1
|
Pal S, Das A, Sarkar B, Hasanuzzaman M, Adak MK. Modulation of secondary metabolism and redox regulation by exogenously applied glutathione improves the shelf life of Capsicum annuum L. fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108789. [PMID: 38850727 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Role of redox homeostasis in fruit ripening of Capsicum annuum L. with oxidative metabolism was studied. The research aims the ability to reduce agents during postharvest storage on fruit for delayed ripening with the regulation of oxidative stress. Thus, we applied 10 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) to fruit as pretreatment followed by 1 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as ripening-inducing treatment and observed during 7 days of storage at 25 °C. A decrease in total soluble solid and firmness under H2O2, was increased while dehydration in tissue was decreased by GSH pretreatment. Glutathione regulated the turnover of organic acids to reducing sugars with higher activity of NADP malic enzyme that sustained the fruit coat photosynthesis through chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment composition, and photosystem II activity. Malondialdehyde accumulation was inversely correlated with GSH content and antioxidative enzyme activity that reduced loss of cell viability. Conclusively, regulation of oxidative stress with GSH may be effective in the extension of shelf life under postharvest storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Pal
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Abir Das
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Bipul Sarkar
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Malay Kumar Adak
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sarkar B, Das A, Pal S, Kundu A, Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M, Adak MK. Regulation of NADP-Malic Enzyme Activity in Maize ( Zea mays L.) under Salinity with Reference to Light and Darkness. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091836. [PMID: 37176895 PMCID: PMC10181391 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We revealed the functional characterization of C4-NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), extracted and partially purified from maize (Zea mays L. cv. Kaveri 50). The leaf discs were previously activated under 1000-1200 µE m-2 s-1, incubated in bicarbonate (2.0 mM) solution, and subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl). Initially, salt stress was evident from the accumulations of proline, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate profile, and Hill activity influencing the C4 enzyme. Primarily, in illuminated tissues, the activity of the enzyme recorded a reduced trend through salinity irrespective of light and darkness compared to the control. On illumination, the kinetic parameters such as Vmax of the enzyme increased by 1.36-fold compared to in the dark under salinity whereas Km was decreased by 20% under the same condition. The extent of light induction was proportionate to limiting (0.01 mM) and saturated (4.0 mM) malate concentrations for enzyme activity. Moreover, the catalytic properties of the enzyme were also tested on concomitant responses to activator (citrate and succinate) and inhibitor (oxalate and pyruvate) residues. The sensitivity to light and dark effects was also tested for reducing agents such as dithiothreitol, suggesting the effect of the changes in redox on the regulatory properties of the enzyme. The ratio of enzyme activity under light and darkness in the presence or absence of a reducing agent was concomitantly increased with varying malate concentrations. At the molecular level, protein polymorphism of the enzyme represented minor variations in band intensities, however, not in numbers through salinity subjected to light and darkness. Therefore, salinity-induced changes in the decarboxylation reaction, evident by NADP-ME activity, may be based on the redox property of regulatory sites and sensitivity to light and darkness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Sarkar
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Abir Das
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Pal
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Ankita Kundu
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, Miki-cho 761-0795, Japan
| | - Malay Kumar Adak
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang N, Zhang L, Zhao L, Ren Y, Cui D, Chen J, Wang Y, Yu P, Chen F. iTRAQ and virus-induced gene silencing revealed three proteins involved in cold response in bread wheat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7524. [PMID: 28790462 PMCID: PMC5548720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
By comparing the differentially accumulated proteins from the derivatives (UC 1110 × PI 610750) in the F10 recombinant inbred line population which differed in cold-tolerance, altogether 223 proteins with significantly altered abundance were identified. The comparison of 10 cold-sensitive descendant lines with 10 cold-tolerant descendant lines identified 140 proteins that showed decreased protein abundance, such as the components of the photosynthesis apparatus and cell-wall metabolism. The identified proteins were classified into the following main groups: protein metabolism, stress/defense, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, sulfur metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, RNA metabolism, energy production, cell-wall metabolism, membrane and transportation, and signal transduction. Results of quantitative real-time PCR of 20 differentially accumulated proteins indicated that the transcriptional expression patterns of 10 genes were consistent with their protein expression models. Virus-induced gene silencing of Hsp90, BBI, and REP14 genes indicated that virus-silenced plants subjected to cold stress had more severe drooping and wilting, an increased rate of relative electrolyte leakage, and reduced relative water content compared to viral control plants. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes of virus-silenced plants were destroyed more severely than those of viral control plants. These results indicate that Hsp90, BBI, and REP14 potentially play vital roles in conferring cold tolerance in bread wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lingran Zhang
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dangqun Cui
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yongyan Wang
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Pengbo Yu
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sangwan P, Kumar V, Joshi UN. Effect of Chromium(VI) Toxicity on Enzymes of Nitrogen Metabolism in Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Enzyme Res 2014; 2014:784036. [PMID: 24744916 PMCID: PMC3976926 DOI: 10.1155/2014/784036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are the intrinsic component of the environment with both essential and nonessential types. Their excessive levels pose a threat to plant growth and yield. Also, some heavy metals are toxic to plants even at very low concentrations. The present investigation (a pot experiment) was conducted to determine the affects of varying chromium(VI) levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg chromium(VI) kg(-1) soil in the form of potassium dichromate) on the key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in clusterbean. Chromium treatment adversely affect nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase in various plant organs at different growth stages as specific enzyme activity of these enzymes decreased with an increase in chromium(VI) levels from 0 to 2.0 mg chromium(VI) kg(-1) soil and 4.0 mg chromium(VI) kg(-1) soil was found to be lethal to clusterbean plants. In general, the enzyme activity increased with advancement of growth to reach maximum at flowering stage and thereafter decreased at grain filling stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punesh Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, India
| | - U N Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125001, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
YANG XY, WANG XF, WEI M, YANG FJ, SHI QH. Changes of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Cucumber Seedlings in Response to Nitrate Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(09)60086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Yin S, Ze Y, Liu C, Li N, Zhou M, Duan Y, Hong F. Cerium relieves the inhibition of nitrogen metabolism of spinach caused by magnesium deficiency. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 132:247-58. [PMID: 19418026 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the essential elements for plant growth and cerium is a beneficial element for plant growth. However, the effects of the fact that cerium improves the nitrogen metabolism of plants under magnesium deficiency is poorly understood. The main aim of the study was to determine the role of cerium in the amelioration of magnesium-deficiency effects in spinach plants. Spinach plants were cultivated in Hoagland's solution. They were subjected to magnesium deficiency and to cerium chloride administered in the magnesium-present media and magnesium-deficient media. Spinach plants grown in the magnesium-present media and magnesium-deficient media were measured for key enzyme activities involved in nitrogen metabolism such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate synthase, urease, glutamic–pyruvic transaminase, and glutamic–oxaloace protease transaminase. As the nitrogen metabolism in spinach was significantly inhibited by magnesium deficiency, it caused a significant reduction of spinach plant weight, leaf turning chlorosis. However, cerium treatment grown in magnesium-deficiency media significantly promoted the activities of the key enzymes as well as the contents of the free amino acids, chlorophyll, soluble protein, and spinach growth. It implied that Ce3+ could partly substitute for magnesium to facilitate the transformation from inorganic nitrogen to organic nitrogen, leading to the improvement of spinach growth, although the metabolism needs to be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Yin
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perrine-Walker FM, Gartner E, Hocart CH, Becker A, Rolfe BG. Rhizobium-initiated rice growth inhibition caused by nitric oxide accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:283-92. [PMID: 17378431 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-3-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii (the clover root-nodule endosymbiont) from the Nile River delta have been found to infect rice roots and colonize the intercellular spaces of the rice roots. Some of these isolates inhibit rice seedling growth but one in particular, R4, has been found in rice roots which develop and grow normally. We present evidence that the induced growth inhibition is due to a toxic accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), from the reduction of nitrate, and suggest that the reason that R4 does not inhibit rice root growth is because it is capable of completing the reduction of NO through to nitrogen gas. Thus, strain R4 is a candidate for engineering into a future biological nitrogen fixation system within these roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francine M Perrine-Walker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pace GM, Volk RJ, Jackson WA. Nitrate Reduction in Response to CO(2)-Limited Photosynthesis : Relationship to Carbohydrate Supply and Nitrate Reductase Activity in Maize Seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 92:286-92. [PMID: 16667273 PMCID: PMC1062288 DOI: 10.1104/pp.92.2.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of CO(2)-limited photosynthesis on (15)NO(3) (-) uptake and reduction by maize (Zea mays, DeKalb XL-45) seedlings were examined in relation to concurrent effects of CO(2) stress on carbohydrate levels and in vitro nitrate reductase activities. During a 10-hour period in CO(2)-depleted air (30 microliters of CO(2)/ per liter), cumulative (15)NO(3) (-) uptake and reduction were restricted 22 and 82%, respectively, relative to control seedlings exposed to ambient air containing 450 microliters of CO(2) per liter. The comparable values for roots of decapitated maize seedlings, the shoots of which had previously been subjected to CO(2) stress, were 30 and 42%. The results demonstrate that reduction of entering nitrate by roots as well as shoots was regulated by concurrent photosynthesis. Although in vitro nitrate reductase activity of both tissues declined by 60% during a 10-hour period of CO(2) stress, the remaining activity was greatly in excess of that required to catalyze the measured rate of (15)NO(3) (-) reduction. Root respiration and soluble carbohydrate levels in root tissue were also decreased by CO(2) stress. Collectively, the results indicate that nitrate uptake and reduction were regulated by the supply of energy and carbon skeletons required to support these processes, rather than by the potential enzymatic capacity to catalyze nitrate reduction, as measured by in vitro nitrate reductase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Pace
- Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7619
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nitrate reductase regulation: Effects of nitrate and light on nitrate reductase mRNA accumulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02464902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Small IS, Gray JC. Synthesis of wheat leaf nitrite reductase de novo following induction with nitrate and light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 145:291-7. [PMID: 6542002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite reductase has been purified almost 3000-fold, in 35% yield, to a specific activity of 77 units (mg protein)-1 from wheat leaves using a multi-step procedure with affinity chromatography on ferredoxin-Sepharose as the final step. The purified enzyme, although not homogeneous, exhibited absorption maxima at 278, 390, 568 and 687 nm. Minor contaminants were removed by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate to yield a single polypeptide of Mr 60 500 as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antibodies raised against this polypeptide were shown to cross-react with native nitrite reductase and were used to study the synthesis of nitrite reductase in vivo and in vitro. The increase in nitrite reductase activity following exposure of dark-grown plants to nitrate and light was shown by immunodecoration of Western blots to be due to synthesis de novo. Poly(A)-rich RNA isolated from plants actively synthesising nitrite reductase was shown to direct the synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate of a polypeptide of Mr 64000 which was immunoprecipitated by antibodies to nitrite reductase.
Collapse
|
11
|
The Effect of Blue Light on the Induction of Nitrate Reductase in Etiolated Excised Maize Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4211(82)80006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Sawhney SK, Naik MS, Nicholas DJ. Regulation of NADH supply for nitrate reduction in green plants via photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 81:1209-16. [PMID: 208545 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
SAWHNEY SK, NAIK MS, NICHOLAS DJD. Regulation of nitrate reduction by light, ATP and mitochondrial respiration in wheat leaves. Nature 1978. [DOI: 10.1038/272647a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Nasrulhaq-Boyce A, Jones OT. The light-induced development of nitrate reductase in etiolated barley shoots: An inhibitory effect of laevulinic acid. PLANTA 1977; 137:77-84. [PMID: 24420522 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1977] [Accepted: 07/08/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of nitrate reductase EC 1.6.6.1 in etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Proctor) required continuous illumination and showed a lag period of about three hours. During the first 16 h of illumination the ratio NADH/NAD and NADPH/NADP, taken as a measure of internal oxidation reduction potential, declined. The inhibitor DCMU applied to whole leaves at concentrations shown to inhibit the reduction of cytochrome f by Photosystem 2 light did not inhibit the induction of nitrate reductase nor did it diminish the ratio of reduced to oxidised puridine nucleotides in the early hours of greening. It was concluded that light driven electron flow was not necessary for nitrate reductase induction. Chloramphenicol gave a slight inhibition of nitrate reductase induction. Laevulinic acid was added to greening barley leaves to inhibit tetrapyrrole pigment biosynthesis and plastid development. It strongly inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and nitrate reductase induction, with relatively little effect upon Photosystem 1 and 2 activities in isolated plastids. The activities of other inducible enzymes and control enzymes were little affected by laevulinic acid. Laevulinic acid also inhibited nitrate reductase induction by added nitrate in fully-greened illuminated plants grown in nitrate-free medium and so is unlikely to be acting through inhibition of plastid development. This inhibitor lowered the level of protohaem in whole leaves and plastids of greening barley and it is postulated that it may diminish the protohaem available for the assembly of a cytochrome b component of nitrate reductase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nasrulhaq-Boyce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Johnson CB. Rapid activation by phytochrome of nitrate reductase in the cotyledons of Sinapis alba. PLANTA 1976; 128:127-131. [PMID: 24430687 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/1975] [Accepted: 10/01/1975] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase in the cotyledons of etiolated seedlings of Sinapis alba L. responds rapidly to the addition of nitrate. The response is inhibited by cycloheximide at low concentrations. The enzyme is also under phytochrome control. Five minutes of red light irradiation leads instantaneously to a 45% increase in enzyme activity. Increases in activity, linear with respect to time and with no lag phases are promoted by continuous far-red or blue irradiation. These increases are insensitive to cycloheximide. Thus, light and nitrate act through different mechanisms in controlling nitrate reductase activity and phytochrome does not act via controlling the rate of synthesis of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Studies, University of Nottingham, School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sluiters-Scholten CM. Photosynthesis and the induction of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in bean leaves. PLANTA 1975; 123:175-184. [PMID: 24435084 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1974] [Accepted: 12/23/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In laaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Prelude, the light-induced increase in activity of NADH-nitrate oxidoreductase (E.C.1.6.6.2; NAR) and reduced benzylviologennitrite oxidoreductase (E.C.1.6.6.4; NIR) starts at a certain stage in the development of the chloroplasts. In leaves with completely developed chloroplasts, a higher increase in activity of NAR and NIR is observed, after induction by the addition of nitrate, in the light than in the dark. DCMU inhibits the increase in activity of the two enzymes in the light. Both in the light in the presence of DCMU, and in the dark the increase in activity reaches a higher level by the addition of sucrose.Induction of NAR, but not of NIR, can be observed in excised etiolated leaves. No induction is found in leaves of intact etiolated seedlings.The relation between photosynthetic reactions and the increase in activity of NAR and NIR is discussed. It is suggested that NADH, indirectly formed by photosynthesis, protects NAR and affects in this way the balance between synthesis and breakdown of the enzyme. The increase in activity of NIR is possibly influenced by the presence of reduced ferredoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Sluiters-Scholten
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, IJdijk 26, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Canvin DT, Atkins CA. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia assimilation by leaves: Effect of light, carbon dioxide and oxygen. PLANTA 1974; 116:207-224. [PMID: 24458191 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia in barley, wheat, corn and bean leaves was studied using (15)N-labelled molecules and either leaf chamber experiments with the uptake of the nitrogen species in the transpiration stream, or vacuum-infiltration experiments. The assimilation of (15)NO3 (-) into amino nitrogen was strictly dependent on light and ceased abruptly when the light was extinguished. If the leaves were exposed to air, CO2-free air or N2 there was no effect on the rate of NO3 (-) assimilation over 0.5 h. After 1.25 h of CO2-free air, NO3 (-) assimilation into amino acids was sharply reduced. Resupply of air at this time stimulated NO3 (-) assimilation and restored it to the rate observed in leaves exposed to air only. There was no recovery by tissue pretreated for 1.25 h in N2 and subsequently resupplied with air. Incorporation of (15)NO2 (-) was also markedly dependent on light with little reduction occurring in the dark. Incorporation of (15)NH4 (+) into amino acids was stimulated 5 fold by light but considerable incorporation occurred in the dark. The presence of 100 mM NO3 (-) had no effect on the rate of incorporation of (15)NO2 (-) or (15)NH4 (+). Nitrite at 1 mM had no effect on (15)NO3 (-) incorporation but at 10 mM inhibited it completely after 0.5 h. Ammonia at 1 mM had no effect on (15)NO3 (-) or (15)NO2 (-) incorporation and while 10 mM inhibited incorporation for 0.5 h this inhibition did not persist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Canvin
- Seibersdorf Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1011, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kadam SS, Gandhi AP, Sawhney SK, Naik MS. Inhibitor of nitrate reductase in the roots of rice seedlings and its effect on the enzyme activity in the presence of NADH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 350:162-70. [PMID: 4366386 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
21
|
Gandhi AP, Naik MS. Role of roots, hormones and light in the synthesis of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in rice seedlings. FEBS Lett 1974; 40:343-5. [PMID: 4153048 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
22
|
Der Einfluß der exogenen Nitratkonzentration auf die Nitrat- reduktaseaktivität in Wurzel und Blatt von Zea mays L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Gandhi AP, Sawhney SK, Naik MS. Activation of nitrate reductase from rice seedlings by NADH. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 55:291-6. [PMID: 4148914 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
24
|
Sluiters-Scholten CM. Effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on the induction of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in bean leaves. PLANTA 1973; 113:229-240. [PMID: 24468954 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In etiolated leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Prelude only low levels of NADH-nitrate oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.6.6.2; NAR) and reduced benzyl viologen-nitrite oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.6.6.4; NIR) could be detected, even in the presence of nitrate. When nitrate was available illumination of leaves of 10-day-old etiolated seedlings resulted in an induction of both NAR and NIR. In the absence of nitrate no induction of the enzymes took place, although greening of the leaves was normal. Chloramphenicol (CAP) and cycloheximide (CHI), applied at the beginning of the light period, inhibited the induction of both NAR and NIR. Administered after 24 h of illumination CHI still inhibited the induction of both enzymes whereas CAP was no longer inhibitory. The induction of NAR and NIR by nitrate in green leaves in light was inhibited by CHI but not by CAP. From these results it seems likely that both the enzymes NAR and NIR are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. Before the enzymes can be manufactured in the cytoplasm some chloroplast development is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Sluiters-Scholten
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, IJ dijk 26, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sawhney SK, Naik MS. Effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on the synthesis of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in rice leaves. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 51:67-73. [PMID: 4699565 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|