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Abstract
The chemical synthesis of peptides or small proteins is often an important step in many research projects and has stimulated the development of numerous chemical methodologies. The aim of this review is to give a substantial overview of the solid phase methods developed for the production or purification of polypeptides. The solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) technique has facilitated considerably the access to short peptides (<50 amino acids). However, its limitations for producing large homogeneous peptides have stimulated the development of solid phase covalent or non-covalent capture purification methods. The power of the native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction for protein synthesis in aqueous solution has also been adapted to the solid phase by the combination of novel linker technologies, cysteine protection strategies and thioester or N,S-acyl shift thioester surrogate chemistries. This review details pioneering studies and the most recent publications related to the solid phase chemical synthesis of large peptides and proteins.
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Ombetta JE, Thelier N, Dong CZ, Plocki S, Tsagris L, Rannou F, Massicot F, Djimdé A, El-Hayek E, Shi Y, Heymans F, Gresh N, Chauvet C. Design of group IIA secreted/synovial phospholipase A(2) inhibitors: an oxadiazolone derivative suppresses chondrocyte prostaglandin E(2) secretion. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10914. [PMID: 20531958 PMCID: PMC2879362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group IIA secreted/synovial phospholipase A2 (GIIAPLA2) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the main eicosanoid contributing to pain and inflammation in rheumatic diseases. We designed, by molecular modeling, 7 novel analogs of 3-{4-[5(indol-1-yl)pentoxy]benzyl}-4H-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-one, denoted C1, an inhibitor of the GIIAPLA2 enzyme. We report the results of molecular dynamics studies of the complexes between these derivatives and GIIAPLA2, along with their chemical synthesis and results from PLA2 inhibition tests. Modeling predicted some derivatives to display greater GIIAPLA2 affinities than did C1, and such predictions were confirmed by in vitro PLA2 enzymatic tests. Compound C8, endowed with the most favorable energy balance, was shown experimentally to be the strongest GIIAPLA2 inhibitor. Moreover, it displayed an anti-inflammatory activity on rabbit articular chondrocytes, as shown by its capacity to inhibit IL-1β-stimulated PGE2 secretion in these cells. Interestingly, it did not modify the COX-1 to COX-2 ratio. C8 is therefore a potential candidate for anti-inflammatory therapy in joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Edouard Ombetta
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Natacha Thelier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM UMR-S-747, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Chang Zhi Dong
- Equipe de Pharmacochimie, ITODYS, CNRS UMR7086, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Plocki
- Equipe de Pharmacochimie, ITODYS, CNRS UMR7086, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Tsagris
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM UMR-S-747, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - François Rannou
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM UMR-S-747, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service de rééducation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - France Massicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie analytique et cellulaire, EA4463, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Atimé Djimdé
- Equipe de Pharmacochimie, ITODYS, CNRS UMR7086, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Elissar El-Hayek
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM UMR-S-747, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Yiming Shi
- Equipe de Pharmacochimie, ITODYS, CNRS UMR7086, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Heymans
- Equipe de Pharmacochimie, ITODYS, CNRS UMR7086, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nohad Gresh
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologique et Toxicologique, CNRS UMR8601, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Chauvet
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM UMR-S-747, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Goncalves V, Gautier B, Huguenot F, Leproux P, Garbay C, Vidal M, Inguimbert N. Total chemical synthesis of the D2 domain of human VEGF receptor 1. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:417-22. [PMID: 19387974 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its cellular receptors exerts a central role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Among these receptors, the VEGF receptor 1 may be implicated in pathological angiogenesis. Here, we report the first total chemical synthesis of the VEGF-binding domain of the VEGF receptor 1. Aggregation issues were overcome by the use of a low-substituted resin and the stepwise introduction of pseudoproline dipeptides and Dmb-glycines. The folding of the protein was achieved by air oxidation and its biological activity was verified on ELISA-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Goncalves
- Université Paris Descartes, UFR biomédicale, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Paris, F-75006, France
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Peroutka RJ, Elshourbagy N, Piech T, Butt TR. Enhanced protein expression in mammalian cells using engineered SUMO fusions: secreted phospholipase A2. Protein Sci 2008; 17:1586-95. [PMID: 18539905 DOI: 10.1110/ps.035576.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation, the covalent attachment of SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier), is a eukaryotic post-translational event that has been demonstrated to play a critical role in several biological processes. When used as an N-terminal tag or fusion partner, SUMO has been shown to enhance functional protein production significantly by improving folding, solubility, and stability. We have engineered several SUMOs and, through their fusion, developed a system for enhancing the expression and secretion of complex proteins. To demonstrate the fidelity of this fusion technology, secreted phospholipase A(2) proteins (sPLA(2)) were produced using HEK-293T and CHO-K1 cells. Five mouse sPLA(2) homologs were expressed and secreted in mammalian cell cultures using SUMO or SUMO-derived, N-terminal fusion partners. Mean and median increases of 43- and 18-fold, respectively, were obtained using novel SUMO mutants that are resistant to digestion by endogenous deSUMOylases.
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Stief TW. Phospholipase A(2) activates hemostasis. Drug Target Insights 2007; 2:83-96. [PMID: 21901065 PMCID: PMC3155239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) are aggressive enzymes that can destroy phospholipids of cell membranes. The resulting cell fragments trigger the kallikrein-mediated contact phase of coagulation. The aim of the present study was to expose citrated whole blood to PLA(2) and to quantify thrombin generation in recalcified plasma. METHODS Normal citrated blood was exposed to bovine pancreatic or snake PLA(2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or zymosan A for 30-45 min (RT). After centrifugation the plasma samples were recalcified (10 + 1) with 250 mM CaCl(2) in the recalcified coagulation activity assay (RECA). After 0-45 min coagulation reaction time (CRT at 37°C) 1.6 M arginine (final test concentration) was added to stop hemostasis activation and to depolymerize non-crosslinked fibrin. The generated thrombin activity was chromogenically determined. RESULTS 100 ng/ml bovine pancreatic or snake PLA(2) generates about 0.2-0.8 IU/ml thrombin after 15 min CRT. This thrombin generation is similar as that induced by 200 ng/ml LPS or 20 μg/ml zymosan A. Up to 60 ng/ml bovine pancreatic PLA(2) the generated thrombin activity is proportional to the PLA(2) activity used; 1 μg/ml PLA(2) induces much less thrombin, but PLA(2) at 10 μg/ml again results into thrombin generation of 0.1-3 IU/ml at 10-15 min CRT. As control, in pooled normal citrated plasma there is no significant change in thrombin generation when exposed to up to 10 μg/ml bovine pancreatic PLA(2). DISCUSSION Elevated plasmatic PLA(2) activities (occurring e.g. in trauma, pancreatitis, or sepsis) activate the blood hemostasis system resulting in pathologic disseminated intravascular coagulation (PDIC). It is suggested to diagnose these life threatening states as early as possible, screening all patients for plasmatic thrombin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Stief
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Giessen & Marburg, Germany
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Plocki S, Aoun D, Ahamada-Himidi A, Tavarès-Camarinha F, Dong CZ, Massicot F, Huet J, Adolphe-Pierre S, Chau F, Godfroid JJ, Gresh N, Ombetta JE, Heymans F. Molecular Modeling, Design, and Synthesis of Less Lipophilic Derivatives of 3-(4-Tetradecyloxybenzyl)-4H-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-one (PMS1062) Specific for Group II Enzyme. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dong CZ, Ahamada-Himidi A, Plocki S, Aoun D, Touaibia M, Meddad-Bel Habich N, Huet J, Redeuilh C, Ombetta JE, Godfroid JJ, Massicot F, Heymans F. Inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2. 2-Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of 4,5-dihydro-3-(4-tetradecyloxybenzyl)-1,2,4-4H-oxadiazol-5-one (PMS1062) derivatives specific for group II enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:1989-2007. [PMID: 15727853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported the discovery of a series of specific inhibitors of human group IIA phospholipase A(2) (hGIIA PLA(2)) to display promising in vitro and in vivo properties. Here we describe the influence of different structural modifications on the specificity and potency against hGIIA PLA(2) versus porcine group IB PLA(2). The SAR results, as well as the logP and pK(a) values of oxadiazolone determined in this work, provide important information towards the comprehension of the mode of action of this kind of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Dong
- Unité de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Systèmes Membranaires (EA2381), Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Case 7066, 2, Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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