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Saito M, Atsumi GI. [Mechanisms of bone formation by primary cilia]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2024; 159:198-202. [PMID: 38684398 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile cilia assembled from the centriole-derived basal body, and they protrude on the cell surface in almost all cell types during the cell cycle G0 phase. Due to the diffusion barrier at the ciliary base, cilia harbor selective G protein-coupled receptors, growth factor receptors, and ion channels on their membrane. Thus, cilia act as sensory organelles, regulating the proliferation and differentiation of the cells and promoting the formation and maturation of various organs including bone, brain, and kidney. It has been unveiled that malformation and dysregulation of cilia cause organ dysplasia, so-called ciliopathy, thus research on primary cilia has become active during the past 20 years. Research on the roles of cilia in bone formation and its regulatory mechanisms have also progressed. It is widely recognized that cilia of preosteoblasts receive hedgehog and promote differentiation of the cells to osteoblasts, resulting in the formation of skulls and long bones. Recently, it has been shown that a membrane-associated protein 4.1G is important in ciliogenesis, hedgehog signaling, and osteoblast differentiation in neonatal bone formation. In this review, we would like to summarize the roles of primary cilia in bone formation and their regulatory mechanisms including the contribution of 4.1G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Gen-Ichi Atsumi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
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Kaafarani A, Darche-Gabinaud R, Bisteau X, Imbault V, Wittamer V, Parmentier M, Pirson I. Proximity Interactome Analysis of Super Conserved Receptors Expressed in the Brain Identifies EPB41L2, SLC3A2, and LRBA as Main Partners. Cells 2023; 12:2625. [PMID: 37998360 PMCID: PMC10670248 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Super-Conserved Receptors Expressed in the Brain (SREBs) form a subfamily of orphan G protein-coupled receptors, highly conserved in evolution and characterized by a predominant expression in the brain. The signaling pathways activated by these receptors (if any) are presently unclear. Given the strong conservation of their intracellular loops, we used a BioID2 proximity-labeling assay to identify protein partners of SREBs that would interact with these conserved domains. Using streptavidin pull-down followed by mass spectrometry analysis, we identified the amino acid transporter SLC3A2, the AKAP protein LRBA, and the 4.1 protein EPB41L2 as potential interactors of these GPCRs. Using co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we confirmed the physical association of these proteins with the receptors. We then studied the functional relevance of the interaction between EPB41L2 and SREB1. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that SREB1 and EPB41L2 co-localize at the plasma membrane and that SREB1 is enriched in the β-catenin-positive cell membranes. siRNA knockdown experiments revealed that EPB41L2 promotes the localization of SREB1 at the plasma membrane and increases the solubilization of SREB1 when using detergents, suggesting a modification of its membrane microenvironment. Altogether, these data suggest that EPB41L2 could regulate the subcellular compartmentalization of SREBs and, as proposed for other GPCRs, could affect their stability or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Kaafarani
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (R.D.-G.); (X.B.); (V.I.); (V.W.); (M.P.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle Pirson
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (R.D.-G.); (X.B.); (V.I.); (V.W.); (M.P.)
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Terada N, Saitoh Y, Saito M, Yamada T, Kamijo A, Yoshizawa T, Sakamoto T. Recent Progress on Genetically Modified Animal Models for Membrane Skeletal Proteins: The 4.1 and MPP Families. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1942. [PMID: 37895291 PMCID: PMC10606877 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein 4.1 and membrane palmitoylated protein (MPP) families were originally found as components in the erythrocyte membrane skeletal protein complex, which helps maintain the stability of erythrocyte membranes by linking intramembranous proteins and meshwork structures composed of actin and spectrin under the membranes. Recently, it has been recognized that cells and tissues ubiquitously use this membrane skeletal system. Various intramembranous proteins, including adhesion molecules, ion channels, and receptors, have been shown to interact with the 4.1 and MPP families, regulating cellular and tissue dynamics by binding to intracellular signal transduction proteins. In this review, we focus on our previous studies regarding genetically modified animal models, especially on 4.1G, MPP6, and MPP2, to describe their functional roles in the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system, the testis, and bone formation. As the membrane skeletal proteins are located at sites that receive signals from outside the cell and transduce signals inside the cell, it is necessary to elucidate their molecular interrelationships, which may broaden the understanding of cell and tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- School of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan;
| | - Tomoki Yamada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
- Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane City, Nagano 399-4117, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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Saito M, Hirano M, Izumi T, Mori Y, Ito K, Saitoh Y, Terada N, Sato T, Sukegawa J. Cytoskeletal Protein 4.1G Is Essential for the Primary Ciliogenesis and Osteoblast Differentiation in Bone Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042094. [PMID: 35216233 PMCID: PMC8878336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a hair-like immotile organelle with specific membrane receptors, including the receptor of Hedgehog signaling, smoothened. The cilium organized in preosteoblasts promotes differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts (osteoblast differentiation) by mediating Hedgehog signaling to achieve bone formation. Notably, 4.1G is a plasma membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein that plays essential roles in various tissues, including the peripheral nervous system, testis, and retina. However, its function in the bone remains unexplored. In this study, we identified 4.1G expression in the bone. We found that, in the 4.1G-knockout mice, calcium deposits and primary cilium formation were suppressed in the trabecular bone, which is preosteoblast-rich region of the newborn tibia, indicating that 4.1G is a prerequisite for osteoblast differentiation by organizing the primary cilia in preosteoblasts. Next, we found that the primary cilium was elongated in the differentiating mouse preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1, whereas the knockdown of 4.1G suppressed its elongation. Moreover, 4.1G-knockdown suppressed the induction of the cilia-mediated Hedgehog signaling and subsequent osteoblast differentiation. These results demonstrate a new regulatory mechanism of 4.1G in bone formation that promotes the primary ciliogenesis in the differentiating preosteoblasts and induction of cilia-mediated osteoblast differentiation, resulting in bone formation at the newborn stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.H.); (T.I.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-8207
| | - Marina Hirano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.H.); (T.I.); (T.S.)
- Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori 981-1295, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Izumi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.H.); (T.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Yu Mori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kentaro Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Center for Medical Education, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan;
| | - Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto 390-0802, Japan;
| | - Takeya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.H.); (T.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Jun Sukegawa
- Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori 981-1295, Japan;
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Saito M, Cui L, Hirano M, Li G, Yanagisawa T, Sato T, Sukegawa J. Activity of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 6 Is Suppressed by Direct Binding of the Cytoskeletal Protein 4.1G. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:441-451. [PMID: 31383768 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways mediated by trimeric G proteins have been extensively elucidated, but their associated regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptor (PTHR) is a GPCR coupled with Gs and Gq Gs activates adenylyl cyclases (ACs), which produces cAMP to regulate various cell fates. We previously showed that cell surface expression of PTHR was increased by its direct interaction with a subcortical cytoskeletal protein, 4.1G, whereas PTHR-mediated Gs/AC/cAMP signaling was suppressed by 4.1G through an unknown mechanism in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells. In the present study, we found that AC type 6 (AC6), one of the major ACs activated downstream of PTHR, interacts with 4.1G in HEK293 cells, and the N-terminus of AC6 (AC6-N) directly and selectively binds to the 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM) domain of 4.1G (4.1G-FERM) in vitro. AC6-N was distributed at the plasma membrane, which was disturbed by knockdown of 4.1G. An AC6-N mutant, AC6-N-3A, in which three consecutive arginine residues are mutated to alanine residues, altered both binding to 4.1G-FERM and its plasma membrane distribution in vivo. Further, we overexpressed AC6-N to competitively inhibit the interaction of endogenous AC6 and 4.1G in cells. cAMP production induced by forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, and PTH-(1-34) was enhanced by AC6-N expression and 4.1G-knockdown. In contrast, AC6-N-3A had no impact on forskolin- and PTH-(1-34)-induced cAMP productions. These data provide a novel regulatory mechanism that AC6 activity is suppressed by the direct binding of 4.1G to AC6-N, resulting in attenuation of PTHR-mediated Gs/AC6/cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.S., L.C., M.H., G.L., T.Y., T.S., J.S.); Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori, Miyagi, Japan (M.H., J.S.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Linran Cui
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.S., L.C., M.H., G.L., T.Y., T.S., J.S.); Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori, Miyagi, Japan (M.H., J.S.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Marina Hirano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.S., L.C., M.H., G.L., T.Y., T.S., J.S.); Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori, Miyagi, Japan (M.H., J.S.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.S., L.C., M.H., G.L., T.Y., T.S., J.S.); Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori, Miyagi, Japan (M.H., J.S.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Teruyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.S., L.C., M.H., G.L., T.Y., T.S., J.S.); Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori, Miyagi, Japan (M.H., J.S.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Takeya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.S., L.C., M.H., G.L., T.Y., T.S., J.S.); Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori, Miyagi, Japan (M.H., J.S.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Jun Sukegawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.S., L.C., M.H., G.L., T.Y., T.S., J.S.); Department of Human Health and Nutrition, Shokei Gakuin University, Natori, Miyagi, Japan (M.H., J.S.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (T.Y.)
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Tanikawa C, Kamatani Y, Terao C, Usami M, Takahashi A, Momozawa Y, Suzuki K, Ogishima S, Shimizu A, Satoh M, Matsuo K, Mikami H, Naito M, Wakai K, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Tsugane S, Kohri K, Yu ASL, Yasui T, Murakami Y, Kubo M, Matsuda K. Novel Risk Loci Identified in a Genome-Wide Association Study of Urolithiasis in a Japanese Population. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:855-864. [PMID: 30975718 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018090942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A family history of urolithiasis is associated with a more than doubling of urolithiasis risk, and a twin study estimating 56% heritability of the condition suggests a pivotal role for host genetic factors. However, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified only six risk-related loci. METHODS To identify novel urolithiasis-related loci in the Japanese population, we performed a large-scale GWAS of 11,130 cases and 187,639 controls, followed by a replication analysis of 2289 cases and 3817 controls. Diagnosis of urolithiasis was confirmed either by a clinician or using medical records or self-report. We also assessed the association of urolithiasis loci with 16 quantitative traits, including metabolic, kidney-related, and electrolyte traits (such as body mass index, lipid storage, eGFR, serum uric acid, and serum calcium), using up to 160,000 samples from BioBank Japan. RESULTS The analysis identified 14 significant loci, including nine novel loci. Ten regions showed a significant association with at least one quantitative trait, including metabolic, kidney-related, and electrolyte traits, suggesting a common genetic basis for urolithiasis and these quantitative traits. Four novel loci were related to metabolic traits, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, or hyperuricemia. The remaining ten loci were associated with kidney- or electrolyte-related traits; these may affect crystallization. Weighted genetic risk score analysis indicated that the highest risk group (top 20%) showed an odds ratio of 1.71 (95% confidence interval, 1.42 to 2.06) - 2.13 (95% confidence interval, 2.00 to 2.27) compared with the reference group (bottom 20%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that host genetic factors related to regulation of metabolic and crystallization pathways contribute to the development of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Usami
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kichiya Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Soichi Ogishima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Epidemiology and
| | - Haruo Mikami
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Oral Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Kenjiro Kohri
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alan S L Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Takahiro Yasui
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Michiaki Kubo
- Division of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
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7
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Zhang M, Wu G. Mechanisms of the anterograde trafficking of GPCRs: Regulation of AT1R transport by interacting proteins and motifs. Traffic 2018; 20:110-120. [PMID: 30426616 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anterograde cell surface transport of nascent G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) en route from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus represents a crucial checkpoint to control the amount of the receptors at the functional destination and the strength of receptor activation-elicited cellular responses. However, as compared with extensively studied internalization and recycling processes, the molecular mechanisms of cell surface trafficking of GPCRs are relatively less defined. Here, we will review the current advances in understanding the ER-Golgi-cell surface transport of GPCRs and use angiotensin II type 1 receptor as a representative GPCR to discuss emerging roles of receptor-interacting proteins and specific motifs embedded within the receptors in controlling the forward traffic of GPCRs along the biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiang Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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8
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Sanuki R, Watanabe S, Sugita Y, Irie S, Kozuka T, Shimada M, Ueno S, Usukura J, Furukawa T. Protein-4.1G-Mediated Membrane Trafficking Is Essential for Correct Rod Synaptic Location in the Retina and for Normal Visual Function. Cell Rep 2015; 10:796-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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9
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Baines AJ, Lu HC, Bennett PM. The Protein 4.1 family: hub proteins in animals for organizing membrane proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1838:605-19. [PMID: 23747363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the 4.1 family are characteristic of eumetazoan organisms. Invertebrates contain single 4.1 genes and the Drosophila model suggests that 4.1 is essential for animal life. Vertebrates have four paralogues, known as 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G and 4.1B, which are additionally duplicated in the ray-finned fish. Protein 4.1R was the first to be discovered: it is a major mammalian erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein, essential to the mechanochemical properties of red cell membranes because it promotes the interaction between spectrin and actin in the membrane cytoskeleton. 4.1R also binds certain phospholipids and is required for the stable cell surface accumulation of a number of erythrocyte transmembrane proteins that span multiple functional classes; these include cell adhesion molecules, transporters and a chemokine receptor. The vertebrate 4.1 proteins are expressed in most tissues, and they are required for the correct cell surface accumulation of a very wide variety of membrane proteins including G-Protein coupled receptors, voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels, as well as the classes identified in erythrocytes. Indeed, such large numbers of protein interactions have been mapped for mammalian 4.1 proteins, most especially 4.1R, that it appears that they can act as hubs for membrane protein organization. The range of critical interactions of 4.1 proteins is reflected in disease relationships that include hereditary anaemias, tumour suppression, control of heartbeat and nervous system function. The 4.1 proteins are defined by their domain structure: apart from the spectrin/actin-binding domain they have FERM and FERM-adjacent domains and a unique C-terminal domain. Both the FERM and C-terminal domains can bind transmembrane proteins, thus they have the potential to be cross-linkers for membrane proteins. The activity of the FERM domain is subject to multiple modes of regulation via binding of regulatory ligands, phosphorylation of the FERM associated domain and differential mRNA splicing. Finally, the spectrum of interactions of the 4.1 proteins overlaps with that of another membrane-cytoskeleton linker, ankyrin. Both ankyrin and 4.1 link to the actin cytoskeleton via spectrin, and we hypothesize that differential regulation of 4.1 proteins and ankyrins allows highly selective control of cell surface protein accumulation and, hence, function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Chun Lu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Pauline M Bennett
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK.
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10
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Cheng CL, Molday RS. Interaction of 4.1G and cGMP-gated channels in rod photoreceptor outer segments. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5725-34. [PMID: 24144699 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.137679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In photoreceptors, the assembly of signaling molecules into macromolecular complexes is important for phototransduction and maintaining the structural integrity of rod outer segments (ROSs). However, the molecular composition and formation of these complexes are poorly understood. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, 4.1G was identified as a new interacting partner for the cyclic-nucleotide gated (CNG) channels in ROSs. 4.1G is a widely expressed multifunctional protein that plays a role in the assembly and stability of membrane protein complexes. Multiple splice variants of 4.1G were cloned from bovine retina. A smaller splice variant of 4.1G selectively interacted with CNG channels not associated with peripherin-2-CNG channel complex. A combination of truncation studies and domain-binding assays demonstrated that CNG channels selectively interacted with 4.1G through their FERM and CTD domains. Using immunofluorescence, labeling of 4.1G was seen to be punctate and partially colocalized with CNG channels in the ROS. Our studies indicate that 4.1G interacts with a subset of CNG channels in the ROS and implicate this protein-protein interaction in organizing the spatial arrangement of CNG channels in the plasma membrane of outer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana L Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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11
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Yano F, Saito T, Ogata N, Yamazawa T, Iino M, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H. β-catenin regulates parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor signals and chondrocyte hypertrophy through binding to the intracellular C-terminal region of the receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:429-35. [PMID: 23124878 DOI: 10.1002/art.37779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the underlying mechanisms of action and functional relevance of β-catenin in chondrocytes, by examining the role of β-catenin as a novel protein that interacts with the intracellular C-terminal portion of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptor type 1 (PTHR-1). METHODS The β-catenin-PTHR-1 binding region was determined with deletion and mutagenesis analyses of the PTHR1 C-terminus, using a mammalian two-hybrid assay. Physical interactions between these 2 molecules were examined with an in situ proximity ligation assay and immunostaining. To assess the effects of gain- and loss-of-function of β-catenin, transfection experiments were performed to induce overexpression of the constitutively active form of β-catenin (ca-β-catenin) and to block β-catenin activity with small interfering RNA, in cells cotransfected with either wild-type PTHR1 or mutant forms (lacking binding to β-catenin). Activation of the G protein α subunits G(αs) and G(αq) in the cells was determined by measurement of the intracellular cAMP accumulation and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, while activation of canonical Wnt pathways was assessed using a TOPflash reporter assay. RESULTS In differentiated chondrocytes, β-catenin physically interacted and colocalized with the cell membrane-specific region of PTHR-1 (584-589). Binding of β-catenin to PTHR-1 caused suppression of the G(αs)/cAMP pathway and enhancement of the G(αq)/Ca(2+) pathway, without affecting the canonical Wnt pathway. Inhibition of Col10a1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by PTH was restored by overexpression of ca-β-catenin, even after blockade of the canonical Wnt pathway, and Col10a1 mRNA expression was further decreased by knockout of β-catenin (via the Cre recombinase) in chondrocytes from β-catenin-floxed mice. Mutagenesis analyses to block the binding of β-catenin to PTHR1 caused an inhibition of chondrocyte hypertrophy markers. CONCLUSION β-catenin binds to the PTHR-1 C-tail and switches the downstream signaling pathway from G(αs)/cAMP to G(αq)/Ca(2+), which is a possible mechanism by which chondrocyte hypertrophy may be regulated through the PTH/PTHrP signal independent of the canonical Wnt pathway.
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Romero JR, Youte R, Brown EM, Pollak MR, Goltzman D, Karaplis A, Pong LC, Chien L, Chattopadhyay N, Rivera A. Parathyroid hormone ablation alters erythrocyte parameters that are rescued by calcium-sensing receptor gene deletion. Eur J Haematol 2013; 91:37-45. [PMID: 23528155 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which parathyroid hormone (PTH) produces anemia are unclear. Parathyroid hormone secretion is regulated by the extracellular Ca2+ -sensing receptor. We investigated the effects of ablating PTH on hematological indices and erythrocytes volume regulation in wild-type, PTH-null, and Ca2+ -sensing receptor-null/PTH-null mice. The erythrocyte parameters were measured in whole mouse blood, and volume regulatory systems were determined by plasma membrane K+ fluxes, and osmotic fragility was measured by hemoglobin determination at varying osmolarities. We observed that the absence of PTH significantly increases mean erythrocyte volume and reticulocyte counts, while decreasing erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. These changes were accompanied by increases in erythrocyte cation content, a denser cell population, and increased K+ permeability, which were in part mediated by activation of the K+ /Cl- cotransporter and Gardos channel. In addition we observed that erythrocyte osmotic fragility in PTH-null compared with wild-type mice was enhanced. When Ca2+ -sensing receptor gene was deleted on the background of PTH-null mice, we observed that several of the alterations in erythrocyte parameters of PTH-null mice were largely rescued, particularly those related to erythrocyte volume, K+ fluxes and osmotic fragility, and became similar to those observed in wild-type mice. Our results demonstrate that Ca2+ -sensing receptor and parathyroid hormone are functionally coupled to maintain erythrocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Nunomura W, Jinbo Y, Isozumi N, Ohki S, Izumi Y, Matsushima N, Takakuwa Y. Novel Mechanism of Regulation of Protein 4.1G Binding Properties Through Ca2+/Calmodulin-Mediated Structural Changes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 66:545-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Goto T, Chiba A, Sukegawa J, Yanagisawa T, Saito M, Nakahata N. Suppression of adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP production by plasma membrane associated cytoskeletal protein 4.1G. Cell Signal 2012. [PMID: 23201780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown lately that activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is regulated by an array of proteins binding to carboxy (C)-terminus of GPCRs. Proteins of 4.1 family are subsets of subcortical cytoskeletal proteins and are known to stabilize cellular structures and proteins at the plasma membrane. One of the 4.1 family proteins, 4.1G has been shown to interact with the C-terminus of GPCRs and regulate intracellular distribution of the receptors, including parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptor (PTHR). PTHR is coupled to trimeric G proteins G(s) and G(q), which activate the adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway and phospholipase C pathway, respectively. During the course of investigation of the role of 4.1G on adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signaling pathway, we found that 4.1G suppressed forskolin-induced cAMP production in cells. The cAMP accumulation induced by forskolin was decreased in HEK293 cells overexpressing 4.1G or increased in 4.1G-knockdown cells. Furthermore, PTH -(1-34)-stimulated cAMP production was also suppressed in the presence of exogenously expressed 4.1G despite its activity to increase the distribution of PTHR to the cell surface. In cells overexpressing FERM domain-deleted 4.1G, a mutant form of the protein deficient in plasma membrane distribution, neither forskolin-induced nor PTH -(1-34)-stimulated cAMP production was not altered. The suppression of the forskolin-induced cAMP production was observed even in membrane preparations of 4.1G-overexpressing cells. In 4.1G-knockdown HEK293 cells, plasma membrane distribution of adenylyl cyclase 6, one of the major subtypes of the enzyme in the cells, showed a slight decrease, in spite of the increased production of cAMP in those cells when stimulated by forskolin. Also, cytochalasin D treatment did not cause any influence on forskolin-induced cAMP production in HEK293 cells. These data indicate that plasma membrane-associated 4.1G regulates GPCR-mediated G(s) signaling by suppressing adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Goto
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Insights into the Function of the Unstructured N-Terminal Domain of Proteins 4.1R and 4.1G in Erythropoiesis. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:943272. [PMID: 21904552 PMCID: PMC3166722 DOI: 10.1155/2011/943272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane skeletal protein 4.1R is the prototypical member of a family of four highly paralogous proteins that include 4.1G, 4.1N, and 4.1B. Two isoforms of 4.1R (4.1R(135) and 4.1R(80)), as well as 4.1G, are expressed in erythroblasts during terminal differentiation, but only 4.1R(80) is present in mature erythrocytes. One goal in the field is to better understand the complex regulation of cell type and isoform-specific expression of 4.1 proteins. To start answering these questions, we are studying in depth the important functions of 4.1 proteins in the organization and function of the membrane skeleton in erythrocytes. We have previously reported that the binding profiles of 4.1R(80) and 4.1R(135) to membrane proteins and calmodulin are very different despite the similar structure of the membrane-binding domain of 4.1G and 4.1R(135). We have accumulated evidence for those differences being caused by the N-terminal 209 amino acids headpiece region (HP). Interestingly, the HP region is an unstructured domain. Here we present an overview of the differences and similarities between 4.1 isoforms and paralogs. We also discuss the biological significance of unstructured domains.
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Chen L, Hughes RA, Baines AJ, Conboy J, Mohandas N, An X. Protein 4.1R regulates cell adhesion, spreading, migration and motility of mouse keratinocytes by modulating surface expression of beta1 integrin. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2478-87. [PMID: 21693581 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.078170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein 4.1R is a membrane-cytoskeleton adaptor protein that has diverse roles in controlling the cell surface expression and/or function of transmembrane proteins, and in organizing F-actin. 4.1R is expressed in keratinocytes, but its role in these cells has not been explored. Here, we have investigated the role of 4.1R in skin using 4.1R(-/-) mice. Cell adhesion, spreading, migration and motility were significantly impaired in 4.1R(-/-) keratinocytes, and 4.1R(-/-) mice exhibited defective epidermal wound healing. Cultured 4.1R(-/-) keratinocytes on fibronectin failed to form actin stress fibres and focal adhesions. Furthermore, in the absence of 4.1R, the surface expression, and consequently the activity of β1 integrin were reduced. These data enabled the identification of a functional role for protein 4.1R in keratinocytes by modulating the surface expression of β1 integrin, possibly through a direct association between 4.1R and β1 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Chen
- Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Choi B, Kang J, Park YS, Lee J, Cho NJ. A possible role for FRM-1, a C. elegans FERM family protein, in embryonic development. Mol Cells 2011; 31:455-9. [PMID: 21448586 PMCID: PMC3887609 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FRM-1 is a member of the FERM protein superfamily containing a FERM domain, which is a highly conserved protein-protein interaction module found in most eukaryotes. Although FRM-1 is thought to be involved in linking intracellular proteins to membrane proteins, the specific role for FRM-1 remains to be elucidated. In an effort to explore the biological function of FRM-1, we examined the phenotype of frm-1(tm4168) mutant worms. We observed that frm-1(tm4168) worms have a delayed hatching phenotype. Twelve hours after being laid, when virtually all wild-type eggs had hatched, only 64% of frm-1(tm4168) eggs had hatched. About 3% of frm-1(tm4168) eggs failed to hatch, even 3 days after they had been laid. We also found that frm-1(tm4168) mutants displayed a temperature-sensitive sterility phenotype. About 13% of frm-1(tm4168) worms were unable to produce eggs or produced nonviable eggs at 25°C. In contrast, less than 1% of wild-type animals were sterile at this temperature. At 20°C, neither the mutant nor wild type appeared to be sterile. Western blot analysis indicates that FRM-1 is expressed throughout the developmental stages with the strongest expression at the egg stage. Immunostaining experiments revealed that FRM-1 is mainly localized to the plasma membrane of most if not all cells at an early embryonic stage and to the plasma membrane of P cells during the late embryonic stages. GFP fusion experiments showed that FRM-1 can be expressed in the pharynx and intestine at the larval and adult stages. Our data suggest that FRM-1 may participate in diverse biological processes, including embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Junsu Kang
- Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yang-Seo Park
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Nam Jeong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Lack of protein 4.1G causes altered expression and localization of the cell adhesion molecule nectin-like 4 in testis and can cause male infertility. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2276-86. [PMID: 21482674 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01105-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein 4.1G is a member of the protein 4.1 family, which in general serves as adaptors linking transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton. 4.1G is thought to be widely expressed in many cells and tissues, but its function remains largely unknown. To explore the function of 4.1G in vivo, we generated 4.1G(-/-) mice and bred the mice in two backgrounds: C57BL/6 (B6) and 129/Sv (129) hybrids (B6-129) and inbred B6. Although the B6 4.1G(-/-) mice showed no obvious abnormalities, deficiency of 4.1G in B6-129 hybrids was associated with male infertility. Histological examinations of these 4.1G(-/-) mice revealed atrophy, impaired cell-cell contact and sloughing off of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous epithelium, and lack of mature spermatids in the epididymis. Ultrastructural examination revealed enlarged intercellular spaces between spermatogenic and Sertoli cells as well as the spermatid deformities. At the molecular level, 4.1G is associated with the nectin-like 4 (NECL4) adhesion molecule. Importantly, the expression of NECL4 was decreased, and the localization of NECL4 was altered in 4.1G(-/-) testis. Thus, our findings imply that 4.1G plays a role in spermatogenesis by mediating cell-cell adhesion between spermatogenic and Sertoli cells through its interaction with NECL4 on Sertoli cells. Additionally, the finding that infertility is present in B6-129 but not on the B6 background suggests the presence of a major modifier gene(s) that influences 4.1G function and is associated with male infertility.
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Maurice P, Guillaume JL, Benleulmi-Chaachoua A, Daulat AM, Kamal M, Jockers R. GPCR-Interacting Proteins, Major Players of GPCR Function. PHARMACOLOGY OF G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS 2011; 62:349-80. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385952-5.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Terada N, Ohno N, Saitoh S, Saitoh Y, Komada M, Kubota H, Ohno S. Involvement of a membrane skeletal protein, 4.1G, for Sertoli/germ cell interaction. Reproduction 2010; 139:883-92. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a membrane skeletal protein, 4.1G (also known as EPB41L2), is immunolocalized in mouse seminiferous tubules. In this study, the 4.1G immunolocalizaiton was precisely evaluated at various stages of the mouse seminiferous epithelial cycle with ‘in vivocryotechnique’ and also with pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy in testicular tissues whose ultrastructures were well preserved with glycerol treatment before cryosectioning. In addition, 4.1G-deficient mice were produced, and the morphology of their seminiferous tubules was also evaluated. The 4.1G immunolocalization was different among stages, indicating that it was not only along cell membranes of Sertoli cells, but also those of spermatogonia and early spermatocytes. To confirm the 4.1G immunolocalization in germ cells,in vitroculture of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) was used for immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting analysis. In the cultured SSCs, 4.1G was clearly expressed and immunolocalized along cell membranes, especially at mutual attaching regions. In testicular tissues, cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1), an intramembranous adhesion molecule, was colocalized on basal parts of the seminiferous tubules and immunoprecipitated with 4.1G in the tissue lysate. Interestingly, in the 4.1G-deficient mice, histological manifestation of the seminiferous tubules was not different from that in wild-type mice, and the CADM1 was also immunolocalized in the same pattern as that in the wild-type. Moreover, the 4.1G-deficient male mice were fertile. These results were probably due to functional redundancy of unknown membrane skeletal molecules in germ cells. Thus, a novel membrane skeletal protein, 4.1G, was found in germ cells, and considering its interaction with CADM family, it probably has roles in attachment of both Sertoli–germ and germ–germ cells.
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Uchiyama K, Saito M, Sasaki M, Obara Y, Higashiyama S, Nakahata N. Thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation: involvement of PKC-delta and PKC-epsilon in the shedding of epidermal growth factor receptor ligands. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:504-11. [PMID: 19804825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined thromboxane A(2) receptor (TP)-mediated transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through the shedding of EGFR ligands. A TP agonist U46619 caused the phosphorylation of EGFR in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells, which was inhibited by an EGFR selective inhibitor AG1478 and by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) inhibitor TAPI-2, indicating TP stimulation caused the EGFR transactivation through the EGFR ligand shedding. Since 1321N1 cells expressed heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) mRNA, the mechanism of TP-mediated EGFR transactivation was examined in HEK293 cells expressing alkaline phosphatase-conjugated HB-EGF and TP. U46619 caused the shedding of HB-EGF in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The TP-mediated shedding was inhibited by a furin inhibitor CMK, TAP-2, dominant-negative G alpha(q), a G(q/11) inhibitor YM254890, and also by a non-selective PKC inhibitor GF109203X and PKC down-regulation, but not by a conventional PKC inhibitor Gö6976. Furthermore, siRNAs of PKC-delta and PKC-epsilon inhibited U46619-induced HB-EGF shedding. Although BAPTA/AM had no effect on U46619-induced shedding of HB-EGF, EGTA inhibited it. These results suggest that TP-mediated EGFR transactivation is partially caused by shedding of HB-EGF, which involves furin and ADAM via novel types of PKCs (PKC-delta and PKC-epsilon) through G alpha(q/11) proteins in an extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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22
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Involvement of aquaporin in thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated, G 12/13/RhoA/NHE-sensitive cell swelling in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Cell Signal 2009; 22:41-6. [PMID: 19772916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of the thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) receptor expressed on glial cells remains unclear. We previously reported that 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells pretreated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) became swollen in response to U46619, a TXA(2) analogue. In the present study, we examined the detailed mechanisms of TXA(2) receptor-mediated cell swelling in 1321N1 cells. The cell swelling caused by U46619 was suppressed by expression of p115-RGS, an inhibitory peptide of G alpha(12/13) pathway and C3 toxin, an inhibitory protein for RhoA. The swelling was also inhibited by treatment with Y27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor and 5-(ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), a Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger inhibitor. Furthermore, cell swelling was suppressed by the pretreatment with aquaporin inhibitors mercury chloride or phloretin in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that aquaporins are involved in U46619-induced 1321N1 cell swelling. In fact, U46619 caused [(3)H]H(2)O influx into the cells, which was inhibited by p115-RGS, C3 toxin, EIPA, mercury chloride and phloretin. This is the first report that the TXA(2) receptor mediates water influx through aquaporins in astrocytoma cells via TXA(2) receptor-mediated activation of G alpha(12/13), Rho A, Rho kinase and Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger.
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Tokue SI, Sasaki M, Nakahata N. Thromboxane A2-induced signal transduction is negatively regulated by KIAA1005 that directly interacts with thromboxane A2 receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Saito M, Shinohara Y, Sasaki H, Netsu Y, Yoshida M, Nakahata N. Type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT1-R)-mediated decrease in type 2 angiotensin receptor mRNA level is dependent on Gq and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1//2 in AT1-R-transfected PC12 cells. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20:299-308. [PMID: 18208547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) functions through two major Ang II receptor subtypes, type 1 (AT1-R) and type 2 (AT2-R), both of which are classified to be G protein-coupled receptors. AT2-R is highly expressed at the fetal stage, and in heart remodelling and brain ischaemia; therefore, it is important to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of AT2-R expression. Although AT1-R is generally believed to modulate AT2-R expression in some tissues or cells, the exact mechanism remains to be clarified. In the present study, we examined the effect of AT1-R stimulation on expression of endogenous rat AT2-R (rAT2-R) in AT1-R-transfected PC12 cells. rAT2-R mRNA and protein expression were decreased by Ang II in PC12 cells transfected with rAT1A-R in a time-dependent manner, mediated through a decline in mRNA stability. The C-terminus of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is important for GPCR-mediated signal transduction. Therefore, we used C-terminus-deleted human AT1-R (hAT1-327STOP), which is thought to be a nondesensitised mutant of hAT1-R. As a result, Ang II decreased rAT2-R mRNA expression to a greater extent in cells transfected with hAT1-327STOP than with wild-type hAT1-R. The decrease was completely reversed by AT1-R antagonist candesartan, G(q) inhibitor YM254980, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 1/2 inhibitor U0126, but not by pertussis toxin, which uncouples the receptor with G(i), or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. We suggest, possibly for the first time, that the hAT1-R/G(q)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway is involved in the down-regulation of AT2-R using PC12 cells transfected with AT1-R.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Down-Regulation
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/physiology
- PC12 Cells
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- RNA Stability/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saito
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Wheeler D, Sneddon WB, Wang B, Friedman PA, Romero G. NHERF-1 and the cytoskeleton regulate the traffic and membrane dynamics of G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25076-87. [PMID: 17599914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701544200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory factor 1 (NHERF-1/EBP50) interacts with the C terminus of several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We examined the role of NHERF-1 and the cytoskeleton on the distribution, dynamics, and trafficking of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR; a type A receptor), the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R; type B), and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR; type C) using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, total internal reflection fluorescence, and image correlation spectroscopy. beta(2)AR bundles were observed only in cells that expressed NHERF-1, whereas the PTH1R was localized to bundles that parallel stress fibers independently of NHERF-1. The CaSR was never observed in bundles. NHERF-1 reduced the diffusion of the beta(2)AR and the PTH1R. The addition of ligand increased the diffusion coefficient and the mobile fraction of the PTH1R. Isoproterenol decreased the immobile fraction but did not affect the diffusion coefficient of the beta(2)AR. The diffusion of the CaSR was unaffected by NHERF-1 or the addition of calcium. NHERF-1 reduced the rate of ligand-induced internalization of the PTH1R. This phenomenon was accompanied by a reduction of the rate of arrestin binding to PTH1R in ligand-exposed cells. We conclude that some GPCRs, such as the beta(2)AR, are attached to the cytoskeleton primarily via the binding of NHERF-1. Others, such as the PTH1R, bind the cytoskeleton via several interacting proteins, one of which is NHERF-1. Finally, receptors such as the CaSR do not interact with the cytoskeleton in any significant manner. These interactions, or the lack thereof, govern the dynamics and trafficking of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wheeler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Tateyama M, Kubo Y. Coupling profile of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α is regulated by the C-terminal domain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:445-52. [PMID: 17215138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha (mGluR1alpha) is known to cause various cell responses via coupling with different types of G protein. By using a combination of fluorescent indicators, we simultaneously observed the dual signals of mGluR1alpha, via activation of the Gq and Gs proteins, as increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) and cAMP concentration, respectively. The dual signals are regulated by long C-terminal domain of mGluR1alpha since a short splice variant, mGluR1beta, could not activate the Gs pathway. Cytoskeletal proteins that interact with the long C-terminal tail, such as homer1 and 4.1G, are known to modulate the mGluR1alpha signaling; however, their effects on the dual signaling remain unknown. The simultaneous monitoring demonstrated that the 4.1G behaves as a regulator of dual signaling rather than a simple inhibitor, via its interaction with a cluster of acidic residues in the distal C-tail, which locates close to the important regions for the Gs coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Tateyama
- Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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Nakahata N, Saito M. [Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor function by its binding proteins]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:3-14. [PMID: 17202780 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane receptors with an N-terminus in the extracellular region and C-terminus in the intracellular region. When an agonist binds to a GPCR, a signal is transduced into a cell through the activation of trimeric G proteins. Recently, it has been shown that the activities of GPCRs are regulated by multiple mechanisms. One of the mechanisms is regulation through the binding proteins to the carboxy (C)-terminus of GPCRs. In the present study, the binding partners for the C-terminus of the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) and thromboxane A(2) receptor (TP) were searched for using yeast two-hybrid screening, and the functions of these proteins were investigated. We identified t-complex testis expressed-1 (Tctex-1) and 4.1G as associated proteins for the PTHR. Tctex-1 is one of the light chains of cytoplasmic dynein, which is a motor protein across microtubles. We found that Tctex-1 was involved in agonist-induced internalization of the PTHR. 4.1G, a cytoskeletal protein, facilitated the cell surface localization of the PTHR and augmented PHTR-mediated signal transduction. TPs consists of two splicing variants, TPalpha and TPbeta. As a result of yeast two-hybrid screening, two proteasomal proteins, proteasome activator PA28gamma and proteasome subunit alpha7, were identified as direct interacting proteins for TPbeta. TPbeta has a tendency to be retained in the intracellular compartment, probably due to its binding to proteasomes. We also demonstrated that TPalpha and TPbeta formed heterodimers, and the signal transduction through TPalpha was reduced by the formation of heterodimers. In conclusion, the proteins bound to GPCRs may regulate the intracellular traffic of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimichi Nakahata
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Japan.
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Dong C, Filipeanu CM, Duvernay MT, Wu G. Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor export trafficking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:853-70. [PMID: 17074298 PMCID: PMC1885203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a superfamily of cell-surface receptors which share a common topology of seven transmembrane domains and modulate a variety of cell functions through coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins by responding to a vast array of stimuli. The magnitude of cellular response elicited by a given signal is dictated by the level of GPCR expression at the plasma membrane, which is the balance of elaborately regulated endocytic and exocytic trafficking. This review will cover recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying anterograde transport of the newly synthesized GPCRs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. We will focus on recently identified motifs involved in GPCR exit from the ER and the Golgi, GPCR folding in the ER and the rescue of misfolded receptors from within, GPCR-interacting proteins that modulate receptor cell-surface targeting, pathways that mediate GPCR traffic, and the functional role of export in controlling GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guangyu Wu
- * Corresponding author. Tel: +1 504 568 2236; Fax: +1 504 568 2361. E-mail address: (G. Wu)
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