1
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Hu T, Tang W, Hong W, Huang Q, Sun X, Wu W, Zhang J. Spermine oxidase regulates liver inflammation and fibrosis through β-catenin pathway. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102421. [PMID: 39002816 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermine oxidase (SMOX), an inducible enzyme involved in the catabolic pathway of polyamine, was found to be upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and might be an important oncogene of it in our previous studies. This study attempted to further investigate its relationship with liver inflammation and fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The effect of SMOX inhibition on LPS-induced inflammatory response in mouse liver cell line AML12 was validated by using small interfering RNA or SMOX inhibitor MDL72527. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were utilized to verify whether LPS could induce β-catenin to transfer into the nucleus and whether it could be reversed by interfering with the expression of SMOX or using SMOX inhibitor. Then, the SMOX inhibitor MDL72527 and SMOX knockout mice were used to verify the hypothesis above in vivo. RESULTS The expression of SMOX could be induced by LPS in AML12 cells. The inhibition of SMOX could inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory response in AML12 cells. LPS could induce β-catenin transfer from cytoplasm to nucleus, while SMOX downregulation or inhibition could partially reverse this process. In vivo intervention with SMOX inhibitor MDL72527 or SMOX knockout mice could significantly improve the damage of liver function, reduce intrahepatic inflammation, inhibit the nuclear transfer of β-catenin in liver tissue, and alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. CONCLUSION SMOX can promote the inflammatory response and fibrosis of hepatocytes. It provides a new therapeutic strategy for hepatitis and liver fibrosis, inhibiting early liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wenqing Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qingke Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wenzhi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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2
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Alhumaid A, Liu F, Shan S, Jafari E, Nourin N, Somanath PR, Narayanan SP. Spermine oxidase inhibitor, MDL 72527, reduced neovascularization, vascular permeability, and acrolein-conjugated proteins in a mouse model of ischemic retinopathy. Tissue Barriers 2024:2347070. [PMID: 38682891 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2024.2347070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in polyamine metabolism have been identified as contributing factors to various central nervous system disorders. Our laboratory has previously highlighted the crucial role of polyamine oxidation in retinal disease models, specifically noting elevated levels of spermine oxidase (SMOX) in inner retinal neurons. Our prior research demonstrated that inhibiting SMOX with MDL 72527 protected against vascular injury and microglial activation induced by hyperoxia in the retina. However, the effects of SMOX inhibition on retinal neovascularization and vascular permeability, along with the underlying molecular mechanisms of vascular protection, remain incompletely understood. In this study, we utilized the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model to explore the impact of SMOX inhibition on retinal neovascularization, vascular permeability, and the molecular mechanisms underlying MDL 72527-mediated vasoprotection in the OIR retina. Our findings indicate that inhibiting SMOX with MDL 72527 mitigated vaso-obliteration and neovascularization in the OIR retina. Additionally, it reduced OIR-induced vascular permeability and Claudin-5 expression, suppressed acrolein-conjugated protein levels, and downregulated P38/ERK1/2/STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, our results revealed that treatment with BSA-Acrolein conjugates significantly decreased the viability of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) and activated P38 signaling. These observations contribute valuable insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of SMOX inhibition by MDL 72527 in ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alhumaid
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shengshuai Shan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eissa Jafari
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Nourin
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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3
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Kaiser A. The Role of Spermidine and Its Key Metabolites in Important, Pathogenic Human Viruses and in Parasitic Infections Caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050803. [PMID: 37238673 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The triamine spermidine is a key metabolite of the polyamine pathway. It plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases caused by viral or parasitic infections. Spermidine and its metabolizing enzymes, i.e., spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase, spermine oxidase, acetyl polyamine oxidase, and deoxyhypusine synthase, fulfill common functions during infection in parasitic protozoa and viruses which are obligate, intracellular parasites. The competition for this important polyamine between the infected host cell and the pathogen determines the severity of infection in disabling human parasites and pathogenic viruses. Here, we review the impact of spermidine and its metabolites in disease development of the most important, pathogenic human viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, Ebola, and in the human parasites Plasmodium and Trypanosomes. Moreover, state-of-the-art translational approaches to manipulate spermidine metabolism in the host and the pathogen are discussed to accelerate drug development against these threatful, infectious human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kaiser
- Medical Research Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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4
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Structure of human spermine oxidase in complex with a highly selective allosteric inhibitor. Commun Biol 2022; 5:787. [PMID: 35931745 PMCID: PMC9355956 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human spermine oxidase (hSMOX) plays a central role in polyamine catabolism. Due to its association with several pathological processes, including inflammation and cancer, hSMOX has garnered interest as a possible therapeutic target. Therefore, determination of the structure of hSMOX is an important step to enable drug discovery and validate hSMOX as a drug target. Using insights from hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we engineered a hSMOX construct to obtain the first crystal structure of hSMOX bound to the known polyamine oxidase inhibitor MDL72527 at 2.4 Å resolution. While the overall fold of hSMOX is similar to its homolog, murine N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase (mPAOX), the two structures contain significant differences, notably in their substrate-binding domains and active site pockets. Subsequently, we employed a sensitive biochemical assay to conduct a high-throughput screen that identified a potent and selective hSMOX inhibitor, JNJ-1289. The co-crystal structure of hSMOX with JNJ-1289 was determined at 2.1 Å resolution, revealing that JNJ-1289 binds to an allosteric site, providing JNJ-1289 with a high degree of selectivity towards hSMOX. These results provide crucial insights into understanding the substrate specificity and enzymatic mechanism of hSMOX, and for the design of highly selective inhibitors. Rational engineering of human spermine oxidase yields crystallizable structures and the design of an allosteric inhibitor.
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5
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Polyamines and Their Metabolism: From the Maintenance of Physiological Homeostasis to the Mediation of Disease. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10030038. [PMID: 35893120 PMCID: PMC9326668 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic molecules. They are critical in the regulation of nucleic acid and protein structures, protein synthesis, protein and nucleic acid interactions, oxidative balance, and cell proliferation. Cellular polyamine levels are tightly controlled through their import, export, de novo synthesis, and catabolism. Enzymes and enzymatic cascades involved in polyamine metabolism have been well characterized. This knowledge has been used for the development of novel compounds for research and medical applications. Furthermore, studies have shown that disturbances in polyamine levels and their metabolic pathways, as a result of spontaneous mutations in patients, genetic engineering in mice or experimentally induced injuries in rodents, are associated with multiple maladaptive changes. The adverse effects of altered polyamine metabolism have also been demonstrated in in vitro models. These observations highlight the important role these molecules and their metabolism play in the maintenance of physiological normalcy and the mediation of injury. This review will attempt to cover the extensive and diverse knowledge of the biological role of polyamines and their metabolism in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis and the mediation of tissue injury.
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6
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Zhang M, Tao Z, Gao L, Chen F, Ye Y, Xu S, Huang W, Li X. Toosendanin inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth through the Hedgehog pathway by targeting Shh. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1201-1211. [PMID: 35656621 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers worldwide. This complex and often fatal disease has a high mortality rate. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial in CRC. Many studies have indicated that Shh is overexpressed in cancer stem cells (CSCs), and shh overexpression is positively correlated with CRC tumorigenesis. New drugs that kill CRC cells through the Hh pathway are needed. Toosendanin (TSN), a natural triterpenoid saponin extracted from the bark or fruit of Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc, can inhibit various tumors. Here, we investigated the effects of TSN in CRC and explored the possible targets and mechanisms. Shh-Light Ⅱ cells were treated with TSN and tested by dual luciferase reporter assays to determine the relationship with the Hh pathway. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to test the inhibitory effects of TSN on CRC cells. The expression of Hh components after TSN treatment was detected using western blots and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cellular thermal shift assays confirmed the targets of TSN. The same effects of TSN on xenograft tumor growth were investigated in vivo. The average weight, volume of the finally resected tumor, and the expression of Shh in the TSN-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. This result strongly suggested that TSN administration inhibited CRC growth in vivo. Our research preliminarily demonstrated that the target of TSN was Shh and that TSN inhibits CRC cell growth by inhibiting the Hh pathway, identifying a new anticancer molecular mechanism of TSN in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyi Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shifang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Sun L, Yang J, Qin Y, Wang Y, Wu H, Zhou Y, Cao C. Discovery and antitumor evaluation of novel inhibitors of spermine oxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1140-1151. [PMID: 31159606 PMCID: PMC6567099 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1621863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing knowledge of the relationship between cancer and dysregulated polyamine catabolism suggests interfering with aberrant polyamine metabolism for anticancer therapy that will have considerable clinical promise. SMO (spermine oxidase) plays an essential role in regulating the polyamines homeostasis. Therefore, development of SMO inhibitors has increasingly attracted much attention. Previously, we successfully purified and characterised SMO. Here, we presented an in silico drug discovery pipeline by combining pharmacophore modelling and molecular docking for the virtual screening of SMO inhibitors. In vitro evaluation showed that N-(3-{[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino}propyl)-8-quinolinecarboxamide (SI-4650) inhibited SMO enzyme activity, increased substrate spermine content and reduced product spermidine content, indicating that SI-4650 can interfere with polyamine metabolism. Furthermore, SI-4650 treatment suppressed cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, SI-4650 caused cell cycle arrest, induced cell apoptosis, and promoted autophagy. These results demonstrated the properties of interfering with polyamine metabolism of SI-4650 as a SMO inhibitor and the potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - You Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
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8
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Narayanan SP, Shosha E, D Palani C. Spermine oxidase: A promising therapeutic target for neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104299. [PMID: 31207342 PMCID: PMC7011157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), is a significant public health issue and the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults worldwide. The vision loss associated with DR affects patients' quality of life and has negative social and psychological effects. In the past, diabetic retinopathy was considered as a vascular disease; however, it is now recognized to be a neuro-vascular disease of the retina. Current therapies for DR, such as laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy, treat advanced stages of the disease, particularly the vasculopathy and have adverse side effects. Unavailability of effective treatments to prevent the incidence or progression of DR is a major clinical problem. There is a great need for therapeutic interventions capable of preventing retinal damage in DR patients. A growing body of evidence shows that neurodegeneration is an early event in DR pathogenesis. Therefore, studies of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration are essential for identifying new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR. Deregulation of the polyamine metabolism is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, renal failure, and diabetes. Spermine Oxidase (SMOX) is a highly inducible enzyme, and its dysregulation can alter polyamine homeostasis. The oxidative products of polyamine metabolism are capable of inducing cell damage and death. The current review provides insight into the SMOX-regulated molecular mechanisms of cellular damage and dysfunction, and its potential as a therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy. Structural and functional changes in the diabetic retina and the mechanisms leading to neuronal damage (excitotoxicity, loss of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction etc.) are also summarized in this review. Furthermore, existing therapies and new approaches to neuroprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chithra D Palani
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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9
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Hu T, Sun D, Zhang J, Xue R, Janssen HLA, Tang W, Dong L. Spermine oxidase is upregulated and promotes tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:967-977. [PMID: 29923661 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The polyamine catabolic enzyme, spermine oxidase (SMOX) is upregulated in chronic inflammatory conditions and linked to increased reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in various forms of cancers. The present study aims to explore the expression pattern and biological function of SMOX in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry to examine SMOX expression in four HCC cell lines and 120 HCC clinical samples, and the clinical significance of SMOX was analyzed. The biological function of SMOX on HCC cells was detected both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Results showed that SMOX was overexpressed in HCC cell lines and clinical HCC tissues. Moreover, SMOX expression levels were gradually increased in normal liver, chronic hepatitis, and HCC tissues. Increased SMOX expression was correlated with poor clinical features of HCC. Patients with positive SMOX expression in tumor tissues indicated worse overall survival (P = 0.008) and shorter relapse-free survival (P = 0.002). Knockdown of SMOX inhibited HCC cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle at S phase, and resulted in an increase of apoptosis. The in vivo study showed that inhibition of SMOX in HCC cells significantly repressed tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, we showed that SMOX might exert its function by regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that SMOX upregulation could be a critical oncogene in HCC and might serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dalong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wenqing Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Bagati A, Fink EE, Affronti HC, Lipchick BC, Moparthy S, Long MD, Rosario SR, Lightman SM, Moparthy K, Wolff DW, Yun DH, Han Z, Polechetti A, Roll MV, Gitlin II, Leonova KI, Rowsam AM, Kandel ES, Gudkov AV, Bergsagel PL, Lee KP, Smiraglia DJ, Nikiforov MA. Inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/polyamine biosynthesis axis suppresses multiple myeloma. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4682-4696. [PMID: 30198908 DOI: 10.1172/jci70712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamine inhibition for cancer therapy is, conceptually, an attractive approach but has yet to meet success in the clinical setting. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is the central transcriptional regulator of the xenobiotic response. Our study revealed that AHR also positively regulates intracellular polyamine production via direct transcriptional activation of 2 genes, ODC1 and AZIN1, which are involved in polyamine biosynthesis and control, respectively. In patients with multiple myeloma (MM), AHR levels were inversely correlated with survival, suggesting that AHR inhibition may be beneficial for the treatment of this disease. We identified clofazimine (CLF), an FDA-approved anti-leprosy drug, as a potent AHR antagonist and a suppressor of polyamine biosynthesis. Experiments in a transgenic model of MM (Vk*Myc mice) and in immunocompromised mice bearing MM cell xenografts revealed high efficacy of CLF comparable to that of bortezomib, a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of MM. This study identifies a previously unrecognized regulatory axis between AHR and polyamine metabolism and reveals CLF as an inhibitor of AHR and a potentially clinically relevant anti-MM agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hayley C Affronti
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Brittany C Lipchick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sudha Moparthy
- Department of Cell Stress Biology.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark D Long
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Spencer R Rosario
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Shivana M Lightman
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kalyana Moparthy
- Department of Cell Stress Biology.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David W Wolff
- Department of Cell Stress Biology.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Zhannan Han
- Department of Cell Stress Biology.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew V Roll
- Department of Cell Stress Biology.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Aryn M Rowsam
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | | | - P Leif Bergsagel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Kelvin P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Dominic J Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mikhail A Nikiforov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Smirnova OA, Bartosch B, Zakirova NF, Kochetkov SN, Ivanov AV. Polyamine Metabolism and Oxidative Protein Folding in the ER as ROS-Producing Systems Neglected in Virology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041219. [PMID: 29673197 PMCID: PMC5979612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in various cell compartments by an array of enzymes and processes. An excess of ROS production can be hazardous for normal cell functioning, whereas at normal levels, ROS act as vital regulators of many signal transduction pathways and transcription factors. ROS production is affected by a wide range of viruses. However, to date, the impact of viral infections has been studied only in respect to selected ROS-generating enzymes. The role of several ROS-generating and -scavenging enzymes or cellular systems in viral infections has never been addressed. In this review, we focus on the roles of biogenic polyamines and oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their interplay with viruses. Polyamines act as ROS scavengers, however, their catabolism is accompanied by H2O2 production. Hydrogen peroxide is also produced during oxidative protein folding, with ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) being a major source of oxidative equivalents. In addition, Ero1 controls Ca2+ efflux from the ER in response to e.g., ER stress. Here, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on the physiological roles of biogenic polyamines and the role of Ero1 at the ER, and present available data on their interplay with viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS 5286, Lyon University, 69003 Lyon, France.
- DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), Lyon 69003, France.
| | - Natalia F Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Targeting polyamine metabolism for cancer therapy and prevention. Biochem J 2017; 473:2937-53. [PMID: 27679855 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemically simple, biologically complex eukaryotic polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are positively charged alkylamines involved in many crucial cellular processes. Along with their diamine precursor putrescine, their normally high intracellular concentrations require fine attenuation by multiple regulatory mechanisms to keep these essential molecules within strict physiologic ranges. Since the metabolism of and requirement for polyamines are frequently dysregulated in neoplastic disease, the metabolic pathway and functions of polyamines provide rational drug targets; however, these targets have been difficult to exploit for chemotherapy. It is the goal of this article to review the latest findings in the field that demonstrate the potential utility of targeting the metabolism and function of polyamines as strategies for both chemotherapy and, possibly more importantly, chemoprevention.
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13
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Uemura T, Nakamura M, Sakamoto A, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Terui Y, Tomitori H, Casero RA, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Decrease in acrolein toxicity based on the decline of polyamine oxidases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:151-157. [PMID: 27590852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown recently that acrolein is strongly involved in cell damage during brain infarction and chronic renal failure. To study the mechanism of acrolein detoxification, we tried to isolate Neuro2a cells with reduced sensitivity to acrolein toxicity (Neuro2a-ATD cells). In one cell line, Neuro2a-ATD1, the level of glutathione (GSH) was increased. We recently isolated a second cell line, Neuro2a-ATD2, and found that acrolein-producing enzymes [polyamine oxidases (PAO); i.e. acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO), and spermine oxidase (SMO)] are reduced in this cell line due to changes at the level of transcription. In the Neuro2a-ATD2 cells, the IC50 of acrolein increased from 4.2 to 6.8μM, and the levels of FosB and C/EBPβ - transcription factors involved in the transcription of AcPAO and SMO genes - were reduced. Transfection of siRNAs for FosB and C/EBPβ reduced the levels of AcPAO and SMO, respectively. In addition, the synthesis of FosB and AcPAO was also decreased by siRNA for C/EBPβ, because C/EBPβ is one of the transcription factors for the FosB gene. It was also found that transfection of siRNA for C/EBPβ decreased SMO promoter activity in Neuro2a cells but not in ATD2 cells confirming that a decrease in C/EBPβ is involved in the reduced SMO activity in Neuro2a-ATD2 cells. Furthermore, transfection of the cDNA for AcPAO or SMO into Neuro2a cells increased the toxicity of acrolein. These results suggest that acrolein is mainly produced from polyamines by PAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uemura
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakamura
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tomitori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Robert A Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting Blaustein Building, 1650 Orlearns Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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14
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Wang Q, Wang YL, Wang K, Yang JL, Cao CY. Polyamine analog TBP inhibits proliferation of human K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells by induced apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:278-282. [PMID: 25435975 PMCID: PMC4246664 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the novel polyamine analog tetrabutyl propanediamine (TBP) on the growth of K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells and the underlying mechanism of these effects. MTT was used for the analysis of cell proliferation and flow cytometry was performed to analyze cell cycle distribution. DNA fragmentation analysis and Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining were used to identify apoptotic cells. The activity of the key enzymes in polyamine catabolism was detected using chemiluminescence. TBP can induce apoptosis and significantly inhibit K562 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TBP treatment significantly induced the enzyme activity of spermine oxidase and acetylpolyamine oxidase in K562 cells, and also enhanced the inhibitory effect of the antitumor drug doxorubicin on K562 cell proliferation. As a novel polyamine analog, TBP significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in K562 cells by upregulating the activity of the key enzymes in the polyamine catabolic pathways. TBP also increased the sensitivity of the K562 cells to the antitumor drug doxorubicin. These data indicate an important potential value of TBP for clinical therapy of human CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Lin Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Chemical and Pharmacy, Wuhan Engineering University, Wuhan, Hubei 430073, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yu Cao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
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15
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Battaglia V, Shields CD, Murray-Stewart T, Casero RA. Polyamine catabolism in carcinogenesis: potential targets for chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Amino Acids 2014; 46:511-9. [PMID: 23771789 PMCID: PMC3795954 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines, including spermine, spermidine, and the precursor diamine, putrescine, are naturally occurring polycationic alkylamines that are required for eukaryotic cell growth, differentiation, and survival. This absolute requirement for polyamines and the need to maintain intracellular levels within specific ranges require a highly regulated metabolic pathway primed for rapid changes in response to cellular growth signals, environmental changes, and stress. Although the polyamine metabolic pathway is strictly regulated in normal cells, dysregulation of polyamine metabolism is a frequent event in cancer. Recent studies suggest that the polyamine catabolic pathway may be involved in the etiology of some epithelial cancers. The catabolism of spermine to spermidine utilizes either the one-step enzymatic reaction of spermine oxidase (SMO) or the two-step process of spermidine/spermine N (1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) coupled with the peroxisomal enzyme N (1)-acetylpolyamine oxidase. Both catabolic pathways produce hydrogen peroxide and a reactive aldehyde that are capable of damaging DNA and other critical cellular components. The catabolic pathway also depletes the intracellular concentrations of spermidine and spermine, which are free radical scavengers. Consequently, the polyamine catabolic pathway in general and specifically SMO and SSAT provide exciting new targets for chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Battaglia
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Christina DeStefano Shields
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Program in Molecular and Translational Toxicology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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16
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Cervelli M, Bellavia G, D'Amelio M, Cavallucci V, Moreno S, Berger J, Nardacci R, Marcoli M, Maura G, Piacentini M, Amendola R, Cecconi F, Mariottini P. A New Transgenic Mouse Model for Studying the Neurotoxicity of Spermine Oxidase Dosage in the Response to Excitotoxic Injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64810. [PMID: 23840306 PMCID: PMC3686797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermine oxidase is a FAD-containing enzyme involved in polyamines catabolism, selectively oxidizing spermine to produce H2O2, spermidine, and 3-aminopropanal. Spermine oxidase is highly expressed in the mouse brain and plays a key role in regulating the levels of spermine, which is involved in protein synthesis, cell division and cell growth. Spermine is normally released by neurons at synaptic sites where it exerts a neuromodulatory function, by specifically interacting with different types of ion channels, and with ionotropic glutamate receptors. In order to get an insight into the neurobiological roles of spermine oxidase and spermine, we have deregulated spermine oxidase gene expression producing and characterizing the transgenic mouse model JoSMOrec, conditionally overexpressing the enzyme in the neocortex. We have investigated the effects of spermine oxidase overexpression in the mouse neocortex by transcript accumulation, immunohistochemical analysis, enzymatic assays and polyamine content in young and aged animals. Transgenic JoSMOrec mice showed in the neocortex a higher H2O2 production in respect to Wild-Type controls, indicating an increase of oxidative stress due to SMO overexpression. Moreover, the response of transgenic mice to excitotoxic brain injury, induced by kainic acid injection, was evaluated by analysing the behavioural phenotype, the immunodistribution of neural cell populations, and the ultrastructural features of neocortical neurons. Spermine oxidase overexpression and the consequently altered polyamine levels in the neocortex affects the cytoarchitecture in the adult and aging brain, as well as after neurotoxic insult. It resulted that the transgenic JoSMOrec mouse line is more sensitive to KA than Wild-Type mice, indicating an important role of spermine oxidase during excitotoxicity. These results provide novel evidences of the complex and critical functions carried out by spermine oxidase and spermine in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università “Roma Tre,” Rome, Italy
| | - Joachim Berger
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Roberta Nardacci
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, IRCCS “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sez. Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica CEBR, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sez. Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica CEBR, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, IRCCS “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Amendola
- Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Il Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Sezione Tossicologia e Scienze Biomediche (BAS-BIOTECMED), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Cervelli M, Amendola R, Polticelli F, Mariottini P. Spermine oxidase: ten years after. Amino Acids 2012; 42:441-50. [PMID: 21809080 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (SMO) was discovered much more recently than other enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism; this review summarizes 10 years of researches on this enzyme. Spermine oxidase (SMO) is a FAD-dependent enzyme that specifically oxidizes spermine (Spm) and plays a dominant role in the highly regulated mammalian polyamines catabolism. SMO participates in drug response, apoptosis, response to stressful stimuli and etiology of several pathological conditions, including cancer. SMO is a highly inducible enzyme, its deregulation can alter polyamine homeostasis, and dysregulation of polyamine catabolism is often associated with several disease states. The oxidative products of SMO activity are spermidine, and the reactive oxygen species H(2)O(2) and the aldehyde 3-aminopropanal each with the potential to produce cellular damages and pathologies. The SMO substrate Spm is a tetramine that plays mandatory roles in several cell functions, such as DNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, modulation of ion channels function, cellular signaling, nitric oxide synthesis and inhibition of immune responses. The goal of this review is to cover the main biochemical, cellular and physiological processes in which SMO is involved.
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18
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Chaturvedi R, de Sablet T, Peek RM, Wilson KT. Spermine oxidase, a polyamine catabolic enzyme that links Helicobacter pylori CagA and gastric cancer risk. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:48-56. [PMID: 22555547 PMCID: PMC3337125 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.19345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that Helicobacter pylori strains expressing the virulence factor cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) stimulate increased levels of spermine oxidase (SMO) in gastric epithelial cells, while cagA⁻ strains did not. SMO catabolizes the polyamine spermine and produces H₂O₂ that results in both apoptosis and DNA damage. Exogenous overexpression of CagA confirmed these findings, and knockdown or inhibition of SMO blocked CagA-mediated apoptosis and DNA damage. The strong association of SMO, apoptosis, and DNA damage was also demonstrated in humans infected with cagA⁺, but not cagA⁻ strains. In infected gerbils and mice, DNA damage was CagA-dependent and only present in epithelial cells that expressed SMO. We also discovered SMO (high) gastric epithelial cells from infected animals with dysplasia that are resistant to apoptosis despite high levels of DNA damage. Inhibition of polyamine synthesis or SMO could abrogate the development of this cell population that may represent precursors for neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Veterans Affairs; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Thibaut de Sablet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Veterans Affairs; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Veterans Affairs; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Veterans Affairs; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
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19
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Hong SKS, Chaturvedi R, Blanca Piazuelo M, Coburn LA, Williams CS, Delgado AG, Casero RA, Schwartz DA, Wilson KT. Increased expression and cellular localization of spermine oxidase in ulcerative colitis and relationship to disease activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1557-66. [PMID: 20127992 PMCID: PMC2894261 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamines are important in cell growth and wound repair, but have also been implicated in inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. Polyamine metabolism includes back-conversion of spermine to spermidine by the enzyme spermine oxidase (SMO), which produces hydrogen peroxide that causes oxidative stress. In ulcerative colitis (UC), levels of spermine are decreased compared to spermidine. Therefore, we sought to determine if SMO is involved in UC. METHODS Colon biopsies and clinical information from subjects undergoing colonoscopy for evaluation of UC or colorectal cancer screening were utilized from 16 normal controls and 53 UC cases. Histopathologic disease severity was graded and the Mayo Disease Activity Index (DAI) and endoscopy subscore assessed. SMO mRNA expression was measured in frozen biopsies by TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Formalin-fixed tissues were used for SMO immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was a 3.1-fold upregulation of SMO mRNA levels in UC patients compared to controls (P = 0.044), and a 3.7-fold increase in involved left colon versus paired uninvolved right colon (P < 0.001). With worsening histologic injury in UC there was a progressive increase in SMO staining of mononuclear inflammatory cells. There was a similar increase in SMO staining with worsening endoscopic disease severity and strong correlation with the DAI (r = 0.653, P < 0.001). Inflammatory cell SMO staining was increased in involved left colon versus uninvolved right colon. CONCLUSIONS SMO expression is upregulated in UC tissues, deriving from increased levels in mononuclear inflammatory cells. Dysregulated polyamine homeostasis may contribute to chronic UC by altering immune responses and increasing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Kuang S. Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Murfreesboro, Tennessee
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lori A. Coburn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher S. Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David A. Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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20
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Fiori LM, Turecki G. Genetic and epigenetic influences on expression of spermine synthase and spermine oxidase in suicide completers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:725-36. [PMID: 20059804 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709991167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the levels of spermine synthase (SMS) and spermine oxidase (SMOX), two enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, have previously been observed in brains of suicide completers. To characterize the roles played by genetic and epigenetic factors in determining expression levels of these genes, as well as to identify potential mechanisms by which to explain our findings in suicide completers, we (1) assessed the role of promoter polymorphisms in determining expression in the brain and in vitro, and (2) examined CpG methylation and levels of methylated histone H3 lysine-27 in the promoter regions of these genes in the prefrontal cortex of suicide completers and healthy controls. We identified several promoter haplotypes in SMS and SMOX, but found no consistent effects of haplotype on expression levels in either the brain or in reporter gene assays performed in three different cell lines. We also found no overall effects of epigenetic factors in determining expression, with the exception of a relationship between CpG methylation at one site in the promoter of SMOX and its expression in Brodmann area 8/9. In conclusion, the genetic and epigenetic factors examined in this study show little influence on the expression levels of SMS and SMOX, and do not appear to be responsible for the dysregulated expression of these genes in suicide completers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Fiori
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Pledgie-Tracy A, Billam M, Hacker A, Sobolewski MD, Woster PM, Zhang Z, Casero RA, Davidson NE. The role of the polyamine catabolic enzymes SSAT and SMO in the synergistic effects of standard chemotherapeutic agents with a polyamine analogue in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 65:1067-81. [PMID: 19727732 PMCID: PMC2840063 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyamine analogues have demonstrated significant activity against human breast cancer cell lines as single agents as well as in combination with other cytotoxic drugs. This study evaluates the ability of a polyamine analogue N (1),N (11)-bis(ethyl)norspermine (BENSpm) to synergize with six standard chemotherapeutic agents, 5-fluorouracil (FU), fluorodeoxyuridine, cis-diaminechloroplatinum(II) (C-DDP), paclitaxel, docetaxel, and vinorelbine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, Hs578t, and T47D) and one immortalized, non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) were used for in vitro combination studies with BENSpm and cytotoxic drugs. Xenograft mice models generated with MDA-MB-231 cells were used for in vivo studies with BENSpm and paclitaxel. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION BENSpm exhibited synergistic inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in combination with 5-FU or paclitaxel in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and was either antagonistic or less effective in the non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cell line. Synergism was highest with 120 h concomitant treatment or pre-treatment with BENSpm for 24 h followed by concomitant treatment for 96 additional hours. Since the cytotoxic effects of many polyamine analogues and cytotoxic agents are believed to act, in part, through induction of the polyamine catabolic enzymes SSAT and SMO, the role of these enzymes on synergistic response was evaluated in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 treated with BENSpm and 5-FU or paclitaxel. Combination treatments of BENSpm with 5-FU or paclitaxel resulted in induction of SSAT mRNA and activity in both cell lines compared to either drug alone, while SMO mRNA and activity were increased only in MDA-MB-231 cells. Induction was greater with BENSpm/paclitaxel combination than BENSpm/5-FU. Further, RNAi studies demonstrated that both SSAT and SMO play a significant role in the response of MDA-MB-231 cells to treatment with BENSpm and 5-FU or paclitaxel. In MCF-7 cells, only SSAT appears to be involved in the response to these treatments. In an effort to translate combination studies from in vitro to in vivo, and to form a basis for clinical setting, the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of BENSpm alone and in combination with paclitaxel on tumor regression was evaluated in xenograft mice models generated with MDA-MB-231 cells. Intraperitoneal exposure to BENSpm or taxol singly and in combination for 4 weeks resulted in significant inhibition in tumor growth. These findings help elucidate the mechanisms involved in synergistic drug response and support combinations of polyamine analogues with chemotherapeutic agents which could potentially be used in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Pledgie-Tracy
- The Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250
| | - Madhavi Billam
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Amy Hacker
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | | | - Patrick M. Woster
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Zhe Zhang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
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22
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Häkkinen MR, Hyvönen MT, Auriola S, Casero RA, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Keinänen TA. Metabolism of N-alkylated spermine analogues by polyamine and spermine oxidases. Amino Acids 2010; 38:369-81. [PMID: 20012116 PMCID: PMC2992990 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylated polyamine analogues have potential as anticancer and antiparasitic drugs. However, their metabolism in the host has remained incompletely defined thus potentially limiting their utility. Here, we have studied the degradation of three different spermine analogues N,N'-bis-(3-ethylaminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (DESPM), N-(3-benzyl-aminopropyl)-N'-(3-ethylaminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (BnEtSPM) and N,N'-bis-(3-benzylaminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (DBSPM) and related mono-alkylated derivatives as substrates of recombinant human polyamine oxidase (APAO) and spermine oxidase (SMO). APAO and SMO metabolized DESPM to EtSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 10 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 1.1 s(-1) and K(m(SMO)) = 28 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.8 s(-1), respectively], metabolized BnEtSPM to EtSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 0.9 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 1.1 s(-1) and K(m(SMO)) = 51 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.4 s(-1), respectively], and metabolized DBSPM to BnSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 5.4 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 2.0 s(-1) and K(m(SMO)) = 33 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.3 s(-1), respectively]. Interestingly, mono-alkylated spermine derivatives were metabolized by APAO and SMO to SPD [EtSPM K(m(APAO)) = 16 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 1.5 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 25 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 8.2 s(-1); BnSPM K(m(APAO) )= 6.0 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 2.8 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 19 muM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.8 s(-1), respectively]. Surprisingly, EtSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 37 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 0.1 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 48 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.05 s(-1)] and BnSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 2.5 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 3.5 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 60 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.54 s(-1)] were metabolized to SPD by both the oxidases. Furthermore, we studied the degradation of DESPM, BnEtSPM or DBSPM in the DU145 prostate carcinoma cell line. The same major metabolites EtSPD and/or BnSPD were detected both in the culture medium and intracellularly after 48 h of culture. Moreover, EtSPM and BnSPM were detected from cell samples. Present data shows that inducible SMO parallel with APAO could play an important role in polyamine based drug action, i.e. degradation of parent drug and its metabolites, having significant impact on efficiency of these drugs, and hence for the development of novel N-alkylated polyamine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja R Häkkinen
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
The polyamines are essential for a variety of functions in the mammalian cell. Although their specific effects have not been fully elucidated, it is clear that the cellular polyamines have to be kept within certain levels for normal cell function. Polyamine homoeostasis in mammalian cells is achieved by a complex network of regulatory mechanisms affecting synthesis and degradation, as well as membrane transport of polyamines. The two key enzymes in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) and AdoMetDC (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase), are strongly regulated by feedback mechanisms at several levels, including transcriptional, translational and post-translational. Some of these mechanisms have been shown to be truly unique and include upstream reading frames and ribosomal frameshifting, as well as ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation. SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase), which is a crucial enzyme for degradation and efflux of polyamines, is also highly regulated by polyamines. A cellular excess of polyamines rapidly induces SSAT, resulting in increased degradation/efflux of the polyamines. The polyamines appear to induce both transcription and translation of the SSAT mRNA. However, the major part of the polyamine-induced increase in SSAT is caused by a marked stabilization of the enzyme against degradation by the 26S proteasome. In addition, active transport of extracellular polyamines into the cell contributes to cellular polyamine homoeostasis. Depletion of cellular polyamines rapidly induces an increased uptake of exogenous polyamines, whereas an excess of polyamines down-regulates the polyamine transporter(s). However, the protein(s) involved in polyamine transport and the exact mechanisms by which the polyamines regulate the transporter(s) are not yet known.
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Abstract
In addition to polyamine homoeostasis, it has become increasingly clear that polyamine catabolism can play a dominant role in drug response, apoptosis and the response to stressful stimuli, and contribute to the aetiology of several pathological states, including cancer. The highly inducible enzymes SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase) and SMO (spermine oxidase) and the generally constitutively expressed APAO (N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase) appear to play critical roles in many normal and disease processes. The dysregulation of polyamine catabolism frequently accompanies several disease states and suggests that such dysregulation may both provide useful insight into disease mechanism and provide unique druggable targets that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Each of these enzymes has the potential to alter polyamine homoeostasis in response to multiple cell signals and the two oxidases produce the reactive oxygen species H2O2 and aldehydes, each with the potential to produce pathological states. The activity of SSAT provides substrates for APAO or substrates for the polyamine exporter, thus reducing the intracellular polyamine concentration, the net effect of which depends on the magnitude and rate of any increase in SSAT. SSAT may also influence cellular metabolism via interaction with other proteins and by perturbing the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. The goal of the present review is to cover those aspects of polyamine catabolism that have an impact on disease aetiology or treatment and to provide a solid background in this ever more exciting aspect of polyamine biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Im R, Mano H, Matsuura T, Nakatani S, Shimizu J, Wada M. Mechanisms of blood glucose-lowering effect of aqueous extract from stems of Kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) in the mouse. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 121:234-240. [PMID: 19028559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) is a medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic system of Indian and Sri Lankan traditional medicine to treat diabetes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) by which aqueous extracts of Kothala himbutu (KTE) stems decreases fasting blood glucose levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression profiles were assessed by DNA microarray and RT-PCR analyses of RNA from the liver of KK-Ay diabetic mice administered KTE or control distilled water for 4 weeks, and from cultured liver cells treated with freeze-dried KTE (KTED) or selected phenolic compounds. RESULTS DNA microarray and RT-PCR analyses revealed that gluconeogenic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) was decreased compared with the control in KTE-treated KK-Ay mice. RT-PCR analysis using cultured liver cells treated with KTED and/or actinomycin D or cycloheximide, revealed that KTED directly decreased FBP mRNA levels via destabilization of the mRNA. One compound in KTE, mangiferin, was demonstrated to dose-dependently down-regulate FBP mRNA. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the mangiferin in KTE acts directly on liver cells and down-regulates the gluconeogenic pathway through regulation of FBP expression, thereby decreasing fasting blood glucose levels in mice. Our results demonstrate that gluconeogenic gene regulation is one possible mechanism by which KT exerts its effects in traditional diabetic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryanghyok Im
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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Liston A, Hardy K, Pittelkow Y, Wilson SR, Makaroff LE, Fahrer AM, Goodnow CC. Impairment of organ-specific T cell negative selection by diabetes susceptibility genes: genomic analysis by mRNA profiling. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R12. [PMID: 17239257 PMCID: PMC1839132 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-1-r12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells in the thymus undergo opposing positive and negative selection processes so that the only T cells entering circulation are those bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) with a low affinity for self. The mechanism differentiating negative from positive selection is poorly understood, despite the fact that inherited defects in negative selection underlie organ-specific autoimmune disease in AIRE-deficient people and the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain RESULTS Here we use homogeneous populations of T cells undergoing either positive or negative selection in vivo together with genome-wide transcription profiling on microarrays to identify the gene expression differences underlying negative selection to an Aire-dependent organ-specific antigen, including the upregulation of a genomic cluster in the cytogenetic band 2F. Analysis of defective negative selection in the autoimmune-prone NOD strain demonstrates a global impairment in the induction of the negative selection response gene set, but little difference in positive selection response genes. Combining expression differences with genetic linkage data, we identify differentially expressed candidate genes, including Bim, Bnip3, Smox, Pdrg1, Id1, Pdcd1, Ly6c, Pdia3, Trim30 and Trim12. CONCLUSION The data provide a molecular map of the negative selection response in vivo and, by analysis of deviations from this pathway in the autoimmune susceptible NOD strain, suggest that susceptibility arises from small expression differences in genes acting at multiple points in the pathway between the TCR and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kristine Hardy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yvonne Pittelkow
- Mathematical Sciences Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Susan R Wilson
- Mathematical Sciences Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lydia E Makaroff
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Aude M Fahrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- The Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Wang Y, Casero RA. Mammalian polyamine catabolism: a therapeutic target, a pathological problem, or both? J Biochem 2007; 139:17-25. [PMID: 16428315 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent discovery of the polyamine catabolic enzyme spermine oxidase (SMO/PAOh1), the apparent complexity of the polyamine metabolic pathway has increased considerably. Alone or in combination with the two other known members of human polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase, and N(1)-acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAO), SMO/PAOh1 expression has the potential to alter polyamine homeostasis in response to normal cellular signals, drug treatment and environmental and/or cellular stressors. The activity of the oxidases producing toxic aldehydes and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) H(2)O(2), suggest a mechanism by which these oxidases can be exploited as an antineoplastic drug target. However, inappropriate activation of the pathways may also lead to pathological outcomes, including DNA damage that can lead to cellular transformation. The most recent data suggest that the two polyamine catabolic pathways exhibit distinct properties and understanding these properties should aid in their exploitation for therapeutic and/or chemopreventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
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