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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Update on relevant trypanosome peptidases: Validated targets and future challenges. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140577. [PMID: 33271348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of the American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the agents of Sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis, HAT), as well as Trypanosoma brucei brucei, the agent of the cattle disease nagana, contain cysteine, serine, threonine, aspartyl and metallo peptidases. The most abundant among these enzymes are the cysteine proteases from the Clan CA, the Cathepsin L-like cruzipain and rhodesain, and the Cathepsin B-like enzymes, which have essential roles in the parasites and thus are potential targets for chemotherapy. In addition, several other proteases, present in one or both parasites, have been characterized, and some of them are also promising candidates for the developing of new drugs. Recently, new inhibitors, with good selectivity for the parasite proteasomes, have been described and are very promising as lead compounds for the development of new therapies for these neglected diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Play and interplay of proteases in health and disease".
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Petrenko DE, Mikhailova AG, Timofeev VI, Agapova YК, Karlinsky DM, Komolov AS, Korzhenevskiy DA, Vlaskina AV, Rumsh LD, Rakitina TV. Molecular dynamics complemented by site-directed mutagenesis reveals significant difference between the interdomain salt bridge networks stabilizing oligopeptidases B from bacteria and protozoa in their active conformations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4868-4882. [PMID: 31724904 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1692694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidases B (OpdBs) are trypsin-like peptidases from protozoa and bacteria that belong to the prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) family. All POPs consist of C-terminal catalytic domain and N-terminal β-propeller domain and exist in two major conformations: closed (active), where the domains and residues of the catalytic triad are positioned close to each other, and open (non-active), where two domains and residues of the catalytic triad are separated. The interdomain interface, particularly, one of its salt bridges (SB1), plays a role in the transition between these two conformations. However, due to double amino acid substitution (E/R and R/Q), this functionally important SB1 is absent in γ-proteobacterial OpdBs including peptidase from Serratia proteamaculans (PSP). In this study, molecular dynamics was used to analyze inter- and intradomain interactions stabilizing PSP in the closed conformation, in which catalytic H652 is located close to other residues of the catalytic triad. The 3D models of either wild-type PSP or of mutant PSPs carrying activating mutations E125A and D649A in complexes with peptide-substrates were subjected to the analysis. The mechanism that regulates transition of H652 from active to non-active conformation upon domain separation in PSP and other γ-proteobacterial OpdB was proposed. The complex network of polar interactions within H652-loop/C-terminal α-helix and between these areas and β-propeller domain, established in silico, was in a good agreement with both previously published results on the effects of single-residue mutations and new data on the effects of the activating mutations on each other and on the low active mutant PSP-K655A.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry E Petrenko
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna G Mikhailova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Timofeev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia К Agapova
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David M Karlinsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr S Komolov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anna V Vlaskina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lev D Rumsh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Rakitina
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Bastos IMD, Motta FN, Grellier P, Santana JM. Parasite prolyl oligopeptidases and the challenge of designing chemotherapeuticals for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:3103-15. [PMID: 23514419 PMCID: PMC3778648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320250006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma brucei spp. cause Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 10 million people worldwide suffer from these neglected diseases, posing enormous social and economic problems in endemic areas. There are no vaccines to prevent these infections and chemotherapies are not adequate. This picture indicates that new chemotherapeutic agents must be developed to treat these illnesses. For this purpose, understanding the biology of the pathogenic trypanosomatid-host cell interface is fundamental for molecular and functional characterization of virulence factors that may be used as targets for the development of inhibitors to be used for effective chemotherapy. In this context, it is well known that proteases have crucial functions for both metabolism and infectivity of pathogens and are thus potential drug targets. In this regard, prolyl oligopeptidase and oligopeptidase B, both members of the S9 serine protease family, have been shown to play important roles in the interactions of pathogenic protozoa with their mammalian hosts and may thus be considered targets for drug design. This review aims to discuss structural and functional properties of these intriguing enzymes and their potential as targets for the development of drugs against Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M D Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Demidyuk IV, Kostrov SV, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Grinberg VY, Rumsh LD. Cloning, sequencing, expression, and characterization of thermostability of oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans, a novel psychrophilic protease. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 93:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fukumoto J, Ismail NIM, Kubo M, Kinoshita K, Inoue M, Yuasa K, Nishimoto M, Matsuki H, Tsuji A. Possible role of inter-domain salt bridges in oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei: critical role of Glu172 of non-catalytic -propeller domain in catalytic activity and Glu490 of catalytic domain in stability of OPB. J Biochem 2013; 154:465-73. [PMID: 23946505 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junki Fukumoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan; Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalam Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak D.R., Malaysia; and Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Trypanosoma cruzi heparin-binding proteins present a flagellar membrane localization and serine proteinase activity. Parasitology 2012; 140:171-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHeparin-binding proteins (HBPs) play a key role in Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interactions. HBPs recognize heparan sulfate (HS) at the host cell surface and are able to induce the cytoadherence and invasion of this parasite. Herein, we analysed the biochemical properties of the HBPs and also evaluated the expression and subcellular localization of HBPs in T. cruzi trypomastigotes. A flow cytometry analysis revealed that HBPs are highly expressed at the surface of trypomastigotes, and their peculiar localization mainly at the flagellar membrane, which is known as an important signalling domain, may enhance their binding to HS and elicit the parasite invasion. The plasmon surface resonance results demonstrated the stability of HBPs and their affinity to HS and heparin. Additionally, gelatinolytic activities of 70 kDa, 65·8 kDa and 59 kDa HBPs over a broad pH range (5·5–8·0) were revealed using a zymography assay. These proteolytic activities were sensitive to serine proteinase inhibitors, such as aprotinin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting that HBPs have the properties of trypsin-like proteinases.
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8
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Leishmania (L.) amazonensis peptidase activities inside the living cells and in their lysates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 184:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Kolomijtseva GY, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. III. Inhibition analysis. Specific interactions with metalloproteinase inhibitors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:300-6. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Alvarez VE, Niemirowicz GT, Cazzulo JJ. The peptidases of Trypanosoma cruzi: digestive enzymes, virulence factors, and mediators of autophagy and programmed cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:195-206. [PMID: 21621652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of the American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, contains cysteine, serine, threonine, aspartyl and metallo peptidases. The most abundant among these enzymes is cruzipain, a cysteine proteinase expressed as a mixture of isoforms, some of them membrane-bound. The enzyme is an immunodominant antigen in human chronic Chagas disease and seems to be important in the host/parasite relationship. Inhibitors of cruzipain kill the parasite and cure infected mice, thus validating the enzyme as a very promising target for the development of new drugs against the disease. In addition, a 30kDa cathepsin B-like enzyme, two metacaspases and two autophagins have been described. Serine peptidases described in the parasite include oligopeptidase B, a member of the prolyl oligopeptidase family involved in Ca(2+)-signaling during mammalian cell invasion; a prolyl endopeptidase (Tc80), against which inhibitors are being developed, and a lysosomal serine carboxypeptidase. Metallopeptidases homologous to the gp63 of Leishmania spp. are present, as well as two metallocarboxypeptidases belonging to the M32 family, previously found only in prokaryotes. The proteasome has properties similar to those of other eukaryotes, and its inhibition by lactacystin blocks some differentiation steps in the life cycle of the parasite. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina E Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB-INTECH, Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mikhailova AG, Khairullin RF, Demidyuk IV, Gromova TY, Kostrov SV, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. II. Enzymatic characteristics: Substrate analysis, influence of calcium ions, pH and temperature dependences. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:480-90. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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McLuskey K, Paterson NG, Bland ND, Isaacs NW, Mottram JC. Crystal structure of Leishmania major oligopeptidase B gives insight into the enzymatic properties of a trypanosomatid virulence factor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39249-59. [PMID: 20926390 PMCID: PMC2998157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.156679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B (OPB) is a serine peptidase with dibasic substrate specificity. It is found in bacteria, plants, and trypanosomatid pathogens, where it has been identified as a virulence factor and potential drug target. In this study we expressed active recombinant Leishmania major OPB and provide the first structure of an oligopeptidase B at high resolution. The crystallographic study reveals that OPB comprises two domains, a catalytic and a propeller domain, linked together by a hinge region. The structure has been determined in complex with the oligopeptide, protease-inhibitor antipain, giving detailed information on the enzyme active site and extended substrate binding pockets. It shows that Glu-621 plays a critical role in the S1 binding pocket and, along with Phe-603, is largely responsible for the enzyme substrate specificity in P1. In the S2 binding pocket, Tyr-499 was shown to be important for substrate stability. The structure also allowed an investigation into the function of residues highlighted in other studies including Glu-623, which was predicted to be involved in the S1 binding pocket but is found forming an inter-domain hydrogen bond. Additional important salt bridges/hydrogen bonds between the two domains were observed, highlighting the significance of the domain interface in OPB. This work provides a foundation for the study of the role of OPBs as virulence factors in trypanosomatids. It could facilitate the development of specific OPB inhibitors with therapeutic potential by exploiting its unique substrate recognition properties as well as providing a model for OPBs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McLuskey
- Westchem School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Munday JC, McLuskey K, Brown E, Coombs GH, Mottram JC. Oligopeptidase B deficient mutants of Leishmania major. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 175:49-57. [PMID: 20883728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B is a clan SC, family S9 serine peptidase found in gram positive bacteria, plants and trypanosomatids. Evidence suggests it is a virulence factor and thus therapeutic target in both Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei, but little is known about its function in Leishmania. In this study L. major OPB-deficient mutants (Δopb) were created. These grew normally as promastigotes, had a small deficiency in their ability to undergo differentiation to metacyclic promastigotes, were significantly less able to infect and survive within macrophages in vitro, but were virulent to mice. These data suggest that L. major OPB itself is not an important virulence factor, indicating functional differences between trypanosomes and Leishmania in their interaction with the mammalian host. The possibility that an OPB-like enzyme (designated OPB2) in L. major might compensate for the loss of OPB in Δopb was investigated via by mapping its sequence onto the 1.6Å structure of L. major OPB. This suggested that the residues involved in the S1 and S2 subsites of OPB2 are identical to OPB and hence the substrate specificity would be similar. Consequently there may be redundancy between the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Munday
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
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Khairullin RF, Mikhailova AG, Sebyakina TY, Lubenets NL, Ziganshin RH, Demidyuk IV, Gromova TY, Kostrov SV, Rumsh LD. Oligopeptidase B from Serratia proteamaculans. I. Determination of primary structure, isolation, and purification of wild-type and recombinant enzyme variants. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:1164-72. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Oligopeptidase B: A processing peptidase involved in pathogenesis. Biochimie 2008; 90:336-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oligopeptidase B from Leishmania amazonensis: molecular cloning, gene expression analysis and molecular model. Parasitol Res 2008; 101:865-75. [PMID: 18074461 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serine oligopeptidases of trypanosomatids are emerging as important virulence factors and therapeutic targets in trypanosome infections. A complete open reading frame of oligopeptidase B from Leishmania amazonensis was amplified with polymerase chain reaction with gradient annealing temperatures using primers designed for the oligopeptidase B gene from L. major. The 2,196-bp fragment coded for a protein of 731 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 83.49 KDa. The encoded protein (La_OpB) shares a 90% identity with oligopeptidases of L. major and L. infantum, 84% with L. braziliensis, and approximately 62% identity with Trypanosoma peptidases. The oligopeptidase B gene is expressed in all cycle stages of L. amazonensis. The three dimensional model of La_OpB was obtained by homology modeling based on the structure of prolyl oligopeptidases. We mapped a La_OpB model that presents a greater negative charge than prolyl oligopeptidases; our results suggest a difference in the S2 subsite when compared to oligopeptidases B from Trypanosoma and bacterial oligopeptidases B. The La_OpB model serves as a starting point for its exploration as a potential target source for a rational chemotherapy.
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de Matos Guedes HL, Carneiro MPD, Gomes DCDO, Rossi-Bergmanmn B, Giovanni de Simone S. Oligopeptidase B from L. amazonensis: molecular cloning, gene expression analysis and molecular model. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:853-63. [PMID: 17530480 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Serine oligopeptidases of trypanosomatids are emerging as important virulence factors and therapeutic targets in trypanosome infections. A complete open reading frame of oligopeptidase B from Leishmania amazonensis was amplified with polymerase chain reaction with gradient annealing temperatures using primers designed for the oligopeptidase B gene from L. major. The 2,196-bp fragment coded for a protein of 731 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 83.49 KDa. The encoded protein (La_OpB) shares a 90% identity with oligopeptidases of L. major and L. infantum, 84% with L. braziliensis, and approximately 62 identity with Trypanosoma peptidases. The oligopeptidase B gene is expressed in all cycle stages of L. amazonensis. The three dimensional model of La_OpB was obtained by homology modeling based on the structure of prolyl oligopeptidases. We mapped a La_OpB model that presents a greater negative charge than prolyl oligopeptidases; our results suggest a difference in the S2 subsite when compared to oligopeptidases B from Trypanosoma and bacterial oligopeptidases B. The La_OpB model serves as a starting point for its exploration as a potential target source for a rational chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rea D, Hazell C, Andrews NW, Morty RE, Fülöp V. Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:808-10. [PMID: 16880564 PMCID: PMC2242912 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106027874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant oligopeptidase B from T. brucei has been prepared and crystallized. Data were collected to 2.7 Å. Heavy-atom soaks and preparation of selenomethionine-substituted protein are in progress for structure determination by MAD or MIR. African sleeping sickness, also called trypanosomiasis, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Peptidases from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent, include the serine peptidase oligopeptidase B, a documented virulence factor and therapeutic target. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of oligopeptidase B is desirable to facilitate the development of novel inhibitors. Oligopeptidase B was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as an N-terminally hexahistidine-tagged fusion protein, purified using metal-affinity chromatography and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique in 7%(w/v) polyethylene glycol 6000, 1 M LiCl, 0.1 M bis-tris propane pH 7.5. Diffraction data to 2.7 Å resolution were collected using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to space group P3121 or P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 124.5, c = 249.9 Å. A complete data set to 2.7 Å was collected using synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Rea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
| | - Carole Hazell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
| | - Norma W. Andrews
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Medical Centre, Aulweg 123 (Room 6-11), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Tsuji A, Yoshimoto T, Yuasa K, Matsuda Y. Protamine: a unique and potent inhibitor of oligopeptidase B. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:65-71. [PMID: 15948139 DOI: 10.1002/psc.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B is a serine endopeptidase found in prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes and higher plants. The enzyme has been shown recently to play a central role in the pathogenesis of several parasitic diseases such as African trypanosomiasis, and to be a potential therapeutic target. This study reports that protamine, a basic peptide rich in arginine, is a potent inhibitor at the nanomolar level of oligopeptidase B from E. coli and wheat. Protamines 1B, 2C, 3A and TP17 displayed similar inhibitory activities and were capable of binding strongly to oligopeptidase B without proteolytic cleavage. The concentration of protamine needed for 50% inhibition (IC50) of oligopeptidase B was 10(4)-fold lower than the IC50 of trypsin. Oligopeptidase B was highly sensitive to inhibition by protamines even in the presence of serum (IC50, 1 microM). These data indicate that protamines might provide information useful for the design of more specific synthetic oligopeptidase B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, The faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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Lopes AR, Juliano MA, Marana SR, Juliano L, Terra WR. Substrate specificity of insect trypsins and the role of their subsites in catalysis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 36:130-40. [PMID: 16431280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypsins have high sequence similarity, although the responses of insect trypsins to chemical and natural inhibitors suggest they differ in specificities. Purified digestive trypsins from insects of four different orders were assayed with internally quenched fluorescent oligopeptides with two different amino acids at P1 (Arg/Lys) and 15 amino acid replacements in positions P1', P2', P2, and P3. The binding energy (deltaG(s), calculated from Km values) and the activation energy (deltaG(T)(double dagger), determined from kcat/Km values) were calculated. Dictyoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera trypsins hydrolyze peptides with Arg at P1 at least 3 times more efficiently than peptides with Lys at P1, whereas Lepidoptera trypsins have no preference between Arg and Lys at that position. The hydrophobicities of each subsite were calculated from the efficiency of hydrolysis of the different amino acid replacements at that subsite. The results suggested that insect trypsin subsites become progressively more hydrophobic along evolution. Apparently, this is an adaptation to resist plant protein inhibitors, which usually have polar residues at their reactive sites. Results also suggested that, at least in lepidopteran trypsins, S3, S2, S1', and S2' significantly bind the substrate ground state, whereas in the transition state only S1' and S2' do that, supporting aspects of the presently accepted mechanism of trypsin catalysis. Homology modeling showed differences among those trypsins that may account for the varied kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
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Morty RE, Shih AY, Fülöp V, Andrews NW. Identification of the reactive cysteine residues in oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:2191-6. [PMID: 15811340 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B (OpdB) from Trypanosoma brucei is a candidate therapeutic target in African trypanosomiasis. OpdB is an atypical serine peptidase, since activity is inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents and enhanced by reducing agents. We have identified C256 as the reactive cysteine residue that mediates OpdB inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetic acid. Modeling studies suggest that C256 adducts occlude the P(1) substrate-binding site, preventing substrate binding. We further demonstrate that C559 and C597 are responsible for the thiol-enhancement of OpdB activity. These studies may facilitate the development of specific OpdB inhibitors with therapeutic potential, by exploiting these unique properties of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen School of Medicine, Aulweg 123 (Room 6-11), D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Morty RE, Pellé R, Vadász I, Uzcanga GL, Seeger W, Bubis J. Oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma evansi. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10925-37. [PMID: 15644339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine oligopeptidases of trypanosomatids are emerging as important virulence factors and therapeutic targets in trypanosome infections. We report here the isolation and characterization of oligopeptidase B (OpdB) and its corresponding gene from Trypanosoma evansi, a pathogen of significant veterinary importance. The T. evansi opdB gene was present as a single copy per haploid genome containing an open reading frame of 2148 bp encoding a protein of 80.664 kDa. Purified OpdB hydrolyzed substrates with basic residues in P1 (k(cat)/K(m) for carbobenzyloxy-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, 337 s(-1) x microm(-1)) and exhibited potent arginyl carboxypeptidase activity (k(cat)/K(m) for Val-Lys-Arg Arg-OH, 231 s(-1) x mM(-1)). While not secreted, T. evansi released OpdB into the plasma of infected hosts where it retained catalytic activity. Plasma OpdB levels correlated with blood parasitemia. In vitro, OpdB cleaved the peptide hormone atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) at four sites: Arg3 Arg4, Arg4 Ser5, Arg11 Ile12, and Arg27 Tyr28, thereby abrogating smooth muscle relaxant and prohypotensive properties of ANF. Circulating plasma ANF levels in T. evansi-infected rats were depressed from 130 to 8 pg x ml(-1), and plasma ANF levels inversely correlated with plasma OpdB activity. The in vitro half-life of ANF in rat plasma was reduced 300-fold in plasma from T. evansi-infected rodents, which contains high levels of OpdB activity. Addition of OpdB inhibitors to cell-free plasma from infected rodents significantly abrogated this ANF hydrolysis. Furthermore the in vivo ANF half-life was reduced 5-fold in T. evansi-infected rats. Thus, we propose a role for OpdB in peptide hormone dysregulation in trypanosomiasis, specifically in generating the depressed plasma levels of ANF in mammals infected with T. evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Medical Centre, Aulweg 123 (Raum 6-11), D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Aparicio IM, Scharfstein J, Lima APCA. A new cruzipain-mediated pathway of human cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi requires trypomastigote membranes. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5892-902. [PMID: 15385491 PMCID: PMC517595 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5892-5902.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas' disease, a chronic illness associated with cardiomyopathy and digestive disorders. This pathogen invades mammalian cells by signaling them through multiple transduction pathways. We previously showed that cruzipain, the main cysteine protease of T. cruzi, promotes host cell invasion by activating kinin receptors. Here, we report a cruzipain-mediated invasion route that is not blocked by kinin receptor antagonists. By testing different strains of T. cruzi, we observed a correlation between the level of cruzipain secreted by trypomastigotes and the capacity of the pathogen to invade host cells. Consistent with a role for cruzipain, the cysteine protease inhibitor N-methylpiperazine-urea-Phe-homophenylalanine-vinylsulfone-benzene impaired the invasion of human smooth muscle cells by strains Dm28c and X10/6 but not by the G isolate. Cruzipain-rich supernatants of Dm28c trypomastigotes enhanced the infectivity of isolate G parasites twofold, an effect which was abolished by the cysteine protease inhibitor l-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane and by thapsigargin, a drug that induces depletion of the intracellular Ca(2+) stores. The enhancement due to Dm28 supernatants was abolished upon cruzipain immunodepletion, and the activity was restored by purified cruzipain. In contrast, supernatants from isolate G trypomastigotes (with low levels of cruzipain) or supernatants from Dm28c epimastigotes or purified cruzipain alone did not enhance parasite invasion, indicating that the protease is required but not sufficient to engage this invasion pathway. We provide evidence that activation of this pathway requires cruzipain-mediated processing of a trypomastigote molecule associated with parasite-shed membranes. Our results couple cruzipain to host cell invasion through a kinin-independent route and further suggest that high-level cruzipain expression may contribute to parasite infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela M Aparicio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Bloco G, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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