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Vacuolal and Peroxisomal Calcium Ion Transporters in Yeasts and Fungi: Key Role in the Translocation of Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Fungal Metabolites. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081450. [PMID: 36011361 PMCID: PMC9407949 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights The intracellular calcium content plays a key role in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and secretion of fungal metabolites. The cytosolic calcium concentration in fungi is maintained by influx through the cell membrane and by release from store organelles. Some MSF transporters, e.g., PenV of Penicillium chrysogenum and CefP of Acremonium chrysogenum belong to the TRP calcium ion channels. A few of the numerous calcium ion transporters existing in organelles of different filamentous fungi have been characterized at the functional and subcellular localization levels. The cytosolic calcium signal seems to be transduced by the calcitonin/calcineurin cascade controlling the expression of many fungal genes.
Abstract The intracellular calcium content in fungal cells is influenced by a large number of environmental and nutritional factors. Sharp changes in the cytosolic calcium level act as signals that are decoded by the cell gene expression machinery, resulting in several physiological responses, including differentiation and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Expression of the three penicillin biosynthetic genes is regulated by calcium ions, but there is still little information on the role of this ion in the translocation of penicillin intermediates between different subcellular compartments. Using advanced information on the transport of calcium in organelles in yeast as a model, this article reviews the recent progress on the transport of calcium in vacuoles and peroxisomes and its relation to the translocation of biosynthetic intermediates in filamentous fungi. The Penicillium chrysogenum PenV vacuole transporter and the Acremonium chrysogenum CefP peroxisomal transporter belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP) class CSC of calcium ion channels. The PenV transporter plays an important role in providing precursors for the biosynthesis of the tripeptide δ-(-α-aminoadipyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine), the first intermediate of penicillin biosynthesis in P. chrysogenum. Similarly, CefP exerts a key function in the conversion of isopenicillin N to penicillin N in peroxisomes of A. chrysogenum. These TRP transporters are different from other TRP ion channels of Giberella zeae that belong to the Yvc1 class of yeast TRPs. Recent advances in filamentous fungi indicate that the cytosolic calcium concentration signal is connected to the calcitonin/calcineurin signal transduction cascade that controls the expression of genes involved in the subcellular translocation of intermediates during fungal metabolite biosynthesis. These advances open new possibilities to enhance the expression of important biosynthetic genes in fungi.
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The PenV vacuolar membrane protein that controls penicillin biosynthesis is a putative member of a subfamily of stress-gated transient receptor calcium channels. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Sturgeon CM, Robinson MR, Penton MC, Clemmer DC, Trujillo MA, Khawaja AU, Segarra VA. Kinetic assay of starvation sensitivity in yeast autophagy mutants allows for the identification of intermediary phenotypes. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:505. [PMID: 31412956 PMCID: PMC6694668 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A classical method to quantitatively determine the starvation sensitivity phenotype of autophagy mutant budding yeast strains is to starve them for a period of time and then to assess the proportion of cells that retain the ability to form colonies when the availability of nutrients is restored. The readout of this colony-formation assay is generally evaluated after a fixed period of time following the restoration of nutrients, so that it can be considered an endpoint assay. One drawback we have identified is the inability to characterize subtle intermediary phenotypes that are detectable at the molecular level but fail to reach statistical significance in the colony formation experiment. We set out to determine whether a more dynamic measurement of growth during recovery after starvation would increase the sensitivity with which we are able to detect partial loss-of-function phenotypes. RESULTS We describe a 96-well plate-based assay to kinetically assess starvation sensitivity in budding yeast that allows for the quantitative detection of very modest starvation sensitivity phenotypes with statistical significance in autophagy mutant yeast strains lacking the ATG27 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candyce M Sturgeon
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Meaghan R Robinson
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Molly C Penton
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223-0001, USA
| | - Deanna C Clemmer
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.,Cystic Fibrosis Center/Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7248, USA
| | - Maria A Trujillo
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ambar U Khawaja
- International Baccalaureate Program, High Point Central High School, High Point, NC, 27262, USA.,Campus Y Program (Global Gap Year), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Verónica A Segarra
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
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Zhao Y, Xu H, Zhang Y, Jiang L. Vcx1-D1 (M383I), the Vcx1 mutant with a calcineurin-independent vacuolar Ca(2+)/H(+) exchanger activity, confers calcineurin-independent Mn(2+) tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:475-84. [PMID: 27100389 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Vcx1-M1 mutant is known to confer calcineurin-dependent Mn(2+) tolerance in budding yeast. Here, we demonstrate that another Vcx1 mutant, Vcx1-D1 with calcineurin-independent vacuolar Ca(2+)/H(+) exchanger activity, confers calcineurin-independent Mn(2+) tolerance. Unlike Vcx1-M1, the Mn(2+) tolerance conferred by Vcx1-D1 is dependent on the presence of Pmr1 or Pmc1. The Pmr1-dependent Mn(2+) tolerance of Vcx1-D1 requires the presence of calcineurin but not the functioning of the Ca(2+)/calcineurin signaling pathway. Similar to the wild-type Vcx1, C-terminally green fluorescent protein tagged Vcx1-D1 and Vcx1-M1 mutants localize to the endoplasmic reticulum instead of its normal vacuolar destination, but they remain functional in Ca(2+) sensitivity and Mn(2+) tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Zhao
- a The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.,b The National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Xu
- b The National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- b The National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghuo Jiang
- a The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.,b The National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Manohar M, Shigaki T, Hirschi KD. Plant cation/H+ exchangers (CAXs): biological functions and genetic manipulations. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:561-9. [PMID: 21668596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic cations play decisive roles in many cellular and physiological processes and are essential components of plant nutrition. Therefore, the uptake of cations and their redistribution must be precisely controlled. Vacuolar antiporters are important elements in mediating the intracellular sequestration of these cations. These antiporters are energized by the proton gradient across the vacuolar membrane and allow the rapid transport of cations into the vacuole. CAXs (for CAtion eXchanger) are members of a multigene family and appear to predominately reside on vacuoles. Defining CAX regulation and substrate specificity have been aided by utilising yeast as an experimental tool. Studies in plants suggest CAXs regulate apoplastic Ca(2+) levels in order to optimise cell wall expansion, photosynthesis, transpiration and plant productivity. CAX studies provide the basis for making designer transporters that have been used to develop nutrient enhanced crops and plants for remediating toxic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manohar
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Pittman JK. Vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:139-46. [PMID: 21310481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium transporters that mediate the removal of Ca(2+) from the cytosol and into internal stores provide a critical role in regulating Ca(2+) signals following stimulus induction and in preventing calcium toxicity. The vacuole is a major calcium store in many organisms, particularly plants and fungi. Two main pathways facilitate the accumulation of Ca(2+) into vacuoles, Ca(2+)-ATPases and Ca(2+)/H(+) exchangers. Here I review the biochemical and regulatory features of these transporters that have been characterised in yeast and plants. These Ca(2+) transport mechanisms are compared with those being identified from other vacuolated organisms including algae and protozoa. Studies suggest that Ca(2+) uptake into vacuoles and other related acidic Ca(2+) stores occurs by conserved mechanisms which developed early in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon K Pittman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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