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Afshar A, Khoradmehr A, Nowzari F, Baghban N, Zare M, Najafi M, Keshavarzi SZ, Zendehboudi F, Mohebbi G, Barmak A, Mohajer F, Basouli N, Keshtkar M, Iraji A, Sari Aslani F, Irajie C, Nabipour I, Mahmudpour M, Tanideh N, Tamadon A. Tissue Extract from Brittle Star Undergoing Arm Regeneration Promotes Wound Healing in Rat. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:381. [PMID: 37504912 PMCID: PMC10381614 DOI: 10.3390/md21070381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study set out to evaluate the wound healing properties of brittle star extracts in vitro and in vivo. Due to the great arm regeneration potential of the brittle star, Ophiocoma cynthiae, the present study aimed to evaluate the wound healing effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of brittle star undergoing arm regeneration in wound healing models. The brittle star samples were collected from Nayband Bay, Bushehr, Iran. After wound induction in the arm of brittle stars, hydroalcoholic extracts relating to different times of arm regeneration were prepared. The GC-MS analysis, in vitro MTT cell viability and cell migration, Western blot, and computational analysis tests were performed. Based on the in vitro findings, two BSEs were chosen for in vivo testing. Macroscopic, histopathological and biochemical evaluations were performed after treatments. The results showed positive proliferative effects of BSEs. Specifically, forty-two compounds were detected in all groups of BSEs using GC-MS analysis, and their biological activities were assessed. The MTT assay showed that the 14 d BSE had a higher proliferative effect on HFF cells than 7 d BSE. The cell migration assay showed that the wound area in 7 d and 14 d BSEs was significantly lower than in the control group. Western blot analysis demonstrated an increase in the expression of proliferation-related proteins. Upon the computational analysis, a strong affinity of some compounds with proteins was observed. The in vivo analysis showed that the evaluation of wound changes and the percentage of wound healing in cell migration assay in the 7 d BSE group was better than in the other groups. Histopathological scores of the 7 d BSE and 14 d BSE groups were significantly higher than in the other groups. In conclusion, the hydroalcoholic extract of O. cynthiae undergoing arm regeneration after 7 and 14 days promoted the wound healing process in the cell and rat skin wound healing model due to their proliferative and migratory biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Afshar
- PerciaVista R&D Co., Shiraz 73, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Fariborz Nowzari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
| | - Neda Baghban
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Masoud Zare
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Maryam Najafi
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Zendehboudi
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Mohebbi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Alireza Barmak
- Food Lab, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohajer
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Nahid Basouli
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Keshtkar
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sari Aslani
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmudpour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75, Iran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 73, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- PerciaVista R&D Co., Shiraz 73, Iran
- Department for Scientific Work, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan
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An Autocrine Negative Feedback Loop Inhibits Dictyostelium discoideum Proliferation through Pathways Including IP3/Ca 2. mBio 2021; 12:e0134721. [PMID: 34154396 PMCID: PMC8262924 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01347-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how eukaryotic cells can sense their number or spatial density and stop proliferating when the local density reaches a set value. We previously found that Dictyostelium discoideum accumulates extracellular polyphosphate to inhibit its proliferation, and this requires the G protein-coupled receptor GrlD and the small GTPase RasC. Here, we show that cells lacking the G protein component Gβ, the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor GefA, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phospholipase C (PLC), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor-like protein A (IplA), polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ppk1), or the TOR complex 2 component PiaA have significantly reduced sensitivity to polyphosphate-induced proliferation inhibition. Polyphosphate upregulates IP3, and this requires GrlD, GefA, PTEN, PLC, and PiaA. Polyphosphate also upregulates cytosolic Ca2+, and this requires GrlD, Gβ, GefA, RasC, PLC, IplA, Ppk1, and PiaA. Together, these data suggest that polyphosphate uses signal transduction pathways including IP3/Ca2+ to inhibit the proliferation of D. discoideum. IMPORTANCE Many mammalian tissues such as the liver have the remarkable ability to regulate their size and have their cells stop proliferating when the tissue reaches the correct size. One possible mechanism involves the cells secreting a signal that they all sense, and a high level of the signal tells the cells that there are enough of them and to stop proliferating. Although regulating such mechanisms could be useful to regulate tissue size to control cancer or birth defects, little is known about such systems. Here, we use a microbial system to study such a mechanism, and we find that key elements of the mechanism have similarities to human proteins. This then suggests the possibility that we may eventually be able to regulate the proliferation of selected cell types in humans and animals.
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PLCD1: A Potential Therapeutic Target in the Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma? Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:923-924. [PMID: 33057944 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Xing Y, Ren S, Ai L, Sun W, Zhao Z, Jiang F, Zhu Y, Piao D. ZNF692 promotes colon adenocarcinoma cell growth and metastasis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1691-1703. [PMID: 30816443 PMCID: PMC6439975 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable recent advancements in colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy, the prognosis of patients with advanced disease remains poor. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies of this disease is required. Zinc finger protein 692 (ZNF692), also known as AREBP and Zfp692, was first reported to have an important role in gluconeogenesis. A recent study demonstrated that ZNF692 is overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and that ZNF692 knockdown inhibited LUAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of ZNF692 in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains unclear. The present study revealed that ZNF692 was upregulated in COAD tissues and cells and that high ZNF692 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and tumor stage in COAD patients. Gain‑ and loss‑of‑function experiments were employed to identify the function of ZNF692 in COAD progression. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that ZNF692 promoted COAD cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that the effects of ZNF692 were mediated by upregulating cyclin D1, cyclin‑dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9) and by downregulating p27Kip1 through the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/AKT signaling pathway. Collectively, these data indicated that ZNF692 may serve as a novel oncogene and a potential treatment target in COAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Xing
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001
| | - Shuo Ren
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001
| | - Lianjie Ai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001
| | - Weidong Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Fengqi Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001
| | - Yuekun Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001
| | - Daxun Piao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001
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Kunrath-Lima M, de Miranda MC, Ferreira ADF, Faraco CCF, de Melo MIA, Goes AM, Rodrigues MA, Faria JAQA, Gomes DA. Phospholipase C delta 4 (PLCδ4) is a nuclear protein involved in cell proliferation and senescence in mesenchymal stromal stem cells. Cell Signal 2018; 49:59-67. [PMID: 29859928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is an important second messenger, and it is involved in many cellular processes such as cell death and proliferation. The rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels can be due to the generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), which is a product of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis by phospholipases C (PLCs), that leads to Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum by InsP3 receptors (InsP3R). Ca2+ signaling patterns can vary in different regions of the cell and increases in nuclear Ca2+ levels have specific biological effects that differ from those of Ca2+ increase in the cytoplasm. There are PLCs in the cytoplasm and nucleus, but little is known about the functions of nuclear PLCs. This work aimed to characterize phenotypically the human PLCδ4 (hPLCδ4) in mesenchymal stem cells. This nuclear isoform of PLC is present in different cell types and has a possible role in proliferative processes. In this work, hPLCδ4 was found to be mainly nuclear in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC). PLCδ4 knockdown demonstrated that it is essential for hASC proliferation, without inducing cell death. An increase of cells in G1, and a reduction of cells on interphase and G2/M in knockdown cells were seen. Furthermore, PLCδ4 knockdown increased the percentage of senescent cells, p16INK4A+ and p21Cip1 mRNAs expression, which could explain the impaired cell proliferation. The results show that hPLCδ4 is in involved in cellular proliferation and senescence in hASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kunrath-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coutinho de Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrea da Fonseca Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Fraga Faraco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariane Izabella Abreu de Melo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Miranda Goes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michele Angela Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Nomikos M, Thanassoulas A, Beck K, Theodoridou M, Kew J, Kashir J, Calver BL, Matthews E, Rizkallah P, Sideratou Z, Nounesis G, Lai FA. Mutations in PLCδ1 associated with hereditary leukonychia display divergent PIP2 hydrolytic function. FEBS J 2016; 283:4502-4514. [PMID: 27783455 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary leukonychia is a rare genetic nail disorder characterized by distinctive whitening of the nail plate of all 20 nails. Hereditary leukonychia may exist as an isolated feature, or in simultaneous occurrence with other cutaneous or systemic pathologies. Associations between hereditary leukonychia and mutations in the gene encoding phospholipase C delta-1 (PLCδ1) have previously been identified. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PLCδ1 mutations and hereditary leukonychia remain uncharacterized. In the present study, we introduced hereditary leukonychia-linked human PLCδ1 mutations (C209R, A574T and S740R) into equivalent residues of rat PLCδ1 (C188R, A553T and S719R), and investigated their effect on the biophysical and biochemical properties of the PLCδ1 protein. Our data suggest that these PLCδ1 mutations associated with hereditary leukonychia do not uniformly alter the enzymatic ability of this protein leading to loss/gain of function, but result in significantly divergent enzymatic properties. We demonstrate here for the first time the importance of PLC-mediated calcium (Ca2+ ) signalling within the manifestation of hereditary leukonychia. PLCδ1 is almost ubiquitous in mammalian cells, which may explain why hereditary leukonychia manifests in association with other systemic pathologies relating to keratin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Nomikos
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Konrad Beck
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jasmine Kew
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian L Calver
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Emily Matthews
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Zili Sideratou
- National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - George Nounesis
- National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - F Anthony Lai
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
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Mishra HK, Prots I, Havlicek S, Kohl Z, Perez-Branguli F, Boerstler T, Anneser L, Minakaki G, Wend H, Hampl M, Leone M, Brückner M, Klucken J, Reis A, Boyer L, Schuierer G, Behrens J, Lampert A, Engel FB, Gage FH, Winkler J, Winner B. GSK3ß-dependent dysregulation of neurodevelopment in SPG11-patient induced pluripotent stem cell model. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:826-840. [PMID: 26971897 PMCID: PMC5084783 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Mutations in the spastic paraplegia gene 11 (SPG11), encoding spatacsin, cause the most frequent form of autosomal‐recessive complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and juvenile‐onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS5). When SPG11 is mutated, patients frequently present with spastic paraparesis, a thin corpus callosum, and cognitive impairment. We previously delineated a neurodegenerative phenotype in neurons of these patients. In the current study, we recapitulated early developmental phenotypes of SPG11 and outlined their cellular and molecular mechanisms in patient‐specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived cortical neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Methods We generated and characterized iPSC‐derived NPCs and neurons from 3 SPG11 patients and 2 age‐matched controls. Results Gene expression profiling of SPG11‐NPCs revealed widespread transcriptional alterations in neurodevelopmental pathways. These include changes in cell‐cycle, neurogenesis, cortical development pathways, in addition to autophagic deficits. More important, the GSK3ß‐signaling pathway was found to be dysregulated in SPG11‐NPCs. Impaired proliferation of SPG11‐NPCs resulted in a significant diminution in the number of neural cells. The decrease in mitotically active SPG11‐NPCs was rescued by GSK3 modulation. Interpretation This iPSC‐derived NPC model provides the first evidence for an early neurodevelopmental phenotype in SPG11, with GSK3ß as a potential novel target to reverse the disease phenotype. Ann Neurol 2016;79:826–840
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu K Mishra
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steven Havlicek
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zacharias Kohl
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesc Perez-Branguli
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tom Boerstler
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Anneser
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Wend
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Hampl
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marina Leone
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Brückner
- Department of Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leah Boyer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard Schuierer
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Center of Neuroradiology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behrens
- Department of Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 protects podocytes from apoptosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21664. [PMID: 26876672 PMCID: PMC4753499 DOI: 10.1038/srep21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of podocytes is an early feature of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and predicts its progression. We found that treatment of podocytes with sera from normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetes patients with high lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity, known to predict progression of DN, downregulated CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2). LPS-treatment of mice also reduced CDK2 expression. LPS-induced downregulation of CDK2 was prevented in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway using immunomodulatory agent GIT27. We also observed that CDK2 is downregulated in the glomeruli of obese Zucker rats before the onset of proteinuria. Knockdown of CDK2, or inhibiting its activity with roscovitine in podocytes increased apoptosis. CDK2 knockdown also reduced expression of PDK1, an activator of the cell survival kinase Akt, and reduced Akt phosphorylation. This suggests that CDK2 regulates the activity of the cell survival pathway via PDK1. Furthermore, PDK1 knockdown reduced the expression of CDK2 suggesting a regulatory loop between CDK2 and PDK1. Collectively, our data show that CDK2 protects podocytes from apoptosis and that reduced expression of CDK2 associates with the development of DN. Preventing downregulation of CDK2 by blocking the TLR pathway with GIT27 may provide a means to prevent podocyte apoptosis and progression of DN.
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Español AJ, Maddaleno MO, Lombardi MG, Cella M, Martínez Pulido P, Sales ME. Treatment with LPS plus INF-γ induces the expression and function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, modulating NIH3T3 cell proliferation: participation of NOS and COX. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5154-67. [PMID: 24990429 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE LPS and IFN-γ are potent stimuli of inflammation, a process in which fibroblasts are frequently involved. We analysed the effect of treatment with LPS plus IFN-γ on the expression and function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in NIH3T3 fibroblasts with regards to proliferation of these cells. We also investigated the participation of NOS and COX, and the role of NF-κB in this process. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH NIH3T3 cells were treated with LPS (10 ng·mL(-1)) plus IFN-γ (0.5 ng·mL(-1)) for 72 h (iNIH3T3 cells). Cell proliferation was evaluated with MTT and protein expression by Western blot analysis. NOS and COX activities were measured by the Griess method and radioimmunoassay respectively. KEY RESULTS The cholinoceptor agonist carbachol was more effective at stimulating proliferation in iNIH3T3 than in NIH3T3 cells, probably due to the de novo induction of M3 and M5 muscarinic receptors independently of NF-κB activation. iNIH3T3 cells produced higher amounts of NO and PGE2 than NIH3T3 cells, concomitantly with an up-regulation of NOS1 and COX-2, and with the de novo induction of NOS2/3 in inflamed cells. We also found a positive feedback between NOS and COX that could potentiate inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Inflammation induced the expression of muscarinic receptors and, therefore,stimulated carbachol-induced proliferation of fibroblasts. Inflammation also up-regulated the expression of NOS and COX-2, thus potentiating the effect of carbachol on NO and PGE2 production. A positive crosstalk between NOS and COX triggered by carbachol in inflamed cells points to muscarinic receptors as potential therapeutic targets in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Español
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lypopolysaccharide downregulates the expression of selected phospholipase C genes in cultured endothelial cells. Inflammation 2014; 36:862-8. [PMID: 23420070 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The signaling system of phosphoinositides (PI) is involved in a variety of cell and tissue functions, including membrane trafficking, ion channel activity, cell cycle, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell and tissue polarity. Recently, PI and related molecules, such as the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs), main players in PI signaling were supposed to be involved in inflammation. Besides the control of calcium levels, PI-PLCs contribute to the regulation of phosphatydil-inositol bisphosphate metabolism, crucial in cytoskeletal organization. The expression of PI-PLCs is strictly tissue specific and evidences suggest that it varies under different conditions, such as tumor progression or cell activation. In a previous study, we obtained a complete panel of expression of PI-PLC isoforms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), a widely used experimental model for endothelial cells. In the present study, we analyzed the mRNA concentration of PI-PLCs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated HUVEC by using the multiliquid bioanalyzer methodology after 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h from LPS administration. Marked differences in the expression of most PI-PLC codifying genes were evident.
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Hugo HJ, Pereira L, Suryadinata R, Drabsch Y, Gonda TJ, Gunasinghe NPAD, Pinto C, Soo ETL, van Denderen BJW, Hill P, Ramsay RG, Sarcevic B, Newgreen DF, Thompson EW. Direct repression of MYB by ZEB1 suppresses proliferation and epithelial gene expression during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R113. [PMID: 24283570 PMCID: PMC3979034 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes cell migration and is important in metastasis. Cellular proliferation is often downregulated during EMT, and the reverse transition (MET) in metastases appears to be required for restoration of proliferation in secondary tumors. We studied the interplay between EMT and proliferation control by MYB in breast cancer cells. METHODS MYB, ZEB1, and CDH1 expression levels were manipulated by lentiviral small-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown/overexpression, and verified with Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and qRT-PCR. Proliferation was assessed with bromodeoxyuridine pulse labeling and flow cytometry, and sulforhodamine B assays. EMT was induced with epidermal growth factor for 9 days or by exposure to hypoxia (1% oxygen) for up to 5 days, and assessed with qRT-PCR, cell morphology, and colony morphology. Protein expression in human breast cancers was assessed with immunohistochemistry. ZEB1-MYB promoter binding and repression were determined with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay and a luciferase reporter assay, respectively. Student paired t tests, Mann-Whitney, and repeated measures two-way ANOVA tests determined statistical significance (P < 0.05). RESULTS Parental PMC42-ET cells displayed higher expression of ZEB1 and lower expression of MYB than did the PMC42-LA epithelial variant. Knockdown of ZEB1 in PMC42-ET and MDA-MB-231 cells caused increased expression of MYB and a transition to a more epithelial phenotype, which in PMC42-ET cells was coupled with increased proliferation. Indeed, we observed an inverse relation between MYB and ZEB1 expression in two in vitro EMT cell models, in matched human breast tumors and lymph node metastases, and in human breast cancer cell lines. Knockdown of MYB in PMC42-LA cells (MYBsh-LA) led to morphologic changes and protein expression consistent with an EMT. ZEB1 expression was raised in MYBsh-LA cells and significantly repressed in MYB-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells, which also showed reduced random migration and a shift from mesenchymal to epithelial colony morphology in two dimensional monolayer cultures. Finally, we detected binding of ZEB1 to MYB promoter in PMC42-ET cells, and ZEB1 overexpression repressed MYB promoter activity. CONCLUSIONS This work identifies ZEB1 as a transcriptional repressor of MYB and suggests a reciprocal MYB-ZEB1 repressive relation, providing a mechanism through which proliferation and the epithelial phenotype may be coordinately modulated in breast cancer cells.
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Mackenzie LS, Lymn JS, Hughes AD. Linking phospholipase C isoforms with differentiation function in human vascular smooth muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3006-3012. [PMID: 23954266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes consists of a number of isoforms, each of which has different cellular functions. PLCγ1 is primarily linked to tyrosine kinase transduction pathways, whereas PLCδ1 has been associated with a number of regulatory proteins, including those controlling the cell cycle. Recent studies have shown a central role of PLC in cell organisation and in regulating a wide array of cellular responses. It is of importance to define the precise role of each isoform, and how this changes the functional outcome of the cell. Here we investigated differences in PLC isoform levels and activity in relation to differentiation of human and rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Using Western blotting and PLC activity assay, we show that PLCδ1 and PLCγ1 are the predominant isoforms in randomly cycling human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs). Growth arrest of HVSMCs for seven days of serum deprivation was consistently associated with increases in PLCδ1 and SM α-actin, whereas there were no changes in PLCγ1 immuno-reactivity. Organ culture of rat mesenteric arteries in serum free media (SFM), a model of de-differentiation, led to a loss of contractility as well as a loss of contractile proteins (SM α-actin and calponin) and PLCδ1, and no change in PLCγ1 immuno-reactivity. Taken together, these data indicate that PLCδ1 is the predominant PLC isoform in vascular smooth muscle, and confirm that PLCδ1 expression is affected by conditions that affect the cell cycle, differentiation status and contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Mackenzie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, QEQM Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Joanne S Lymn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, QEQM Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK; Institute of Cell Signalling, The School of Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, QEQM Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK
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Phospholipase C-δ1 regulates interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1987-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Runkel F, Hintze M, Griesing S, Michels M, Blanck B, Fukami K, Guénet JL, Franz T. Alopecia in a viable phospholipase C delta 1 and phospholipase C delta 3 double mutant. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39203. [PMID: 22723964 PMCID: PMC3378570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate (IP(3)) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are important intracellular signalling molecules in various tissues. They are generated by the phospholipase C family of enzymes, of which phospholipase C delta (PLCD) forms one class. Studies with functional inactivation of Plcd isozyme encoding genes in mice have revealed that loss of both Plcd1 and Plcd3 causes early embryonic death. Inactivation of Plcd1 alone causes loss of hair (alopecia), whereas inactivation of Plcd3 alone has no apparent phenotypic effect. To investigate a possible synergy of Plcd1 and Plcd3 in postnatal mice, novel mutations of these genes compatible with life after birth need to be found. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterise a novel mouse mutant with a spontaneously arisen mutation in Plcd3 (Plcd3(mNab)) that resulted from the insertion of an intracisternal A particle (IAP) into intron 2 of the Plcd3 gene. This mutation leads to the predominant expression of a truncated PLCD3 protein lacking the N-terminal PH domain. C3H mice that carry one or two mutant Plcd3(mNab) alleles are phenotypically normal. However, the presence of one Plcd3(mNab) allele exacerbates the alopecia caused by the loss of functional Plcd1 in Del(9)olt1Pas mutant mice with respect to the number of hair follicles affected and the body region involved. Mice double homozygous for both the Del(9)olt1Pas and the Plcd3(mNab) mutations survive for several weeks and exhibit total alopecia associated with fragile hair shafts showing altered expression of some structural genes and shortened phases of proliferation in hair follicle matrix cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The Plcd3(mNab) mutation is a novel hypomorphic mutation of Plcd3. Our investigations suggest that Plcd1 and Plcd3 have synergistic effects on the murine hair follicle in specific regions of the body surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Runkel
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maik Hintze
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Studiengang Molekulare Biomedizin, LIMES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Griesing
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Studiengang Molekulare Biomedizin, LIMES, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Blanck
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji-city, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jean-Louis Guénet
- Département de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Franz
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Danielsen SA, Cekaite L, Ågesen TH, Sveen A, Nesbakken A, Thiis-Evensen E, Skotheim RI, Lind GE, Lothe RA. Phospholipase C isozymes are deregulated in colorectal cancer--insights gained from gene set enrichment analysis of the transcriptome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24419. [PMID: 21909432 PMCID: PMC3164721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types in developed countries. To identify molecular networks and biological processes that are deregulated in CRC compared to normal colonic mucosa, we applied Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to two independent transcriptome datasets, including a total of 137 CRC and ten normal colonic mucosa samples. Eighty-two gene sets as described by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database had significantly altered gene expression in both datasets. These included networks associated with cell division, DNA maintenance, and metabolism. Among signaling pathways with known changes in key genes, the “Phosphatidylinositol signaling network”, comprising part of the PI3K pathway, was found deregulated. The downregulated genes in this pathway included several members of the Phospholipase C protein family, and the reduced expression of two of these, PLCD1 and PLCE1, were successfully validated in CRC biopsies (n = 70) and cell lines (n = 19) by quantitative analyses. The repression of both genes was found associated with KRAS mutations (P = 0.005 and 0.006, respectively), and we observed that microsatellite stable carcinomas with reduced PLCD1 expression more frequently had TP53 mutations (P = 0.002). Promoter methylation analyses of PLCD1 and PLCE1 performed in cell lines and tumor biopsies revealed that methylation of PLCD1 can contribute to reduced expression in 40% of the microsatellite instable carcinomas. In conclusion, we have identified significantly deregulated pathways in CRC, and validated repression of PLCD1 and PLCE1 expression. This illustrates that the GSEA approach may guide discovery of novel biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine A. Danielsen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lina Cekaite
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude H. Ågesen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Sveen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Thiis-Evensen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Gastroenterology, and Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf I. Skotheim
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro E. Lind
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A. Lothe
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Choi OR, Lim IK. Loss of p21(Sdi1) expression in senescent cells after DNA damage accompanied with increase of miR-93 expression and reduced p53 interaction with p21(Sdi1) gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:406-11. [PMID: 21402054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To answer what is a critical event for higher incidence of tumor development in old than young individuals, primary culture of human diploid fibroblasts were employed and DNA damage was induced by doxorubicin or X-ray irradiation. Response to the damage was different between young and old cells; loss of p21(sdi1) expression in spite of p53(S¹⁵) activation in old cells along with [³H]thymidine and BrdU incorporation, but not in young cells. The phenomenon was confirmed by other tissue fibroblasts obtained from different donor ages. Induction of miR-93 expression and reduced p53 binding to p21 gene promoter account for loss of p21(sdi1) expression in senescent cells after DNA damage, suggesting a mechanism of in vivo carcinogenesis in aged tissue without repair arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Ran Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
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Thieltges F, Stanzel BV, Liu Z, Holz FG. A nanofibrillar surface promotes superior growth characteristics in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 46:133-40. [PMID: 21336003 DOI: 10.1159/000324045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the influence of surface topography on the proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by comparing nanofibrillar and smooth substrates. METHODS Electrospun polyamide nanofibers (EPN) are an engineered surface mimicking native basement membranes. Commonly used plastic (polystyrene, PS) and glass substrates have a smooth topography. All were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RPE cultures were established from fetal and adult donors. Growth curves were established on the above substrates. Cell cycle and growth fractions were analyzed with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). RESULTS At a magnification of ×5,000, EPN showed randomly overlapping fibers and pores. The surface of glass was slightly studded yet regular, in contrast to ideally smooth PS. Polygonal cells grew on nanofibers in a colony-like distribution, while randomly spread spindle-shaped cell morphologies were seen on smooth surfaces. This was observed at all donor ages. Initial proliferation rates were higher on EPN, and similar final cell densities were reached in all age groups, compared to an age-related decline on PS. EdU/DAPI revealed faster cell cycles on EPN. Growth fractions were higher and maintained longer on EPN. Observed substrate differences in growth behavior were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Surface topography appears to induce distinct RPE proliferation characteristics.
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