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Carrizzo A, Lenzi P, Procaccini C, Damato A, Biagioni F, Ambrosio M, Amodio G, Remondelli P, Del Giudice C, Izzo R, Malovini A, Formisano L, Gigantino V, Madonna M, Puca AA, Trimarco B, Matarese G, Fornai F, Vecchione C. Pentraxin 3 Induces Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction Through a P-selectin/Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Pathway. Circulation 2015; 131:1495-505; discussion 1505. [PMID: 25747934 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.014822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), the prototype of long pentraxins, has been described to be associated with endothelial dysfunction in different cardiovascular disorders. No study has yet evaluated the possible direct effect of PTX3 on vascular function. METHODS AND RESULTS Through in vitro experiments of vascular reactivity and ultrastructural analyses, we demonstrate that PTX3 induces dysfunction and morphological changes in the endothelial layer through a P-selectin/matrix metalloproteinase-1 pathway. The latter hampered the detachment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase from caveolin-1, leading to an impairment of nitric oxide signaling. In vivo studies showed that administering PTX3 to wild-type mice induced endothelial dysfunction and increased blood pressure, an effect absent in P-selectin-deficient mice. In isolated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, PTX3 significantly blunted nitric oxide production through the matrix metalloproteinase-1 pathway. Finally, using ELISA, we found that hypertensive patients (n=31) have higher plasma levels of PTX3 and its mediators P-selectin and matrix metalloproteinase-1 than normotensive subjects (n=21). CONCLUSIONS Our data show for the first time a direct role of PTX3 on vascular function and blood pressure homeostasis, identifying the molecular mechanisms involved. The findings in humans suggest that PTX3, P-selectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 may be novel biomarkers that predict the onset of vascular dysfunction in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Paola Lenzi
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Antonio Damato
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Mariateresa Ambrosio
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Amodio
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Carmine Del Giudice
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Raffaele Izzo
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Alberto Malovini
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Luigi Formisano
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Michele Madonna
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Annibale A Puca
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.)
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- From IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., A.D., F.B., M.A., M.M., F.F., C.V.); University of Pisa, Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, Italy (P.L., F.F.); Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy (IEOS-CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; (C.P., V.G.); University of Salerno, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy (G.A.); University of Salerno, Medicine and Surgery, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy (G.A., P.R., A.A.P., G.M., C.V.); Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (D.G.C., B.T.) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences (R.I.), University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Italy (A. Malovini); Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F.); Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale," Naples, Italy (V.G.); and IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy (A.A.P., G.M.).
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