. CpG/GpC, 146:177), and thus rich in Sp1-binding motifs. At the 3' flanking region, the polyadenylation signal was mapped to 481 bp downstream from the termination codon. The transcript defined by sequence data thereby is consistent with a size of 3 kb (brain form) determined by Northern blot analysis. The transgene, Adra2c-NN- lacZ, which links the promoter region of Adra2c to the lacZ reporter gene, was constructed in order to evaluate the functional capacity of the promoter and the putative motifs residing within the defined regulatory region (1.9 kb upstream from the ORF) in directing the reporter gene expression in vitro in transiently transfected cells and in vivo in transgenic (Tg) mice. Permissive cell types to Adra2c-NN include those derived from neural and kidney lineages. Significant Adra2c-NN-driven reporter expression in Tg mice established suggests that alpha2C adrenoceptor expression is permissive under Adra2c-NN in central (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, superior colliculus, cerebellum, and brain stem) and peripheral (pancreatic beta-islets) tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Brain/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon
- Computational Biology
- CpG Islands
- Gene Library
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Open Reading Frames
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Transgenes
- beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kwei Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC
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Watanabe T, Kasai K. Studies on sheep kidney nuclease. I. An improved purification method and some properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 520:52-60. [PMID: 568005 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An improved purification method of the sheep kidney nuclease (nuclease SK) specific for single-strans nucleic acid, which includes extraction with 0.85% NaCl, treatment with DEAE-cellulose, fractionation with polyethylene glycol, phospho-cellulose chromatography, CM-Sephadex chromatography and phospho-cellulose rechromatography is described. The nuclease was purified approx. 390-fold. Identity was established by comparison with known properties. Molecular weight was estimated to be 52 000-53 000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The properties of the purified enzyme agreed well those reported previously. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed heat-denatured calf thymus DNA, yeast RNA and no hydrolytic activity for native calf thymus DNA, A2'-pA, A3'-pA, ADP, ATP, 5'-AMP and cyclic AMP.
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Air GM, Blackburn EH, Coulson AR, Galibert F, Sanger F, Sedat JW, Ziff EB. Gene F of bacteriophage phiX174. Correlation of nucleotide sequences from the DNA and amino acid sequences from the gene product. J Mol Biol 1976; 107:445-58. [PMID: 1088826 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(76)80077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Jou WM, Fiers W. Studies on the bacteriophages MS2. XXXIII. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences in related bacteriophage RNAs. J Mol Biol 1976; 106:1047-60. [PMID: 978743 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Polya GM, Phillips DR. The occurrence in amino acid sequences of extensive informational symmetries based on possible codon-codon complementarity in the encoding polynucleotides. Biochem J 1976; 153:681-90. [PMID: 942380 PMCID: PMC1172637 DOI: 10.1042/bj1530681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. A procedure is described for the detection and assessment of informational complementarity in an amino acid sequence; it is based on possible autocomplementarity in the mRNA, and involves codon-to-codon matching. 2. This procedure was applied to myelin basic protein, a variety of protamines, histone IV, silk fibroin, rat skin collagen alpha1 chain and a sheep keratin. A multiplicity of extensive low-probability informational symmetries, based on codon-to-codon matching, were detected. 3. These low-probability orderings, which are independent of the actual mRNA codons, are rationalized in terms of the evolutionary ordering of the amino acid sequences concerned, in such a way that constraints on the secondary structure of the coding polynucleotides were satisfied. This possible interpretation is supported by a number of significant common properties of the protein sequences analysed.
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Sanger F. The Croonian Lecture, 1975. Nucleotide sequences in DNA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975; 191:317-33. [PMID: 2920 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1975.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA, the chemical component of the gene, plays a central role in biology and contains the whole information for the development of an organism, coded in the form of sequences of the four nucleotide residues. The lecture describes the development and application of some methods that can be employed to deduce sequences in these very large molecules. Special attention has been applied to a rapid simple method in which DNA polymerase is primed with specific oligonucleotide primers, thus making it possible to study small sections of radioactively labelled DNA. The techniques have been applied to the single-stranded DNA of bacteriophage
ϕ
X 174, and two sequences of about 250 nucleotides long have been deduced and related to the amino acid sequences of the proteins for which they code.
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Klämbt D. A model for messenger RNA sequences maximizing secondary structure due to code degeneracy. J Theor Biol 1975; 52:57-65. [PMID: 1152488 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(75)90039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Warrington RC. Ribonuclease T1 catalyzed degradation of transfer RNA: an unusual alteration induced by urea. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 353:63-8. [PMID: 4366296 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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13
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14
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Rensing UF, Coulson A, Schoenmakers JG. A sequence of 54 nucleotides from the A-protein cistron of coliphage-R17 RNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 41:431-8. [PMID: 4361645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Warrington RC, Hayward C, Kapuler AM. Conformational studies of reovirus single-stranded RNAs synethesized in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 331:231-42. [PMID: 4798025 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Riley WT. Amino acid sequences and double-stranded messages--a means of directing the site of mutation? J Theor Biol 1973; 40:285-300. [PMID: 4747243 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Ball LA. Secondary structure and coding potential of the coat protein gene of bacteriophage MS2. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 242:44-5. [PMID: 4512008 DOI: 10.1038/newbio242044a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Abstract
1. A sequence of 73 nucleotides of the RNA genome from coliphage R17 was determined. It can be read through in only one translational frame. The fragment is not part of the coatprotein cistron (Min Jou et al., 1972), nor does it come from the untranslated sequences described previously (Steitz, 1969; Nichols, 1970; Cory et al., 1970; de Wachter et al., 1971; Contreras et al., 1971; Cory et al., 1972). It contains two sequences of 23 and 24 nucleotides, 22 of which are identical. This kind of reiteration is the first one found in bacteriophage nucleic acid. 2. Improved conditions were found and tested for blocking oligonucleotides with carbodi-imide and cleaving by ribonuclease A at cytidylate residues. 3. A synthetic medium is described which allows labelling in vivo with (32)P to give specific radioactivities higher than those obtained in the procedures used previously.
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Rensing UF, Schoenmakers GG. A sequence of 50 nucleotides from coliphage R17 RNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 33:8-18. [PMID: 4347963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Rushizky GW, Mozejko JH. Partial hydrolysis of MS2 RNA with RNase U2, B. amyloliquefaciens RNase, or micrococcal nuclease. Anal Biochem 1973; 51:328-31. [PMID: 4688022 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(73)90483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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22
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Jeppesen PG, Barrell BG, Sanger F, Coulson AR. Nucleotide sequences of two fragments from the coat-protein cistron of bacteriophage R17 ribonucleic acid. Biochem J 1972; 128:993-1006. [PMID: 4566195 PMCID: PMC1173988 DOI: 10.1042/bj1280993h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage R17 RNA was labelled with (32)P and was subjected to partial digestion with ribonuclease T(1). The products were fractionated by ionophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Two fragments were purified and their nucleotide sequences determined by methods involving complete and further partial digestion with ribonucleases A and T(1). Fragment 20 had a sequence that coded for the amino acids in positions 32-53 of the coat protein of the bacteriophage. Fragment 20X, on further purification in 7m-urea, gave rise to two smaller nucleotides whose sequences coded for the amino acids in positions 56-66 and 67-76 of the coat protein. The sequence of the two fragments was such that they could be written in the form of loops stabilized by base-pairing.
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23
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Gray DM, Tinoco I, Chamberlin MJ. The circular dichroism of synthetic ribonucleic acids and the influence of uracil on conformation. Biopolymers 1972; 11:1235-58. [PMID: 5038710 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1972.360110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Abstract
A chromatographic procedure is described which can discriminate among single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules in solution on the basis of the extent of their secondary structure. The assay is effected through chromatography at different temperatures with columns of cellulose CF-11. When Sindbis virus RNA is chromatographed in this system, the ratio of the amounts of RNA eluting in the single-stranded peak to those eluting in the double-stranded peak increases at higher temperatures, presumably a measure of the relative amounts of Sindbis virus RNA secondary structure at different temperatures. With this assay, Sindbis virus RNA, phage f2 RNA, and polyuridylate have been found to have different amounts of secondary structure.
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White HB, Laux BE, Dennis D. Messenger RNA structure: compatibility of hairpin loops with protein sequence. Science 1972; 175:1264-6. [PMID: 5061249 DOI: 10.1126/science.175.4027.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Examination of the amino acid sequences of human cytochrome c and the alpha-chain variant of human hemoglobin Constant Spring has revealed the possiblity for base-paired hairpin loops in the messenger RNA's for these proteins. A similar analysis of the bacteriophage R17 coat protein suggests an additional unobserved loop in the R17 RNA. If such loops are present in messenger RNA's generally, it would suggest that DNA has more than one stable base-paired conformation.
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Mathews MB, Osborn M, Berns AJ, Bloemendal H. Translation of two messenger RNAs from lens in a cell free system from Krebs II ascites cells. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 236:5-7. [PMID: 4502420 DOI: 10.1038/newbio236005a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Jones RT, Koler RD, Duerst M, Stocklen Z. Hemoglobin Casper G8 β106 Leu→ Pro: Further Evidence that Hemoglobin Mutations are Not Random. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3222-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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