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Madhour A, Anke H, Mucci A, Davoli P, Weber RWS. Biosynthesis of the xanthophyll plectaniaxanthin as a stress response in the red yeast Dioszegia (Tremellales, Heterobasidiomycetes, Fungi). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:2617-26. [PMID: 16257020 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis was examined in a phylloplane yeast identified by ITS, 18S and 28S rDNA analysis as a Dioszegia sp. close to D. takashimae. In well-aerated flask or fermentor cultures, this strain produced essentially a single pigment confirmed as the xanthophyll plectaniaxanthin by NMR analysis, at concentrations of 103-175 microgg(-1) biomass dry weight. Detailed studies showed increases in plectaniaxanthin concentrations in the presence of 5 mM hydrogen peroxide (1.8-fold), 50 and 100 microM duroquinone (3.1- and 3.7-fold, respectively), and 2% ethanol (4.9-fold). Whereas oxidative stress is known to enhance the biosynthesis of torularhodin or astaxanthin in other red yeasts where they are associated with an antioxidant function, this is the first report implicating plectaniaxanthin in a similar role. At reduced aeration, biosynthesis of plectaniaxanthin was suppressed and its putative precursor gamma-carotene accumulated. The carotenoid cyclase inhibitor nicotine (5-20 mM) inhibited plectaniaxanthin formation, with lycopene accumulating stoichiometrically. Hydroxy groups at C-1' and C-2' therefore seem to be introduced late in plectaniaxanthin biosynthesis, following cyclization of the beta-ionone ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Madhour
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Steiger S, Mazet A, Sandmann G. Heterologous expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of the acyclic carotenoid 1,2-hydratase from Rubrivivax gelatinosus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:51-8. [PMID: 12745254 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoid 1,2-hydratase CrtC from Rubrivivax gelatinosus has been expressed in Escherichia coli in an active form and purified by affinity chromatography. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of various acyclic carotenes including 1-hydroxy derivatives. This broad substrate specificity reflects the participation of CrtC in 1'-HO-spheroidene and in spirilloxanthin biosynthesis. Enzyme kinetic studies including the determination of substrate specificity constants indicate that among the alternative biosynthetic routes to 1'-HO-spheroidene the one via spheroidene is the dominating pathway. In contrast to CrtC from Rvi. gelatinosus, the equivalent enzyme from Rhodobacter capsulatus, a closely related bacterium which lacks the biosynthetic branch to spirilloxanthin and accumulates spheroidene instead of substantial amounts of 1'-HO-spheroidene, is extremely poor in converting 1-HO-carotenoids. The individual catalytic properties of both carotenoid 1,2-hydratases reflect the in situ carotenogenic pathways in both purple photosynthetic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Steiger
- Biosynthesis Group, Botanical Institute, J. W. Goethe Universität, P.O. Box 111932, Frankfurt D-60054, Germany
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Hornero-Méndez D, Britton G. Involvement of NADPH in the cyclization reaction of carotenoid biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2002; 515:133-6. [PMID: 11943208 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic carotenoids, e.g. beta-carotene, are formed by cyclization of an acyclic precursor, lycopene. The gene, crtY, which encodes lycopene beta-cyclase, has a partial sequence characteristic of a pyridine nucleotide binding domain, and NAD(P)H has been reported to be an absolute requirement for the cyclization reaction in vitro. By complementary incubations with lycopene as substrate and with (4R)-[4-(2)H]NADPH in (1)H(2)O or with unlabelled NADPH in (2)H(2)O in the presence of the purified enzyme, it has now been shown that the hydrogen atom introduced at C(2) in the cyclization comes from water and not from NADPH. The previously proposed mechanism involving the initiation of cyclization by H(+) attack at C(2) of the folded acyclic end group of the precursor is thus confirmed. No hydrogen is transferred from NADPH, which is therefore not involved directly in the cyclization reaction, but must play an indirect role, e.g. as an allosteric activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hornero-Méndez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Life Sciences Building, Crown Street, L69 7ZB, Liverpool, UK
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Steiger S, Astier C, Sandmann G. Substrate specificity of the expressed carotenoid 3,4-desaturase from Rubrivivax gelatinosus reveals the detailed reaction sequence to spheroidene and spirilloxanthin. Biochem J 2000; 349:635-40. [PMID: 10880364 PMCID: PMC1221188 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3490635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis in the photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus leads to the formation of hydroxyspheroidene and spirilloxanthin as the products of a branched pathway. In this study we investigated the role of the desaturase encoded by crtD which catalyses the introduction of C-3,4 double bonds into acyclic carotenoids. The desaturase was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the activity and the substrate specificity of the enzyme were evaluated in vitro by application of structurally different carotenoids. The results indicate that the enzyme is a 3,4-desaturase that converts 1-hydroxy carotenoids. The 3,4-desaturation reaction can only occur with mono-1-hydroxy carotenoids at a psi-end group or with 1,1'-dihydroxy derivatives carrying a 3',4'-double bond. In addition, 1-HO-zeta-carotene could also be converted by the desaturase. Enzyme kinetic studies showed a substrate preference of 1-HO-neurosporene over 1-HO-lycopene. Consequences from the biochemical data for the reaction sequence of hydroxyspheroidene and spirilloxanthin formation and the interconnection of both branches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steiger
- Biosynthesis Group, Botanical Institute, J.W. Goethe Universität, P.O. Box 111930, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany
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Bouvier F, d'Harlingue A, Hugueney P, Marin E, Marion-Poll A, Camara B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis. Cloning, expression, functional reconstitution, and regulation of beta-cyclohexenyl carotenoid epoxidase from pepper (Capsicum annuum). J Biol Chem 1996; 271:28861-7. [PMID: 8910532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.46.28861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum annuum) beta-cyclohexenyl xanthophyll epoxidase cDNA was cloned and the corresponding enzyme overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli, for investigation of its catalytic activity. The recombinant protein did not directly accept NADPH for epoxidation of cyclohexenyl carotenoids, nor did it operate according to a peroxygenase-based mechanism. Instead, the reducing power of NADPH was transferred to the epoxidase via reduced ferredoxin as shown by reconstitution of epoxidase activity in the presence of NADPH, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and ferredoxin. Bacterial rubredoxin could be substituted for ferredoxin. The pepper epoxidase acted specifically on the beta-ring of xanthophylls such as beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin. The proposed reaction mechanism for epoxidation involves the formation of a transient carbocation. This characteristic allows selective inhibition of the epoxidase activity by different nucleophilic diethylamine derivatives, p-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium fluoroborate and N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylaziridinium. It was also shown that the epoxidase gene was up-regulated during oxidative stress and when chloroplasts undergo differentiation into chromoplasts in pepper fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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Jirsakova V, Reiss-Husson F. Isolation and characterisation of the core light-harvesting complex B875 and its subunit form, B820, from Rhodocyclus gelatinosus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barsanti L, Passarelli V, Lenzi P, Gualtieri P. Elimination of photoreceptor (paraflagellar swelling) and photoreception in Euglena gracilis by means of the carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor nicotine. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85052-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bramley PM, Mackenzie A. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1988; 29:291-343. [PMID: 3293927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152829-4.50009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Bramley
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham, Surrey, England
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Sadowski RA. Nicotine-induced inhibition of lycopene cyclization in Phaseolus vulgaris cotyledons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 120:625-30. [PMID: 6732775 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)91301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The complete nicotine inhibition of lycopene cyclization during light-induced carotenogenesis in excised bean cotyledons was achieved. The inhibitory effect was easily reversible and removal of nicotine has allowed synthesis of the normal cyclic carotenoids.
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Leutwiler LS, Chapman DJ. Biosynthesis of aryl carotenoids: inhibitor studies of chlorobactene biosynthesis in Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum. Arch Microbiol 1979; 123:267-73. [PMID: 526104 DOI: 10.1007/bf00406660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the aryl carotenoid, chlorobactene, was examined in the green sulfur bacterium, Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum. Nicotine, which was used to inhibit carotenoid cyclization, caused the accumulation of the acyclic carotenoid, lycopene. Cells reincubated in fresh medium, after removal of nicotine, synthesized chlorobactene more readily from newly synthesized lycopene rather than from the pool of lycopene accumulated during nicotine inhibition. When the cells were reincubated in the presence of diphenylamine, which inhibited de novo carotenogenesis, a portion of the lycopene which had accumulated during nicotine inhibition was converted into chlorobactene. There was no evidence that neurosporene, rather than lycopene, was the precyclization intermediate. The involvement of gamma-carotene as the cyclic precursor of chlorobactene also was shown. The pathway for chlorobactene biosynthesis is discussed in terms of a possible arrangement of the enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Kleinig H, Meister W, Englert G. Carotenoids of rhizobia. II. The effect of nicotine on the carotenoid pattern of Rhizobium lupini. Arch Microbiol 1978; 119:71-4. [PMID: 718371 DOI: 10.1007/bf00407930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With increasing concentrations in the growth medium of the cyclization inhibitors nicotine or 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) the previously identified bicyclic carotenoids of Rhizobium lupini (2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-beta,beta-caroten-4-one and 2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-beta,beta-carotene) were successively replaced by hitherto unknown monocyclic carotenoids. By application of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3 carotenoids were identified as 2,3-trans-dihydroxy-beta,psi-caroten-4-one, 2,3-trans-dihydroxy-beta,psi-carotene, and 3-hydroxy-beta,psi-caroten-4-one. A further compound was tentatively established as (2- or 3-)monohydroxy-beta,psi-carotene. It was found that other inhibitors such as diphenylamine or 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-alpha,alpha,alpha(trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-(2H)-pyridazinone (San 6706) did not affect the pigment pattern. The results are discussed in relation to carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhizobium lupini.
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Britton G, Singh RK, Goodwin TW. Carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhodomicrobium vannielii. Experiments with nicotine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylammonium chloride (CPTA). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 488:475-83. [PMID: 901799 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(77)90205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylammonium chloride (CPTA) each inhibit production of the normal carotenoids of Rhodomicrobium vannielii (Rhodospirillaceae), especially rhodopin, beta-carotene and spirillixanthin, and cause the accumulation of lycopene. The inhibition of hydration of the C-1,2 double bond as well as cyclization is in agreement with proposals that these two reactions involve similar mechanisms. After removal of nicotine, cells reincubated in buffer solution or in the presence of diphenylamine convert accumulated lycopene into rhodopin. Under other conditions rhodopis is synthesized, on removal of nicotine, not from accumulated lycopene but from early precursors. The pathway of rhodopin and spirilloxanthin biosynthesis in Rm. vannielii is discussed briefly, and the possible involvement of enzyme aggregates in carotenoid biosynthesis is considered.
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Hayman EP, Yokoyama H. Effects of 4-[beta-(diethylamino)-ethoxy]-benzophenone upon carotenogenesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum. J Bacteriol 1976; 127:1030-1. [PMID: 821916 PMCID: PMC233017 DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.2.1030-1031.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid production was determined in illuminated anaerobically maintained cultures of Rhodospirillum rubrum in media with and without 4-[beta-(diethylamino)-ethoxy]-benzophenone. In treated cultures, lycopene--which normally is not produced by R. rubrum--accumulated as the predominant pigment, and total carotenoids increased five- to sixfold.
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Kleinig H. Inhibition of carotenoid synthesis in Myxococcus fulvus (Myxobacterales). Arch Microbiol 1974; 97:217-26. [PMID: 4211208 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Singh RK, Britton G, Goodwin TW. Carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. S-adenosylmethionine as the methylating agent in the biosynthesis of spheroidene and spheroidenone. Biochem J 1973; 136:413-9. [PMID: 4544066 PMCID: PMC1165968 DOI: 10.1042/bj1360413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
[methyl-(14)C]Methionine and S-adenosyl[methyl-(14)C]methionine were incorporated into the methoxycarotenoids spheroidene and spheroidenone by Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. The incorporation was greatly enhanced in the presence of lysozyme. On degradation of labelled spheroidene by hydriodic acid, the (14)C label was recovered in methyl iodide. Degradation of spheroidenone by reduction and allylic dehydration and demethylation of the reduction product gave a mixture of unlabelled carotenoid hydrocarbons, including 3,4-didehydrolycopene and 3,4-didehydro-7',8'-dihydrolycopene. The label from [methyl-(14)C]methionine and S-adenosyl[methyl-(14)C]methionine was located specifically in the methoxy group of spheroidene and spheroidenone. The biosynthesis of methoxycarotenoids in Rps. spheroides involves methylation of the tertiary hydroxyl groups of intermediates with S-adenosylmethionine.
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