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Fu S, Wang K, Ma T, Liang Y, Ma Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Zhou X. An evolutionarily conserved C4HC3-type E3 ligase regulates plant broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1822-1843. [PMID: 35171277 PMCID: PMC9048923 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Deployment of broad-spectrum disease resistance against multiple pathogen species is an efficient way to control plant diseases. Here, we identify a Microtubule-associated C4HC3-type E3 Ligase (MEL) in both Nicotiana benthamiana and Oryza sativa, and show that it is able to integrate and initiate a series of host immune signaling, conferring broad-spectrum resistance to viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens. We demonstrate that MEL forms homodimer through intermolecular disulfide bonds between its cysteine residues in the SWIM domain, and interacts with its substrate serine hydroxymethyltrasferase 1 (SHMT1) through the YφNL motif. Ubiquitin ligase activity, homodimerization and YφNL motif are indispensable for MEL to regulate plant immunity by mediating SHMT1 degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Our findings provide a fundamental basis for utilizing the MEL-SHMT1 module to generate broad-spectrum-resistant rice to global destructive pathogens including rice stripe virus, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tingting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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2
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Lawal RA, Arora UP, Dumont BL. Selection shapes the landscape of functional variation in wild house mice. BMC Biol 2021; 19:239. [PMID: 34794440 PMCID: PMC8603481 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through human-aided dispersal over the last ~ 10,000 years, house mice (Mus musculus) have recently colonized diverse habitats across the globe, promoting the emergence of new traits that confer adaptive advantages in distinct environments. Despite their status as the premier mammalian model system, the impact of this demographic and selective history on the global patterning of disease-relevant trait variation in wild mouse populations is poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we leveraged 154 whole-genome sequences from diverse wild house mouse populations to survey the geographic organization of functional variation and systematically identify signals of positive selection. We show that a significant proportion of wild mouse variation is private to single populations, including numerous predicted functional alleles. In addition, we report strong signals of positive selection at many genes associated with both complex and Mendelian diseases in humans. Notably, we detect a significant excess of selection signals at disease-associated genes relative to null expectations, pointing to the important role of adaptation in shaping the landscape of functional variation in wild mouse populations. We also uncover strong signals of selection at multiple genes involved in starch digestion, including Mgam and Amy1. We speculate that the successful emergence of the human-mouse commensalism may have been facilitated, in part, by dietary adaptations at these loci. Finally, our work uncovers multiple cryptic structural variants that manifest as putative signals of positive selection, highlighting an important and under-appreciated source of false-positive signals in genome-wide selection scans. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings highlight the role of adaptation in shaping wild mouse genetic variation at human disease-associated genes. Our work also highlights the biomedical relevance of wild mouse genetic diversity and underscores the potential for targeted sampling of mice from specific populations as a strategy for developing effective new mouse models of both rare and common human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uma P Arora
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine, 04609, USA
- Tufts University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Beth L Dumont
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine, 04609, USA.
- Tufts University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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3
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Abdelhamed Z, Lukacs M, Cindric S, Ali S, Omran H, Stottmann RW. A novel hypomorphic allele of Spag17 causes primary ciliary dyskinesia phenotypes in mice. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045344. [PMID: 32988999 PMCID: PMC7648611 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a human condition of dysfunctional motile cilia characterized by recurrent lung infection, infertility, organ laterality defects and partially penetrant hydrocephalus. We recovered a mouse mutant from a forward genetic screen that developed many of the hallmark phenotypes of PCD. Whole-exome sequencing identified this primary ciliary dyskinesia only (Pcdo) allele to be a nonsense mutation (c.5236A>T) in the Spag17 coding sequence creating a premature stop codon (K1746*). The Pcdo variant abolished several isoforms of SPAG17 in the Pcdo mutant testis but not in the brain. Our data indicate differential requirements for SPAG17 in different types of motile cilia. SPAG17 is essential for proper development of the sperm flagellum and is required for either development or stability of the C1 microtubule structure within the central pair apparatus of the respiratory motile cilia, but not the brain ependymal cilia. We identified changes in ependymal ciliary beating frequency, but these did not appear to alter lateral ventricle cerebrospinal fluid flow. Aqueductal stenosis resulted in significantly slower and abnormally directed cerebrospinal fluid flow, and we suggest that this is the root cause of the hydrocephalus. The Spag17Pcdo homozygous mutant mice are generally viable to adulthood but have a significantly shortened lifespan, with chronic morbidity. Our data indicate that the c.5236A>T Pcdo variant is a hypomorphic allele of Spag17 that causes phenotypes related to motile, but not primary, cilia. Spag17Pcdo is a useful new model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying central pair PCD pathogenesis in the mouse.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Abdelhamed
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine (Girl's Section), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Marshall Lukacs
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sandra Cindric
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saima Ali
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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4
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Zhou Y, Chen R, Luo X, Zhang WD, Qin JJ. The E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5c: an emerging target in cancer and immune disorders. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:S1359-6446(20)30369-X. [PMID: 32947046 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a crucial post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins and regulates their stabilities and activities, thereby modulating multiple signaling pathways. UbcH5c, a member of the UbcH5 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) protein family, engages in the ubiquitination of dozens of proteins and regulates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), p53 tumor suppressor, and several other essential signaling pathways. UbcH5c has been reported to be abnormally expressed in human cancer and immune disorders and is involved in the initiation and progression of these diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on UbcH5c structure, activity, signaling pathways, and its relevance to cancer and immune disorders. We end by integrating all known factors relating to UbcH5c inhibition as a potential cancer therapy method, and discuss associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Runzhe Chen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaofang Luo
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
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5
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Lorès P, Coutton C, El Khouri E, Stouvenel L, Givelet M, Thomas L, Rode B, Schmitt A, Louis B, Sakheli Z, Chaudhry M, Fernandez-Gonzales A, Mitsialis A, Dacheux D, Wolf JP, Papon JF, Gacon G, Escudier E, Arnoult C, Bonhivers M, Savinov SN, Amselem S, Ray PF, Dulioust E, Touré A. Homozygous missense mutation L673P in adenylate kinase 7 (AK7) leads to primary male infertility and multiple morphological anomalies of the flagella but not to primary ciliary dyskinesia. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1196-1211. [PMID: 29365104 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia and sperm flagella share an extremely conserved microtubule-based cytoskeleton, called the axoneme, which sustains beating and motility of both organelles. Ultra-structural and/or functional defects of this axoneme are well-known to cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a disorder characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections, chronic otitis media, situs inversus, male infertility and in most severe cases, hydrocephalus. Only recently, mutations in genes encoding axonemal proteins with preferential expression in the testis were identified in isolated male infertility; in those cases, individuals displayed severe asthenozoospermia due to Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the sperm Flagella (MMAF) but not PCD features. In this study, we performed genetic investigation of two siblings presenting MMAF without any respiratory PCD features, and we report the identification of the c.2018T > G (p.Leu673Pro) transversion in AK7, encoding an adenylate kinase, expressed in ciliated tissues and testis. By performing transcript and protein analyses of biological samples from individual carrying the transversion, we demonstrate that this mutation leads to the loss of AK7 protein in sperm cells but not in respiratory ciliated cells, although both cell types carry the mutated transcript and no tissue-specific isoforms were detected. This work therefore, supports the notion that proteins shared by both cilia and sperm flagella may have specific properties and/or function in each organelle, in line with the differences in their mode of assembly and organization. Overall, this work identifies a novel genetic cause of asthenozoospermia due to MMAF and suggests that in humans, more deleterious mutations of AK7 might induce PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lorès
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Institut for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, France
| | - Elma El Khouri
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Laurence Stouvenel
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Maëlle Givelet
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Lucie Thomas
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Paris 75012, France
| | - Baptiste Rode
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Equipe 13, INSERM UMR S955, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, CNRS ERL7240, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Zeinab Sakheli
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Marhaba Chaudhry
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | | | - Alex Mitsialis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Denis Dacheux
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, UMR-CNRS 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Wolf
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie Embryologie-Biologie de la Reproduction, GH Cochin Broca Hôtel Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75014, France
| | - Jean-François Papon
- Equipe 13, INSERM UMR S955, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, CNRS ERL7240, Créteil 94000, France.,Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Maxillo-Faciale, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94275, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Gérard Gacon
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Estelle Escudier
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Paris 75012, France.,Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Institut for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, UMR-CNRS 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie Embryologie-Biologie de la Reproduction, GH Cochin Broca Hôtel Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75014, France
| | - Sergey N Savinov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Serge Amselem
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Paris 75012, France.,Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Institut for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, UM GI-DPI, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Emmanuel Dulioust
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie Embryologie-Biologie de la Reproduction, GH Cochin Broca Hôtel Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75014, France
| | - Aminata Touré
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris 75014, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
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6
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McMillan LJ, Hwang S, Farah RE, Koh J, Chen S, Maupin-Furlow JA. Multiplex quantitative SILAC for analysis of archaeal proteomes: a case study of oxidative stress responses. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:385-401. [PMID: 29194950 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is a quantitative proteomic method that can illuminate new pathways used by cells to adapt to different lifestyles and niches. Archaea, while thriving in extreme environments and accounting for ∼20%-40% of the Earth's biomass, have not been analyzed with the full potential of SILAC. Here, we report SILAC for quantitative comparison of archaeal proteomes, using Haloferax volcanii as a model. A double auxotroph was generated that allowed for complete incorporation of 13 C/15 N-lysine and 13 C-arginine such that each peptide derived from trypsin digestion was labelled. This strain was found amenable to multiplex SILAC by case study of responses to oxidative stress by hypochlorite. A total of 2565 proteins was identified by LC-MS/MS analysis (q-value ≤ 0.01) that accounted for 64% of the theoretical proteome. Of these, 176 proteins were altered at least 1.5-fold (p-value < 0.05) in abundance during hypochlorite stress. Many of the differential proteins were of unknown function. Those of known function included transcription factor homologs related to oxidative stress by 3D-homology modelling and orthologous group comparisons. Thus, SILAC is found to be an ideal method for quantitative proteomics of archaea that holds promise to unravel gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana J McMillan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sungmin Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rawan E Farah
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jin Koh
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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7
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Alleyne D, Witonsky D, Mapes B, Nakagome S, Sommars M, Hong E, Muckala KA, Rienzo AD, Kupfer SS. Colonic transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 in African- and European-Americans. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:49-59. [PMID: 28163244 PMCID: PMC5642973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant health burden especially among African Americans (AA). Epidemiological studies have correlated low serum vitamin D with CRC risk, and, while hypovitaminosis D is more common and more severe in AA, the mechanisms by which vitamin D modulates CRC risk and how these differ by race are not well understood. Active vitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D3) has chemoprotective effects primarily through transcriptional regulation of target genes in the colon. We hypothesized that transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH)2D3 differs between AA and European Americans (EA) irrespective of serum vitamin D and that regulatory variants could impact transcriptional response. We treated ex vivo colon cultures from 34 healthy subjects (16 AA and 18 EA) with 0.1μM 1α,25(OH)2D3 or vehicle control for 6h and performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling. We found 8 genes with significant differences in transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH)2D3 between AA and EA with definitive replication of inter-ethnic differences for uridine phosphorylase 1 (UPP1) and zinc finger-SWIM containing 4 (ZSWIM4). We performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping and identified response cis-eQTLs for ZSWIM4 as well as for histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), the latter of which showed a trend toward significant inter-ethnic differences in transcriptional response. Allele frequency differences of eQTLs for ZSWIM4 and HDAC3 accounted for observed transcriptional differences between populations. Taken together, our results demonstrate that transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH)2D3 differs between AA and EA independent of serum 25(OH)D levels. We provide evidence in support of a genetic regulatory mechanism underlying transcriptional differences between populations for ZSWIM4 and HDAC3. Further work is needed to elucidate how response eQTLs modify vitamin D response and whether genotype and/or transcriptional response correlate with chemopreventive effects. Relevant biomarkers, such as tissue-specific 1α,25(OH)2D3 transcriptional response, could identify individuals likely to benefit from vitamin D for CRC prevention as well as elucidate basic mechanisms underlying CRC disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereck Alleyne
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
- Correspondence to: Sonia S. Kupfer, MD, 900 East 57 Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, 773-834-1438 (phone), 773-702-2281 (fax),
| | - David Witonsky
- University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, IL
- Correspondence to: Sonia S. Kupfer, MD, 900 East 57 Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, 773-834-1438 (phone), 773-702-2281 (fax),
| | - Brandon Mapes
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Shigeki Nakagome
- University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, IL
| | - Meredith Sommars
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Ellie Hong
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Katy A. Muckala
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Anna Di Rienzo
- University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, IL
| | - Sonia S. Kupfer
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
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8
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Cai W, Yang H. The structure and regulation of Cullin 2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases and their biological functions. Cell Div 2016; 11:7. [PMID: 27222660 PMCID: PMC4878042 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes play a central role in targeting cellular proteins for ubiquitination-dependent protein turnover through 26S proteasome. Cullin-2 is a member of the Cullin family, and it serves as a scaffold protein for Elongin B and C, Rbx1 and various substrate recognition receptors to form E3 ubiquitin ligases. Main body of the abstract First, the composition, structure and the regulation of Cullin-2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases were introduced. Then the targets, the biological functions of complexes that use VHL, Lrr-1, Fem1b, Prame, Zyg-11, BAF250, Rack1 as substrate targeting subunits were described, and their involvement in diseases was discussed. A small molecule inhibitor of Cullins as a potential anti-cancer drug was introduced. Furthermore, proteins with VHL box that might bind to Cullin-2 were described. Finally, how different viral proteins form E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes with Cullin-2 to counter host viral defense were explained. Conclusions Cullin-2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases, using many different substrate recognition receptors, recognize a number of substrates and regulate their protein stability. These complexes play critical roles in biological processes and diseases such as cancer, germline differentiation and viral defense. Through the better understanding of their biology, we can devise and develop new therapeutic strategies to treat cancers, inherited diseases and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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9
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Huang CJ, Chen HY, Lin WY, Choo KB. Differential expression of speckled POZ protein, SPOP: putative regulation by miR-145. J Biosci 2014; 39:401-13. [PMID: 24845504 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The speckle POZ protein, SPOP, is an adaptor of the Cul3-based ubiquitination process, and has been implicated in the carcinogenesis process. Despite recent elucidation of biological functions, regulation of SPOP gene expression has not been reported. In this study, the mRNA levels of the mouse SPOP (mSPOP) gene were first shown to vary noticeably in different tissues. However, the SPOP protein was detected in high abundance only in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and seminiferous tubule of the testis, echoing previous reports of involvement of ubiquitination in neuron cells and in spermatogenesis. In other mouse tissues and human cancer cell lines analysed, only low SPOP protein levels were detected. The 3'-untranslated regions of both the mSPOP and human SPOP transcripts harbor a conserved putative miR-145 binding site (BS). In some tissues and cell lines, miR-145 and SPOP protein levels were in an inverse relationship suggesting miR-145 regulation. Luciferase assays of deletion and point mutation constructs of the miR-145 BS, and miR-145 induction by serum starvation that resulted in reduced endogenous SPOP levels provided further evidence that miR-145 is likely involved in post-transcriptional regulation of SPOP expression in selected tissues, and possibly with the participation of other miRNA species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Jung Huang
- Department of Animal Science and 2Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Yang Ming Shan, Taipei, Taiwan 111
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10
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The role of E3 ligases in the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:27-35. [PMID: 24632385 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitination of proteins is a post-translational modification that was first described as a means to target misfolded or unwanted proteins for degradation by the proteasome. It is now appreciated that the ubiquitination of proteins also serves as a mechanism to modify protein function and cellular functions such as protein trafficking, cell signaling, DNA repair, chromatin modifications, cell-cycle progression and cell death. The ubiquitination of proteins occurs through the hierarchal transfer of ubiquitin from an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and finally to an E3 ubiquitin ligase that transfers the ubiquitin to its target protein. It is the final E3 ubiquitin ligase that confers the substrate specificity for ubiquitination and is the focus of this review. Spermatogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process by which spermatogonial stem cells undergo mitotic proliferation and expansion of the diploid spermatogonial population, differentiate into spermatocytes and progress through two meiotic divisions to produce haploid spermatids that proceed through a final morphogenesis to generate mature spermatozoa. The ubiquitination of proteins in the cells of the testis occurs in many of the processes required for the progression of mature spermatozoa. Since it is the E3 ubiquitin ligase that recognizes the target protein and provides the specificity and selectivity for ubiquitination, this review highlights known examples of E3 ligases in the testis and the differing roles that they play in maintaining functional spermatogenesis.
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Merkel DJ, Wells SB, Hilburn BC, Elazzouzi F, Pérez-Alvarado GC, Lee BM. The C-Terminal Region of Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein Is a ZZ Domain with Potential for Protein–Protein Interactions. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:2015-2026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hou CC, Yang WX. New insights to the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) mechanism during spermatogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3213-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
MEKK1 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase kinase 1] is a MAP3K (MAPK kinase kinase) that regulates MAPK activation, and is the only known mammalian kinase that is also a ubiquitin ligase. MEKK1 contains a RING domain within its N-terminal regulatory region, and MEKK1 has been shown to ubiquitylate the AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor protein c-Jun, but the mechanism by which MEKK1 interacts with c-Jun to induce ubiquitylation has not been defined. Proximal to the RING domain is a SWIM (SWI2/SNF2 and MuDR) domain of undetermined function. In the present study, we demonstrate that the MEKK1 SWIM domain, but not the RING domain, directly associates with the c-Jun DNA-binding domain, and that the SWIM domain is required for MEKK1-dependent c-Jun ubiquitylation. We further show that this MEKK1 SWIM-Jun interaction is specific, as SWIM domains from other proteins failed to bind c-Jun. We reveal that, although the Jun and Fos DNA-binding domains are highly conserved, the MEKK1 SWIM domain does not bind Fos. Finally, we identify the sequence unique to Jun proteins required for specific interaction with the MEKK1 SWIM domain. Therefore we propose that the MEKK1 SWIM domain represents a novel substrate-binding domain necessary for direct interaction between c-Jun and MEKK1 that promotes MEKK1-dependent c-Jun ubiquitylation.
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Hou X, Zhang W, Xiao Z, Gan H, Lin X, Liao S, Han C. Mining and characterization of ubiquitin E3 ligases expressed in the mouse testis. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:495. [PMID: 22992278 PMCID: PMC3460789 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitin-mediated protein modification and degradation are believed to play important roles in mammalian spermatogenesis. The catalogues of ubiquitin activating enzymes, conjugating enzymes, and ligases (E3s) have been known for mammals such as mice and humans. However, a systematic characterization of E3s expressed during spermatogenesis has not been carried out. RESULTS In present study, we set out to mine E3s from the mouse genome and to characterize their expression pattern, subcellular localization, and enzymatic activities based on microarray data and biochemical assays. We identified 398 putative E3s belonging to the RING, U-box, and HECT subfamilies and found that most genes were conserved between mice and humans. We discovered that 73 of them were highly or specifically expressed in the testes based on the microarray expression data. We selected 10 putative E3 genes to examine their mRNA expression pattern, and several genes to study their subcellular localization and E3 ligase activity. RT-PCR results showed that all the selected genes were predominately expressed in the testis. Some putative E3s were localized in the cytoplasm while others were in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Moreover, all the selected proteins were enzymatically active as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo assays. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a large number of putative E3s that are expressed during mouse spermatogenesis. Among these, a significant portion is highly or specifically expressed in the testis. Subcellular localization and enzymatic activity assays suggested that these E3s might execute diverse functions in mammalian spermatogenesis. Our results may serve as an initial guide to the field for further functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haiyun Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiwen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shangying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Forde N, Duffy GB, McGettigan PA, Browne JA, Mehta JP, Kelly AK, Mansouri-Attia N, Sandra O, Loftus BJ, Crowe MA, Fair T, Roche JF, Lonergan P, Evans ACO. Evidence for an early endometrial response to pregnancy in cattle: both dependent upon and independent of interferon tau. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:799-810. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00067.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to 1) identify the earliest transcriptional response of the bovine endometrium to the presence of the conceptus (using RNAseq), 2) investigate if these genes are regulated by interferon tau (IFNT) in vivo, and 3) determine if they are predictive of the pregnancy status of postpartum dairy cows. RNAseq identified 459 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pregnant and cyclic endometria on day 16. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of selected genes revealed PARP12, ZNFX1, HERC6, IFI16, RNF213, and DDX58 expression increased in pregnant compared with cyclic endometria on day 16 and were directly upregulated by intrauterine infusion of IFNT in vivo for 2 h ( P < 0.05). On day 13 following estrous endometrial expression of nine genes increased [ ARHGAP1, MGC127874, LIMS2, TBC1D1, FBXL7, C25H16orf71, LOC507810, ZSWIM4, and one novel gene (ENSBTAT00000050193)] and seven genes decreased ( SERBP1, SRGAP2, AL7A1, TBK1, F2RL2, MGC128929, and WBSCR17; P < 0.05) in pregnant compared with cyclic heifers. Of these DEGs, significant differences in expression between pregnant and cyclic endometria were maintained on day 16 for F2RL2, LIMS2, LOC507810, MGC127874, TBC1D1, WBSCR17, and ZSWIM4 ( P < 0.05) both their expression was not directly regulated by IFNT in vivo. Analysis of the expression of selected interferon-stimulated genes in blood samples from postpartum dairy cows revealed a significant increase ( P < 0.05) in expression of ZXFX1, PARP12, SAMD9, and HERC6 on day 18 following artificial insemination in cows subsequently confirmed pregnant compared with cyclic controls. In conclusion, RNAseq identified a number of novel pregnancy-associated genes in the endometrium of cattle during early pregnancy that are not regulated by IFNT in vivo. In addition, a number of genes that are directly regulated by short term exposure to IFNT in vivo are differentially expressed on day 18 following estrus detection in the blood of postpartum dairy cows depending on their pregnancy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Forde
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G. B. Duffy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P. A. McGettigan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. A. Browne
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. P. Mehta
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A. K. Kelly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N. Mansouri-Attia
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O. Sandra
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite Mixté de Recherche, 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - B. J. Loftus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. A. Crowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. Fair
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. F. Roche
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P. Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A. C. O. Evans
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Kyriakis JM, Avruch J. Mammalian MAPK signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation: a 10-year update. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:689-737. [PMID: 22535895 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in identifying the architecture of the pathways upstream of these kinases as well as in cataloguing candidate substrates. This information remains largely sound. Nevertheless, an informed understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these kinases remained to be accomplished. In the past decade, there has been an explosion of new work using RNAi in cells, as well as transgenic, knockout and conditional knockout technology in mice that has provided valuable insight into the functions of stress-activated MAPK pathways. These findings have important implications in our understanding of organ development, innate and acquired immunity, and diseases such as atherosclerosis, tumorigenesis, and type 2 diabetes. These new developments bring us within striking distance of the development and validation of novel treatment strategies. Herein we first summarize the molecular components of the mammalian stress-regulated MAPK pathways and their regulation as described thus far. We then review some of the in vivo functions of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Kyriakis
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St., Box 8486, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Bohne A, Zhou Q, Darras A, Schmidt C, Schartl M, Galiana-Arnoux D, Volff JN. Zisupton--A Novel Superfamily of DNA Transposable Elements Recently Active in Fish. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29:631-45. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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18
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Human RING finger protein ZNF645 is a novel testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:658-66. [PMID: 20657603 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of testis-specific genes are involved in the complex process of mammalian spermatogenesis. Identification of these genes and their roles is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis. Here we report on a novel human RING finger protein, ZNF645, which contains a C3HC4 RING finger domain, a C2H2 zinc-finger domain, and a proline-rich region, indicating that it has a structure similar to that of the c-Cbl-like protein Hakai. ZNF645 was exclusively expressed in normal human testicular tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ZNF645 protein was present in spermatocytes, round and elongated spermatids, and Leydig cells. Immunofluorescence staining of mature sperms further showed that the ZNF645 protein was localized over the postacrosomal perinuclear theca region and the entire length of sperm tail. An in vitro ubiquitination assay indicated that the RING finger domain of the ZNF645 protein had E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Therefore, we suggest that ZNF645 might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and play a role in human sperm production and quality control.
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Caldwell JC, Joiner MLA, Sivan-Loukianova E, Eberl DF. The role of the RING-finger protein Elfless in Drosophila spermatogenesis and apoptosis. Fly (Austin) 2008; 2:269-79. [PMID: 19077536 DOI: 10.4161/fly.7352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
elfless (CG15150, FBgn0032660) maps to polytene region 36DE 5' (left) of reduced ocelli/Pray for Elves (PFE) on chromosome 2L and is predicted to encode a 187 amino acid RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that is putatively involved in programmed cell death (PCD, e.g., apoptosis). Several experimental approaches were used to characterize CG15150/elfless and test whether defects in this gene underlie the male sterile phenotype associated with overlapping chromosomal deficiencies of region 36DE. elfless expression is greatly enhanced in the testes and the expression pattern of UAS-elfless-EGFP driven by elfless-Gal4 is restricted to the tail cyst cell nuclei of the testes. Despite this, elfless transgenes failed to rescue the male sterile phenotype in Df/Df flies. Furthermore, null alleles of elfless, generated either by imprecise excision of an upstream P-element or by FLP-FRT deletion between two flanking piggyBac elements, are fertile. In a gain-of-function setting in the eye, we found that elfless genetically interacts with key members of the apoptotic pathway including the initiator caspase Dronc and the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UbcD1. DIAP1, but not UbcD1, protein levels are increased in heads of flies expressing Elfless-EGFP in the eye, and in testes of flies expressing elfless-Gal4 driven Elfless-EGFP. Based on these findings, we speculate that Elfless may regulate tail cyst cell degradation to provide an advantageous, though not essential, function in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Caldwell
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1324, USA
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20
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Hasegawa M, Fujimoto Y, Lucas PC, Nakano H, Fukase K, Núñez G, Inohara N. A critical role of RICK/RIP2 polyubiquitination in Nod-induced NF-kappaB activation. EMBO J 2007; 27:373-83. [PMID: 18079694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nod1 and Nod2 are intracellular proteins that are involved in host recognition of specific bacterial molecules and are genetically associated with several inflammatory diseases. Nod1 and Nod2 stimulation activates NF-kappaB through RICK, a caspase-recruitment domain-containing kinase. However, the mechanism by which RICK activates NF-kappaB in response to Nod1 and Nod2 stimulation is unknown. Here we show that RICK is conjugated with lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chains at lysine 209 (K209) located in its kinase domain upon Nod1 or Nod2 stimulation and by induced oligomerization of RICK. Polyubiquitination of RICK at K209 was essential for RICK-mediated IKK activation and cytokine/chemokine secretion. However, RICK polyubiquitination did not require the kinase activity of RICK or alter the interaction of RICK with NEMO, a regulatory subunit of IkappaB kinase (IKK). Instead, polyubiquitination of RICK was found to mediate the recruitment of TAK1, a kinase that was found to be essential for Nod1-induced signaling. Thus, RICK polyubiquitination links TAK1 to IKK complexes, a critical step in Nod1/Nod2-mediated NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Wong EWP, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Biology and regulation of ectoplasmic specialization, an atypical adherens junction type, in the testis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:692-708. [PMID: 18068662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anchoring junctions are cell adhesion apparatus present in all epithelia and endothelia. They are found at the cell-cell interface (adherens junction (AJ) and desmosome) and cell-matrix interface (focal contact and hemidesmosome). In this review, we focus our discussion on AJ in particular the dynamic changes and regulation of this junction type in normal epithelia using testis as a model. There are extensive restructuring of AJ (e.g., ectoplasmic specialization, ES, a testis-specific AJ) at the Sertoli-Sertoli cell interface (basal ES) and Sertoli-elongating spermatid interface (apical ES) during the seminiferous epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis to facilitate the migration of developing germ cells across the seminiferous epithelium. Furthermore, recent findings have shown that ES also confers cell orientation and polarity in the seminiferous epithelium, illustrating that some of the functions initially ascribed to tight junctions (TJ), such as conferring cell polarity, are also part of the inherent properties of the AJ (e.g., apical ES) in the testis. The biology and regulation based on recent studies in the testis are of interest to cell biologists in the field, in particular their regulation, which perhaps is applicable to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa W P Wong
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Nian H, Fan C, Liao S, Shi Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Han C. RNF151, a testis-specific RING finger protein, interacts with dysbindin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:157-63. [PMID: 17577571 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RING finger proteins play important roles in spermatogenesis. Here, we report that a novel RING finger protein RNF151, with a C3HC4-type RING finger domain, a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS), and a TRAF-type zinc finger domain, was exclusively expressed in the mouse testis and developmentally regulated during spermatogenesis. While RNF151 mRNA was present in round spermatids, its protein was expressed in elongating spermatids of the stage VIII-IX seminiferous tubules. The NLS together with the RING domain were necessary and sufficient for the nuclear localization of RNF151-EGFP in transfected cells. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified the physical interaction of mouse RNF151 and dysbindin, which was confirmed by the co-immunoprecipitation of the proteins and by their co-localization in intact cells. As dysbindin has lately been shown to be involved in membrane biogenesis and fusion, a key process for acrosome formation, we propose that RNF151 may play a role in acrosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China
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