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Hodgetts RB, O'Keefe SL. Dopa decarboxylase: a model gene-enzyme system for studying development, behavior, and systematics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 51:259-84. [PMID: 16332212 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Throughout its long evolutionary history, the Dopa decarboxylase gene (Ddc) has acquired a variety of functions in insects. The enzyme (DDC) catalyzes the production of the neural transmitters dopamine and serotonin. Not surprisingly, evidence of the enzyme's involvement in the behavior of insects is beginning to accumulate. In addition, DDC plays a role in wound healing, parasite defense, pigmentation, and cuticle hardening. A high degree of sequence conservation has allowed comparisons of the Ddc-coding regions from various insects, facilitating a number of recent studies on insect systematics. This review outlines the diverse functions of Ddc and illustrates how studies of this model system address many questions on insect neurobiology, developmental biology, and systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross B Hodgetts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Lourenço AP, Zufelato MS, Bitondi MMG, Simões ZLP. Molecular characterization of a cDNA encoding prophenoloxidase and its expression in Apis mellifera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:541-552. [PMID: 15857760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO), a melanin-synthesizing enzyme known to play an important role in insect defense, is found as a zymogen (ProPO) in hemolymph and cuticle, where it is activated by proteolysis. We characterized the first proPO cDNA in an eusocial insect, the Apis mellifera honey bee. The AmproPO cDNA contains an ORF of 2079 bp encoding 693 amino acids, and is composed of 9 exons and 8 introns. Southern blot of digested genomic DNA suggested that only one copy of the proPO gene is present in A. mellifera. The molecular mass of the deduced ProPO and the active enzyme was predicted to be 80.1 and 74.4 kDa, respectively. The calculated pI was 6.28. BLASTp search of the deduced amino acid sequence, and neighbor-joining analysis, showed similarity with ProPOs from other insects, ranging from 47% to 63%. Protein signature analyses revealed four conserved regions, including the two copper binding sites characteristic of arthropod ProPOs. RT-PCR and Southern blot showed the highest amount of AmproPO transcripts in workers whole body, followed by queens and drones. Expression was also detected in hemocytes and integument. Real time RT-PCR showed higher amounts of AmproPO transcripts in adults and older pupae than in younger pupae and larvae, suggesting a function of AmproPO in adult exoskeleton melanization and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Pedro Lourenço
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Noguchi H, Tsuzuki S, Tanaka K, Matsumoto H, Hiruma K, Hayakawa Y. Isolation and characterization of a dopa decarboxylase cDNA and the induction of its expression by an insect cytokine, growth-blocking peptide in Pseudaletia separata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:209-217. [PMID: 12535679 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Parasitization by the wasp, Cotesia kariyai, elevates the concentration of an insect cytokine, growth-blocking peptide (GBP), in hemolymph of last instar Pseudaletis separata larvae. The increase of epidermal and hemolymph dopamine level is associated with the GBP increase. Both GBP and dopamine disturb host development and metamorphosis (Hayakawa, 1995). Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) converts Dopa to dopamine, and its cDNA was isolated from P. separata, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed that it was highly homologous to other lepidopteran DDCs, showing 96, 90 and 86% identity with those of Mamestra brassicae, Bombyx mori, and Manduca sexta, respectively. A 3.2 kb DDC mRNA transcript was constitutively expressed at low levels in the epidermis, brain-nerve cord and hemocytes, and the expression was enhanced by injection of GBP in these tissues. Detailed characterization of the DDC mRNA expression in the epidermis showed that its expression reached a plateau 3 hr after the injection. DDC activity and DDC protein (55 kDa) level mirrored the mRNA expression. Immunocytochemistry with anti-DDC antibody confirmed that the enhanced DDC expression was localized in the epidermal cells. Dopamine concentration in the epidermis gradually increased and reached maximum 6 hr after the injection. When the epidermis of Day 1 last instar larvae was cultured in vitro in the presence of GBP, DDC mRNA increased, indicating that GBP acted on the epidermal cells directly to induce expression of the DDC gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Noguchi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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Bossinakou KS, Fragoulis EG. Purification and characterisation of L-DOPA decarboxylase from pharate pupae of Ceratitis capitata. A comparison with the enzyme purified from the white prepupae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 113:213-20. [PMID: 8653578 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the purification of L-DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) to homogeneity from the developmental stage just before the eclosion (pharate pupae) of Ceratitis capitata. The enzyme was found to have a mol wt of approximately 100,000 and to be composed of two identical subunits (50,000 mol wt each). Polyclonal antibodies raised against the isolated enzyme reacted with the 50,000 dalton subunit and precipitated enzyme activity. Furthermore, properties of the enzyme isolated from the pharate pupa stage, were compared with those of DDC purified from the white prepupa stage with respect to substrate specificity, response to polyclonal antibodies, behaviour towards different cations and dependence of enzyme activity on the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bossinakou
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Athens Panepistimiopolis Kouponia, Greece
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Webb BA, Summers MD. Stimulation of polydnavirus replication by 20-hydroxyecdysone. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:1018-22. [PMID: 1426141 DOI: 10.1007/bf01919157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During oviposition the endoparasitic wasp Campoletis sonorensis, introduces a polydnavirus into parasitized insects where viral gene expression is required for endoparasite survival. The polydnavirus is integrated into wasp chromosomal DNA and replicates only in the ovary. Ecdysteroids regulate the developmental expression of many insect genes and may regulate polydnavirus replication. Direct verification of viral replication was performed by dot blot hybridization and by amplifying DNA sequences containing the viral integration site; this 'junction' fragment cannot be amplified from integrated virus. Thoracic ligations and in vitro ecdysteroid treatments of wasp ovaries support the hypothesis that polydnavirus DNA replication is regulated by ecdysteroid during parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Webb
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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Hiruma K, Riddiford LM. Regulation of dopa decarboxylase gene expression in the larval epidermis of the tobacco hornworm by 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone. Dev Biol 1990; 138:214-24. [PMID: 2407577 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90191-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) which converts dopa to dopamine is important for cuticular melanization and sclerotization in insects. An antibody to Drosophila DDC was found to precipitate both DDC activity and a 49-kDa polypeptide synthesized by the epidermis of molting Manduca larvae. Using the Drosophila DDC gene, we isolated the Manduca DDC gene which on hybrid selection produced a 49-kDa translation product precipitable by the Drosophila DDC antibody. The 3.1-kb DDC mRNA appeared 12 hr after head capsule slippage (HCS) and reached maximal levels 7 hr later. Peak expression was twofold higher in melanizing allatectomized larvae and could be depressed to normal levels by application of 0.1 micrograms juvenile hormone I at HCS. Infusion of 1 microgram/hr 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) for 18 hr beginning 2 hr after HCS or addition of 1 microgram/ml 20-HE to the culture medium for 24 hr prevented the normal increase in DDC mRNA. When Day 2 fourth instar epidermis was explanted before the molting ecdysteroid rise and cultured with 1-3 micrograms/ml 20-HE for 17 hr and then for 24 hr in hormone-free medium, DDC expression was three- to fourfold higher than that in epidermis cultured in the absence of hormone. Twelve or more hours of incubation with 20-HE was required for an increase in DDC mRNA, but continuous exposure to 20-HE prevented the increase. In all cultures an initial rapid increase in DDC mRNA was observed which decayed with time in vitro and apparently was associated with the wound response. Thus, ecdysteroid during a larval molt is necessary to program the later expression of DDC, but the subsequent decline of the ecdysteroid is required for this expression to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hiruma
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Mappouras DG, Fragoulis EG. Purification and characterization of l-DOPA decarboxylase from the white puparia of Ceratitis capitata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(88)90052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hiruma K, Riddiford LM. Inhibition of dopa decarboxylase synthesis by 20-hydroxyecdysone during the last larval moult of Manduca sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(86)90100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Cuticular sclerotization in insects requires dopamine derivatives and thus the presence of dopa decarboxylase (DDC), the enzyme which converts dopa to dopamine. During the last half of the larval molt of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, beginning at 16 hr after head capsule slippage, the epidermal DDC activity increased fourfold. By contrast, allatectomized larvae which were destined to produce a melanized cuticle showed a sevenfold increase. This increase in DDC activity was prevented by infusion of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) into the larva, indicating that the fall of the ecdysteroid titer is necessary for the increase. In vitro 20HE also prevented the increase in a dose-dependent manner when the epidermis was explanted at 16 hr after head capsule slippage but had less effect on epidermis explanted 3 hr later. Both 5 micrograms/ml alpha-amanitin and 100 micrograms/ml cycloheximide also prevented the increase. Application of juvenile hormone I showed that the critical period for determination of the level of the later increase in DDC activity was about 4 hr after head capsule slippage at the peak of the ecdysteroid titer. Apparently then the rise and fall of ecdysteroid regulate different aspects of DDC synthesis, the rise determining its later appearance and the fall timing this appearance.
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BROWN CAROLYNS, NESTLER CATHY. Catecholamines and Indolalkylamines. Pharmacology 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030812-8.50016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Berreur P, Porcheron P, Moriniere M, Berreur-Bonnenfant J, Belinski-Deutsch S, Busson D, Lamour-Audit C. Ecdysteroids during the third larval instar in 1(3)ecd-1ts, a temperature-sensitive mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1984; 54:76-84. [PMID: 6427061 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(84)90201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-sensitive 1(3)ecd-1ts mutation (A. Garen, L. Kauvar, and J.A. Lepesant (1977). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 74, 5099-5103.) has been used in several laboratories to obtain Drosophila larvae deprived of moulting hormone. The development of mutants and controls during the third larval instar at permissive (20 degrees C) and restrictive temperatures (29 degrees C) was compared. Pupariation was inhibited when larvae were shifted to the restrictive temperature immediately at the second moult. The permanent larvae obtained remained active, did not leave the food, and reached a maximum weight superior to the weight of controls. Ecdysteroids were studied during the third larval instar by HPLC analysis and radioimmunoassays. A careful synchronization of the larvae at the second moult enabled the confirmation that at least one ecdysteroid peak occurs during the third larval instar, prior to the wandering stage in controls (20 or 29 degrees C). Ecdysone was then the predominant moulting hormone, whereas 20-hydroxyecdysone was the main ecdysteroid at the time of pupariation. Low levels of ecdysteroid were measured in mutant larvae shifted to 29 degrees C immediately at the second moult but larvae completely deprived of immunoreactive material were never observed. Nearly normal levels of ecdysteroids appeared at 27.5 degrees C. Feeding ecd-1 larvae maintained at restrictive temperature on 20-hydroxyecdysone-yeast mixture for 16 hr triggered abortive pupariation. Ecdysteroid levels were measured after the return of the larvae to the standard medium; normal levels were restored 24 hr later. The mutant ecd-1 appears to present interesting opportunities for the detailed study of the hormonal induction of a developmental process during the third larval instar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ecdysteroids regulate the synthesis of RNA polymerase molecules in fat body cells ofCalliphora larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983; 192:152-158. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1982] [Accepted: 02/17/1983] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kang SH, Fuchs MS, Webb PM. Purification and characterization of DOPA-decarboxylase from adult gravid Aedes aegypti. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The metabolism of the aromatic amino acids concerned in the cross-linking of insect cuticle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Clark WC, Pass PS, Venkataraman B, Hodgetts RB. Dopa decarboxylase from Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00268854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mitsui T, Riddiford LM. Hormonal requirements for the larval-pupal transformation of the epidermis of Manduca sexta in vitro. Dev Biol 1978; 62:193-205. [PMID: 620871 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fragouli-Fournogeraki M, Fragoulis E, Sekeris C. Protein synthesis by polysomes from the epidermis of blowfly larvae: Dependence of formation of DOPA-decarboxylase on developmental stage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Luckner M, Nover L. Expression of Secondary Metabolism An Aspect of Cell Specialization of Microorganisms, Higher Plants, and Animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81102-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
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Fragoulis EG, Sekeris CE. Purification and characteristics of DOPA-decarboxylase from the integument of Calliphora vicina larve. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:15-25. [PMID: 1137393 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Fragoulis EG, Sekeris CE. Translation of mRNA for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase isolated from epidermis tissue of Calliphora vicina R. -D. in a heterologous system. Dependence of mRNA concentration on the insect steroid hormone ecdysone. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 51:305-16. [PMID: 1122915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb03930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA was isolated from the epidermis of Calliphora vicina larvae by phenol--chloroform extraction. The RN A sedimenting in sucrose gradients between 5 and 18 S was submitted to chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns. The fraction binding to the oligo(dT) is able to stimulate protein synthesis in a system consisting of mouse liverribosomal subunits, pH-5 factors from rat liver and initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes. Optimal Mg2+ concentration for the translation of insect mRNA is 3.5 mM, that of K+ 76 MM. Initiation factors prepared from epidermis of Calliphora larvae are less efficient in the translation of insect mRNA than initiation factors isolated from reticulocytes. The pH-5 fraction from epidermis inhibits protein synthesis independent of the source of the mRNA fraction used. One of the proteins synthesized in the reconstituted system under the direction of insect mRNA has been identified as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase by immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum against DOPA decarboxylase and comigration in dodecylsulphate-acrylamide electrophoresis with pure DOPA decarboxylase. Both mRNA from white prepupae and from 6--7-days-old larvae contain sequences coding for DOPA decarboxylase. However, white prepupae contains 3--4 times more DOPA decarboxylase-mRNA than 6--7-days-old larvae. The content of DOPA decarboxylase mRNA is proportional to the amount of active DOPA decarboxylase molecules present in the animals from which the mRNA was isolated.
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