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Qu W, Tian R, Yang B, Guo T, Wu Z, Li Y, Geng Z, Wang Z. Dual-Channel/Localization Single-Molecule Fluorescence Probe for Monitoring ATP and HOCl in Early Diagnosis and Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5428-5436. [PMID: 38551643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common chronic inflammatory illness, is still incurable, reducing the sufferers' quality of life significantly. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are key indicators in RA, but their precise mechanisms in RA pathophysiology are unknown. As a result, in order to detect ATP and HOCl simultaneously, we created two new dual-channel/localization single-molecule fluorescence probes, RhTNMB and RhFNMB. Furthermore, RhFNMB outperformed RhTNMB in terms of detection performance. ATP and HOCl produce independent fluorescence responses in the light red channel (λex = 520 nm, λem = 586 nm) and deep red channel (λex = 620 nm, λem = 688 nm), respectively, without spectral crosstalk. It should be noted that the probe RhFNMB successfully imaged ATP in mitochondria and HOCl in cells. Surprisingly, the probe RhFNMB demonstrated remarkable detection ability in the diagnosis and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced abdominal inflammation in mice. We continued to apply the probe RhFNMB to track ATP and HOCl in RA and discovered that ATP and HOCl concentrations were considerably greater in RA joints than in normal joints. We also confirmed the therapeutic effect of methotrexate on RA. This study is the first to achieve dual-channel imaging of ATP and HOCl, which is of great value for the early diagnosis and therapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ruowei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Taiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Geng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Joint International Laboratory of Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Kawabata Y, Fukushige T, Indo HP, Matsumoto KI, Ueno M, Nakanishi I, Chatatikun M, Klangbud WK, Surinkaew S, Tangpong J, Kanekura T, Majima HJ. Hair Follicle Damage after 100 mGy Low-Dose Fractionated X-Ray Irradiation and the Protective Effects of TEMPOL, a Stable Nitroxide Radical, against Radiation. Radiat Res 2024; 201:115-125. [PMID: 38211765 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00167.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The effects of long-term low-dose X-ray irradiation on the outer root sheath (ORS) cells of C3H/He mice were investigated. Mice were irradiated with a regime of 100 mGy/day, 5 days/week, for 12 weeks (Group X) and the results obtained were compared to those in a non-irradiated control (Group C). Potential protection against ORS cells damage induced by this exposure was investigated by adding the stable nitroxide radical 4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL) at 1 mM to the drinking water of mice (Group X + TEMPOL). The results obtained were compared with Group C and a non-irradiated group treated with TEMPOL (Group C + TEMPOL). After fractionated X-ray irradiation, skin was removed and ORS cells were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and electron microscopy for an abnormal nuclear morphology and nuclear condensation changes. Fractionated X-irradiated mice had an increased number of ORS cells with an abnormal nuclear morphology as well as nuclear condensation changes. Sections were also immunohistochemically examined for the presence of TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitrotyrosine, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Significant increases were observed in TUNEL, 8-OHdG, and 4-HNE levels in ORS cells from mice in Group X. Electron microscopy also showed irregular shrunken ORS cells in Group X. These changes were prevented by the presence of TEMPOL in the drinking water of the irradiated mice. TEMPOL alone had no significant effects. These results suggest that fractionated doses of radiation induced oxidative damage in ORS cells; however, TEMPOL provided protection against this damage, possibly as a result of the rapid reaction of this nitroxide radical with the reactive oxidants generated by fractionated X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kawabata
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fukushige
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroko P Indo
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Amanogawa Galaxy Astronomy Research Center, Kagoshima University Graduate School of and Engineering, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Megumi Ueno
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Moragot Chatatikun
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Surinkaew
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hideyuki J Majima
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Amanogawa Galaxy Astronomy Research Center, Kagoshima University Graduate School of and Engineering, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Department of Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Antioxidant Strategies to Modulate NETosis and the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps during Chronic Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020478. [PMID: 36830036 PMCID: PMC9952818 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular traps are released by neutrophils and other immune cells as part of the innate immune response to combat pathogens. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of a mesh of DNA and histone proteins decorated with various anti-microbial granule proteins, such as elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In addition to their role in innate immunity, NETs are also strongly linked with numerous pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, sepsis and COVID-19. This has led to significant interest in developing strategies to inhibit NET release. In this study, we have examined the efficacy of different antioxidant approaches to selectively modulate the inflammatory release of NETs. PLB-985 neutrophil-like cells were shown to release NETs on exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), hypochlorous acid or nigericin, a bacterial peptide derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Studies with the probe R19-S indicated that treatment of the PLB-985 cells with PMA, but not nigericin, resulted in the production of HOCl. Therefore, studies were extended to examine the efficacy of a range of antioxidant compounds that modulate HOCl production by MPO to prevent NETosis. It was shown that thiocyanate, selenocyanate and various nitroxides could prevent NETosis in PLB-985 neutrophils exposed to PMA and HOCl, but not nigericin. These results were confirmed in analogous experiments with freshly isolated primary human neutrophils. Taken together, these data provide new information regarding the utility of supplementation with MPO inhibitors and/or HOCl scavengers to prevent NET release, which could be important to more specifically target pathological NETosis in vivo.
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Qu W, Guo T, Yang B, Tian R, Qiu S, Chen X, Geng Z, Wang Z. Tracking HOCl by an incredibly simple fluorescent probe with AIE plus ESIPT in vitro and in vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121649. [PMID: 35872428 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid is an important active substance involved in a variety of physiological processes in living organisms, while abnormal concentrations of HOCl are strongly associated with a variety of diseases such as cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. As a result, it's crucial to establish a reliable method for tracking HOCl in vivo in order to investigate its physiological consequences. In this work, we developed a fluorescent probe DFSN with both AIE and ESIPT for imaging HOCl in vivo. DFSN not only has a basic structure and is easy to synthesize, but also has superior performance. The probe responds to HOCl in less than 10 s and has good selectivity and sensitivity to HOCl (DL = 6.3 nM), with a 110-fold increase in fluorescence intensity following response. In addition, DFSN can realize the rapid detection of hypochlorous acid with naked eyes. Moreover, DFSN can be used for the detection of exogenous and endogenous HOCl in RAW264.7 cells, and additionally enables the tracking of HOCl in cancer cells (Hela cells and HepG2 cells). More notably, it has been utilized to image hypochlorous acid in zebrafish with great success. The probe DFSN will be useful in determining the physiological significance of HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Taiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ruowei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhirong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Zhilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Evidence for Oxidative Pathways in the Pathogenesis of PD: Are Antioxidants Candidate Drugs to Ameliorate Disease Progression? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136923. [PMID: 35805928 PMCID: PMC9266756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that arises due to a complex and variable interplay between elements including age, genetic, and environmental risk factors that manifest as the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Contemporary treatments for PD do not prevent or reverse the extent of neurodegeneration that is characteristic of this disorder and accordingly, there is a strong need to develop new approaches which address the underlying disease process and provide benefit to patients with this debilitating disorder. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and inflammation have been implicated as pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons seen in PD. However, results of studies aiming to inhibit these pathways have shown variable success, and outcomes from large-scale clinical trials are not available or report varying success for the interventions studied. Overall, the available data suggest that further development and testing of novel therapies are required to identify new potential therapies for combating PD. Herein, this review reports on the most recent development of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches that have shown positive benefit in cell and animal models of disease with a focus on supplementation with natural product therapies and selected synthetic drugs.
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Pierzchała K, Pięta M, Rola M, Świerczyńska M, Artelska A, Dębowska K, Podsiadły R, Pięta J, Zielonka J, Sikora A, Marcinek A, Michalski R. Fluorescent probes for monitoring myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid: a comparative study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9314. [PMID: 35660769 PMCID: PMC9166712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MPO-derived oxidants including HOCl contribute to tissue damage and the initiation and propagation of inflammatory diseases. The search for small molecule inhibitors of myeloperoxidase, as molecular tools and potential drugs, requires the application of high throughput screening assays based on monitoring the activity of myeloperoxidase. In this study, we have compared three classes of fluorescent probes for monitoring myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid, including boronate-, aminophenyl- and thiol-based fluorogenic probes and we show that all three classes of probes are suitable for this purpose. However, probes based on the coumarin fluorophore turned out to be not reliable indicators of the inhibitors’ potency. We have also determined the rate constants of the reaction between HOCl and the probes and they are equal to 1.8 × 104 M−1s−1 for coumarin boronic acid (CBA), 1.1 × 104 M−1s−1 for fluorescein based boronic acid (FLBA), 3.1 × 104 M−1s−1 for 7-(p-aminophenyl)-coumarin (APC), 1.6 × 104 M−1s−1 for 3’-(p-aminophenyl)-fluorescein (APF), and 1 × 107 M−1s−1 for 4-thiomorpholino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-TM). The high reaction rate constant of NBD-TM with HOCl makes this probe the most reliable tool to monitor HOCl formation in the presence of compounds showing HOCl-scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzchała
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Pięta
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Rola
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świerczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Angelika Artelska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Dębowska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Podsiadły
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Pięta
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Adam Sikora
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Michalski
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
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The Cyclic Nitroxide TEMPOL Ameliorates Oxidative Stress but Not Inflammation in a Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020257. [PMID: 35204139 PMCID: PMC8868255 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic nitroxide TEMPOL exerts anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus may provide therapeutic benefit in Parkinson’s disease (PD), in which mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and inflammation have been implicated as pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were investigated in a cell model of differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells treated with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Treatment with TEMPOL ameliorated 6-OHDA-mediated cytotoxicity and attenuated biomarkers of oxidative stress including: mitochondrial superoxide anion free radical production, lipid peroxidation, induction of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression and NFκB activation. Treatment with TEMPOL abated decreased gene expression of DRD2S and DRD2L induced by 6-OHDA indicating that TEMPOL may prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of pathways that result in receptor desensitization. 6-OHDA insult decreased gene expression of the antioxidant, SOD-1, and this diminution was also mitigated by TEMPOL. Activation of NFκB increased pro-inflammatory IFNy and decreased IL-6, however, TEMPOL had no effect on these inflammation mediators. Overall, this data suggests that cyclic nitroxides may preserve dopaminergic neuronal cell viability by attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, but are unable to affect inflammatory mediators that propagate cellular damage and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Identifying Potential Antioxidant Properties from the Viscera of Sea Snails ( Turbo cornutus). Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100567. [PMID: 34677466 PMCID: PMC8539058 DOI: 10.3390/md19100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Turbo cornutus, the horned turban sea snail, is found along the intertidal and basaltic shorelines of Jeju Island, Korea. T. cornutus feeds on seaweeds (e.g., Undaria sp., and Ecklonia sp.) composed of diverse antioxidants. This study identified potential antioxidant properties from T. cornutus viscera tissues. Diverse extracts were evaluated for their hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activities. T. cornutus viscera protamex-assisted extracts (TVP) were purified by gel filtration chromatography (GFC), and potential antioxidant properties were analyzed for their amino acid sequences and its peroxidase inhibition effects by in silico molecular docking and in vitro analysis. According to the results, T. cornutus viscera tissues are composed of many protein contents with each over 50%. Among the extracts, TVP possessed the highest H2O2 scavenging activity. In addition, TVP-GFC-3 significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased cell viability in H2O2-treated HepG2 cells without cytotoxicity. TVP-GFC-3 comprises nine low molecular bioactive peptides (ELR, VGPQ, TDY, ALPHA, PAH, VDY, WSDK, VFSP, and FAPQY). Notably, the peptides dock to the active site of the myeloperoxidase (MPO), especially TDY and FAPQY showed the MPO inhibition effects with IC50 values of 646.0 ± 45.0 µM and 57.1 ± 17.7 µM, respectively. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that T. cornutus viscera have potential antioxidant properties that can be used as high value-added ingredients.
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Role of myeloperoxidase and oxidant formation in the extracellular environment in inflammation-induced tissue damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:633-651. [PMID: 34246778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The heme peroxidase family generates a battery of oxidants both for synthetic purposes, and in the innate immune defence against pathogens. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is the most promiscuous family member, generating powerful oxidizing species including hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Whilst HOCl formation is important in pathogen removal, this species is also implicated in host tissue damage and multiple inflammatory diseases. Significant oxidant formation and damage occurs extracellularly as a result of MPO release via phagolysosomal leakage, cell lysis, extracellular trap formation, and inappropriate trafficking. MPO binds strongly to extracellular biomolecules including polyanionic glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, proteins, and DNA. This localizes MPO and subsequent damage, at least partly, to specific sites and species, including extracellular matrix (ECM) components and plasma proteins/lipoproteins. Biopolymer-bound MPO retains, or has enhanced, catalytic activity, though evidence is also available for non-catalytic effects. These interactions, particularly at cell surfaces and with the ECM/glycocalyx induce cellular dysfunction and altered gene expression. MPO binds with higher affinity to some damaged ECM components, rationalizing its accumulation at sites of inflammation. MPO-damaged biomolecules and fragments act as chemo-attractants and cell activators, and can modulate gene and protein expression in naïve cells, consistent with an increasing cycle of MPO adhesion, activity, damage, and altered cell function at sites of leukocyte infiltration and activation, with subsequent tissue damage and dysfunction. MPO levels are used clinically both diagnostically and prognostically, and there is increasing interest in strategies to prevent MPO-mediated damage; therapeutic aspects are not discussed as these have been reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
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Maiocchi S, Ku J, Hawtrey T, De Silvestro I, Malle E, Rees M, Thomas SR, Morris JC. Polyamine-Conjugated Nitroxides Are Efficacious Inhibitors of Oxidative Reactions Catalyzed by Endothelial-Localized Myeloperoxidase. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1681-1692. [PMID: 34085520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a key mediator of endothelial dysfunction and a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. During inflammation, MPO released by circulating leukocytes is internalized by endothelial cells and transcytosed into the subendothelial extracellular matrix of diseased vessels. At this site, MPO mediates endothelial dysfunction by catalytically consuming nitric oxide (NO) and producing reactive oxidants, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the nitrogen dioxide radical (•NO2). Accordingly, there is interest in developing MPO inhibitors that effectively target endothelial-localized MPO. Here we studied a series of piperidine nitroxides conjugated to polyamine moieties as novel endothelial-targeted MPO inhibitors. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of cell lysates showed that polyamine conjugated nitroxides were efficiently internalized into endothelial cells in a heparan sulfate dependent manner. Nitroxides effectively inhibited the consumption of MPO's substrate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formation of HOCl catalyzed by endothelial-localized MPO, with their efficacy dependent on both nitroxide and conjugated-polyamine structure. Nitroxides also differentially inhibited protein nitration catalyzed by both purified and endothelial-localized MPO, which was dependent on •NO2 scavenging rather than MPO inhibition. Finally, nitroxides uniformly inhibited the catalytic consumption of NO by MPO in human plasma. These studies show for the first time that nitroxides effectively inhibit local oxidative reactions catalyzed by endothelial-localized MPO. Novel polyamine-conjugated nitroxides, ethylenediamine-TEMPO and putrescine-TEMPO, emerged as efficacious nitroxides uniquely exhibiting high endothelial cell uptake and efficient inhibition of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production, protein nitration, and NO oxidation. Polyamine-conjugated nitroxides represent a versatile class of antioxidant drugs capable of targeting endothelial-localized MPO during vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maiocchi
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Ku
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tom Hawtrey
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Irene De Silvestro
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Rees
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shane R Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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11
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Santos MBD, Carvalho Marques B, Miranda Ayusso G, Rocha Garcia MA, Chiquetto Paracatu L, Pauli I, Silva Bolzani V, Defini Andricopulo A, Farias Ximenes V, Zeraik ML, Regasini LO. Chalcones and their B-aryl analogues as myeloperoxidase inhibitors: In silico, in vitro and ex vivo investigations. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104773. [PMID: 33744807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a series of chalcones and their B-aryl analogues were prepared and evaluate as inhibitors of myeloperoxidase (MPO) chlorinating activity, using in vitro and ex vivo assays. Among these, B-thiophenyl chalcone (analogue 9) demonstrated inhibition of in vitro and ex vivo MPO chlorinating activity, exhibiting IC50 value of 0.53 and 19.2 µM, respectively. Potent ex vivo MPO inhibitors 5, 8 and 9 were not toxic to human neutrophils at 50 µM, as well as displayed weak 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) scavenger abilities. Docking simulations indicated binding mode of MPO inhibitors, evidencing hydrogen bonds between the amino group at 4'position (ring A) of chalcones with Gln91, Asp94, and Hys95 MPO residues. In this regard, the efficacy and low toxicity promoted aminochalcones and arylic analogues to the rank of hit compounds in the search for new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bastos Dos Santos
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Carvalho Marques
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Miranda Ayusso
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayara Aparecida Rocha Garcia
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Chiquetto Paracatu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivani Pauli
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan Silva Bolzani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Zeraik
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina (UEL), 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Luis Octavio Regasini
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Myeloperoxidase: Mechanisms, reactions and inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 218:107685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Kolářová H, Víteček J, Černá A, Černík M, Přibyl J, Skládal P, Potěšil D, Ihnatová I, Zdráhal Z, Hampl A, Klinke A, Kubala L. Myeloperoxidase mediated alteration of endothelial function is dependent on its cationic charge. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:14-26. [PMID: 33271281 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) glycocalyx (GLX) comprise a multicomponent layer of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Alteration of its integrity contributes to chronic vascular inflammation and leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a highly abundant enzyme released by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, binds to the GLX and deleteriously affects vascular EC functions. The focus of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of MPO-mediated alteration of GLX molecules, and to unravel subsequent changes in endothelial integrity and function. MPO binding to GLX of human ECs and subsequent internalization was mediated by cell surface heparan sulfate chains. Moreover, interaction of MPO, which is carrying a cationic charge, with anionic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) resulted in reduction of their relative charge. By means of micro-viscometry and atomic force microscopy, we disclosed that MPO can crosslink GAG chains. MPO-dependent modulation of GLX structure was further supported by alteration of wheat germ agglutinin staining. Increased expression of ICAM-1 documented endothelial cell activation by both catalytically active and also inactive MPO. Furthermore, MPO increased vascular permeability connected with reorganization of intracellular junctions, however, this was dependent on MPO's catalytic activity. Novel proteins interacting with MPO during transcytosis were identified by proteomic analysis. Altogether, these findings provide evidence that MPO through interaction with GAGs modulates overall charge of the GLX, causing modification of its structure and thus affecting EC function. Importantly, our results also suggest a number of proteins interacting with MPO that possess a variety of cellular localizations and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kolářová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Víteček
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Černá
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Černík
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Přibyl
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Ihnatová
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Klinke
- Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Agnes Wittenborg Institute of Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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15
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Nitroxides Mitigate Neutrophil-Mediated Damage to the Myocardium after Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207650. [PMID: 33081101 PMCID: PMC7589606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy increases survival post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) while also stimulating secondary oxidant production and immune cell infiltration. Neutrophils accumulate within infarcted myocardium within 24 h post-AMI and release myeloperoxidase (MPO) that catalyses hypochlorous acid (HOCl) production while increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby enhancing ventricular remodelling. Nitroxides inhibit MPO-mediated HOCl production, potentially ameliorating neutrophil-mediated damage. Aim: Assess the cardioprotective ability of nitroxide 4-methoxyTEMPO (4MetT) within the setting of AMI. Methods: Male Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups: SHAM, AMI/R, and AMI/R + 4MetT (15 mg/kg at surgery via oral gavage) and subjected to left descending coronary artery ligation for 30 min to generate an AMI, followed by reperfusion. One cohort of rats were sacrificed at 24 h post-reperfusion and another 28 days post-surgery (with 4MetT (15 mg/kg) administration twice daily). Results: 3-chlorotyrosine, a HOCl-specific damage marker, decreased within the heart of animals in the AMI/R + 4-MetT group 24 h post-AMI, indicating the drug inhibited MPO activity; however, there was no evident difference in either infarct size or myocardial scar size between the groups. Concurrently, MPO, NfκB, TNFα, and the oxidation marker malondialdehyde increased within the hearts, with 4-MetT only demonstrating a trend in decreasing MPO and TNF levels. Notably, 4MetT provided a significant improvement in cardiac function 28 days post-AMI, as assessed by echocardiography, indicating potential for 4-MetT as a treatment option, although the precise mechanism of action of the compound remains unclear.
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16
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El Kazzi M, Rayner BS, Chami B, Dennis JM, Thomas SR, Witting PK. Neutrophil-Mediated Cardiac Damage After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Significance of Defining a New Target Cell Type for Developing Cardioprotective Drugs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:689-712. [PMID: 32517486 PMCID: PMC7475094 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Post-AMI survival rates have increased with the introduction of angioplasty as a primary coronary intervention. However, reperfusion after angioplasty represents a clinical paradox, restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium while simultaneously inducing ion and metabolic imbalances that stimulate immune cell recruitment and activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and damaging oxidant production. Recent Advances: Preclinical data indicate that these metabolic imbalances contribute to subsequent heart failure through sustaining local recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte death, and coronary microvascular disturbances, which enhance adverse cardiac remodeling. Both left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure are strongly linked to inflammation and immune cell recruitment to the damaged myocardium. Critical Issues: Overall, therapeutic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents identified in preclinical trials have failed in clinical trials. Future Directions: The versatile neutrophil-derived heme enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), is gaining attention as an important oxidative mediator of reperfusion injury, vascular dysfunction, adverse ventricular remodeling, and atrial fibrillation. Accordingly, there is interest in therapeutically targeting neutrophils and MPO activity in the setting of heart failure. Herein, we discuss the role of post-AMI inflammation linked to myocardial damage and heart failure, describe previous trials targeting inflammation and oxidative stress post-AMI, highlight the potential adverse impact of neutrophil and MPO, and detail therapeutic options available to target MPO clinically in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary El Kazzi
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Belal Chami
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Marie Dennis
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shane Ross Thomas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Kenneth Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Ahmad G, Chami B, Liu Y, Schroder AL, San Gabriel PT, Gao A, Fong G, Wang X, Witting PK. The Synthetic Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor AZD3241 Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate Stimulated Experimental Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:556020. [PMID: 33041796 PMCID: PMC7522858 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.556020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition with multifactorial pathophysiology. To date, there is no permanent cure and the disease is primarily managed by immunosuppressive drugs; long-term use promotes serious side effects including increased risk malignancies. The current study aimed to target neutrophil-myeloperoxidase, a key contributor to the pathogenesis of IBD, through the use of AZD3241that inhibits extracellular myeloperoxidase. Experimental colitis was induced in C57BL/6 male mice by 2% dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water ad libitum over 9 days. Mice received either normal drinking water and peanut butter (control), 2% DSS in drinking water and peanut butter or 2% DSS in drinking water and AZD3241 (30 mg/kg) dispersed in peanut butter daily for 9 days. Administered AZD3241 attenuated body weight loss (10% p<0.05) and improved clinical score (9 fold p<0.05; a score comprising the time-dependent assessment of stool consistency and extent of rectal bleeding), loss of colonic crypts (p<0.001), preserved surface epithelium (p<0.001) and enhanced expression of the transcription factor Nrf-2 (regulator of antioxidants) and enhanced expression of the downstream antioxidant response element haeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the colon tissue. Also, the concentration of fecal hemoglobin and the myeloperoxidase specific oxidative damage biomarker 3-chlorotyrosine in the colon were significantly decreased in the presence of AZD3241. This latter result was consistent with AZD3241 inhibiting MPO activity in vitro. Overall, AZD3241 ameliorated the course and severity of experimental colitis through ameliorating MPO derived tissue damage and could be considered a potential therapeutic option, subject to further validation in chronic IBD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfam Ahmad
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Belal Chami
- Discipline of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angie L Schroder
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick T San Gabriel
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antony Gao
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Genevieve Fong
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - XiaoSuo Wang
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul K Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Tempol reduces inflammation and oxidative damage in cigarette smoke-exposed mice by decreasing neutrophil infiltration and activating the Nrf2 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 329:109210. [PMID: 32726580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture capable of triggering inflammation and oxidative damage in animals at pulmonary and systemic levels. Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) reduces tissue injury associated with inflammation in vivo by mechanisms that are not completely understood. Here we evaluated the effect of tempol on inflammation and oxidative damage induced by acute exposure to cigarette smoke in vivo. Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 32) were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 each): 1) control group exposed to ambient air (GC), 2) animals exposed to cigarette smoke for 5 days (CSG), mice treated 3) prior or 4) concomitantly with tempol (50 mg/kg/day) and exposed to cigarette smoke for 5 days. The results showed that the total number of leukocytes and neutrophils increased in the respiratory tract and lung parenchyma of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Likewise, MPO levels and activity as well as lipid peroxidation and lung protein nitration and carbonylation also increased. Administration of tempol before or during exposure to cigarette smoke inhibited all the above parameters. Tempol also reduced the pulmonary expression of the inflammatory cytokines Il-6, Il-1β and Il-17 to basal levels and of Tnf-α by approximately 50%. In contrast, tempol restored Il-10 and Tgf-β levels and enhanced the expression of Nrf2-associated genes, such as Ho-1 and Gpx2. Accordingly, total GPx activity increased in lung homogenates of tempol-treated animals. Taken together, our results show that tempol protects mouse lungs from inflammation and oxidative damage resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke, likely through reduction of leukocyte infiltration and increased transcription of some of the Nrf2-controlled genes.
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19
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20
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Cheng HP, Yang XH, Lan L, Xie LJ, Chen C, Liu C, Chu J, Li ZY, Liu L, Zhang TQ, Luo DQ, Cheng L. Chemical Deprenylation of N 6 -Isopentenyladenosine (i 6 A) RNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10645-10650. [PMID: 32198805 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N6 -isopentenyladenosine (i6 A) is an RNA modification found in cytokinins, which regulate plant growth/differentiation, and a subset of tRNAs, where it improves the efficiency and accuracy of translation. The installation and removal of this modification is mediated by prenyltransferases and cytokinin oxidases, and a chemical approach to selective deprenylation of i6 A has not been developed. We show that a selected group of oxoammonium cations function as artificial deprenylases to promote highly selective deprenylation of i6 A in nucleosides, oligonucleotides, and live cells. Importantly, other epigenetic modifications, amino acid residues, and natural products were not affected. Moreover, a significant phenotype difference in the Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root development was observed with incubation of the cation. These results establish these small organic molecules as direct chemical regulators/artificial deprenylases of i6 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Ping Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Ling Lan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Cuimei Liu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tian-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Du-Qiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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21
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. The Role of Myeloperoxidase in Biomolecule Modification, Chronic Inflammation, and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:957-981. [PMID: 31989833 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by activated leukocytes is critical in innate immune responses. MPO produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and other strong oxidants, which kill bacteria and other invading pathogens. However, MPO also drives the development of numerous chronic inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, lung disease, arthritis, cancer, and kidney disease, which are globally responsible for significant patient mortality and morbidity. Recent Advances: The development of imaging approaches to precisely identify the localization of MPO and the molecular targets of HOCl in vivo is an important advance, as typically the involvement of MPO in inflammatory disease has been inferred by its presence, together with the detection of biomarkers of HOCl, in biological fluids or diseased tissues. This will provide valuable information in regard to the cell types responsible for releasing MPO in vivo, together with new insight into potential therapeutic opportunities. Critical Issues: Although there is little doubt as to the value of MPO inhibition as a protective strategy to mitigate tissue damage during chronic inflammation in experimental models, the impact of long-term inhibition of MPO as a therapeutic strategy for human disease remains uncertain, in light of the potential effects on innate immunity. Future Directions: The development of more targeted MPO inhibitors or a treatment regimen designed to reduce MPO-associated host tissue damage without compromising pathogen killing by the innate immune system is therefore an important future direction. Similarly, a partial MPO inhibition strategy may be sufficient to maintain adequate bacterial activity while decreasing the propagation of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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22
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Chami B, San Gabriel PT, Kum-Jew S, Wang X, Dickerhof N, Dennis JM, Witting PK. The nitroxide 4-methoxy-tempo inhibits the pathogenesis of dextran sodium sulfate-stimulated experimental colitis. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101333. [PMID: 31593888 PMCID: PMC6812268 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition characterised by leukocyte recruitment to the gut mucosa. Leukocyte myeloperoxidase (MPO) produces the two-electron oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), damaging tissue and playing a role in cellular recruitment, thereby exacerbating gut injury. We tested whether the MPO-inhibitor, 4-Methoxy-TEMPO (MetT), ameliorates experimental IBD. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by 3% w/v dextran-sodium-sulfate (DSS) in drinking water ad libitum over 9-days with MetT (15 mg/kg; via i. p. injection) or vehicle control (10% v/v DMSO+90% v/v phosphate buffered saline) administered twice daily during DSS challenge. MetT attenuated body-weight loss (50%, p < 0.05, n = 6), improved clinical score (53%, p < 0.05, n = 6) and inhibited serum lipid peroxidation. Histopathological damage decreased markedly in MetT-treated mice, as judged by maintenance of crypt integrity, goblet cell density and decreased cellular infiltrate. Colonic Ly6C+, MPO-labelled cells and 3-chlorotyrosine (3-Cl-Tyr) decreased in MetT-treated mice, although biomarkers for nitrosative stress (3-nitro-tyrosine-tyrosine; 3-NO2-Tyr) and low-molecular weight thiol damage (assessed as glutathione sulfonamide; GSA) were unchanged. Interestingly, MetT did not significantly impact colonic IL-10 and IL-6 levels, suggesting a non-immunomodulatory pathway. Overall, MetT ameliorated the severity of experimental IBD, likely via a mechanism involving the modulation of MPO-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Chami
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick T San Gabriel
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen Kum-Jew
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - XiaoSuo Wang
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Dennis
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Paul K Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Iodide modulates protein damage induced by the inflammation-associated heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101331. [PMID: 31568923 PMCID: PMC6812061 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Iodide ions (I-) are an essential dietary mineral, and crucial for mental and physical development, fertility and thyroid function. I- is also a high affinity substrate for the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is involved in bacterial cell killing during the immune response, and also host tissue damage during inflammation. In the presence of H2O2 and Cl-, MPO generates the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), with excessive formation of this species linked to multiple inflammatory diseases. In this study, we have examined the hypothesis that elevated levels of I- would decrease HOCl formation and thereby protein damage induced by a MPO/Cl-/H2O2 system, by acting as a competitive substrate. The presence of increasing I- concentrations (0.1-10 μM; i.e. within the range readily achievable by oral supplementation in humans), decreased damage to both model proteins and extracellular matrix components as assessed by gross structural changes (SDS-PAGE), antibody recognition of parent and modified protein epitopes (ELISA), and quantification of both parent amino acid loss (UPLC) and formation of the HOCl-biomarker 3-chlorotyrosine (LC-MS) (reduced by ca. 50% at 10 μM I-). Elevated levels of I- ( > 1 μM) also protected against functional changes as assessed by a decreased loss of adhesion (eg. 40% vs. < 22% with >1 μM I-) of primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), to MPO-modified human plasma fibronectin. These data indicate that low micromolar concentrations of I-, which can be readily achieved in humans and are readily tolerated, may afford protection against cell and tissue damage induced by MPO.
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Expression of Leukocytes Following Myocardial Infarction in Rats is Modulated by Moderate White Wine Consumption. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081890. [PMID: 31416120 PMCID: PMC6722553 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How moderate white wine consumption modulates inflammatory cells infiltration of the ischemic myocardium following permanent coronary ligation was the key question addressed in this study. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a combination of different white wines or water only for 28 days. Three peri-infarct/border zones and a control/nonischemic zone were analysed to determine the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68). Smaller expressions for both MPO and CD68 were found in all three peri-infarct zones of wine drinking animals (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the expression of leukocyte markers between animals drinking standard and polyphenol-rich white wine, although for CD68, a nonsignificant attenuation was noticed. In sham animals, a subepicardial MPO/CD68 immunoreactive "inflammatory ring" is described. Standard white wine consumption caused attenuation of the expression of MPO but not of CD68 in these animals. We conclude that white wine consumption positively modulates peri-infarct inflammatory infiltration.
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Baali N, Mezrag A, Bouheroum M, Benayache F, Benayache S, Souad A. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Lotus corniculatus on Paracetamol-induced Hepatitis in Rats. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:128-139. [PMID: 30799800 PMCID: PMC7475933 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190222120752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of liver diseases for a long time. The current study was elaborated to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Lotus corniculatus (L. corniculatus) butanolic extract. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of L. corniculatus were investigated by employing DPPH radical scavenging, H2O2 scavenging and BSA denaturation assays. In vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of L. corniculatus were evaluated against paracetamol (APAP)-induced hepatitis in rats. L.corniculatus at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg was administered orally once daily for seven days. Serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin levels, liver malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S- transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and inflammatory markers, such as serum C-reactive protein (CRP), circulating and liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were investigated. Further histopathological analysis of the liver sections was performed to support the effectiveness of L. corniculatus. Results:L. corniculatus exhibited strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In the in vivo study, our findings demonstrate that L. corniculatus (100 and 200 mg/kg) administration led to an amelioration of APAP effects on liver histology, liver functions parameters (AST, ALT, LDH, and total bilirubin levels) and liver oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, GST and SOD levels). Furthermore, serum CRP, circulating MPO and liver MPO levels were declined by both doses of L. corniculatus extract. The best benefits were observed with 200 mg/kg of L. corniculatus extract. Conclusion: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of L. corniculatus extract may be due to the presence of active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacera Baali
- Laboratory of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mentouri Brothers, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Abderahmane Mezrag
- VARENBIOMOL Research Unit, University of Mentouri Brothers, Constantine, Algeria.,Saad Dahleb University, Blida, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Bouheroum
- VARENBIOMOL Research Unit, University of Mentouri Brothers, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Fadila Benayache
- VARENBIOMOL Research Unit, University of Mentouri Brothers, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Samir Benayache
- VARENBIOMOL Research Unit, University of Mentouri Brothers, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Amedah Souad
- Laboratory of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mentouri Brothers, Constantine, Algeria
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Wurtz NR, Viet A, Shaw SA, Dilger A, Valente MN, Khan JA, Jusuf S, Narayanan R, Fernando G, Lo F, Liu X, Locke GA, Kopcho L, Abell LM, Sleph P, Basso M, Zhao L, Wexler RR, Duclos F, Kick EK. Potent Triazolopyridine Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1175-1180. [PMID: 30613322 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) generates reactive oxygen species that potentially contribute to many chronic inflammatory diseases. A recently reported triazolopyrimidine MPO inhibitor was optimized to improve acid stability and remove methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) activity. Multiple synthetic routes were explored that allowed rapid optimization of a key benzyl ether side chain. Crystal structures of inhibitors bound to the MPO active site demonstrated alternate binding modes and guided rational design of MPO inhibitors. Thioether 36 showed significant inhibition of MPO activity in an acute mouse inflammation model after oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Wurtz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Andrew Viet
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Scott A. Shaw
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Andrew Dilger
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Meriah N. Valente
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Javed A. Khan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Sutjano Jusuf
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Rangaraj Narayanan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Fred Lo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Gregory A. Locke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Lisa Kopcho
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Lynn M. Abell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Paul Sleph
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Michael Basso
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Franck Duclos
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ellen K. Kick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
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27
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Chong KL, Chalmers BA, Cullen JK, Kaur A, Kolanowski JL, Morrow BJ, Fairfull-Smith KE, Lavin MJ, Barnett NL, New EJ, Murphy MP, Bottle SE. Pro-fluorescent mitochondria-targeted real-time responsive redox probes synthesised from carboxy isoindoline nitroxides: Sensitive probes of mitochondrial redox status in cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:97-110. [PMID: 29567391 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe new fluorescent probes based on fluorescein and rhodamine that provide reversible, real-time insight into cellular redox status. The new probes incorporate bio-imaging relevant fluorophores derived from fluorescein and rhodamine linked with stable nitroxide radicals such that they cannot be cleaved, either spontaneously or enzymatically by cellular processes. Overall fluorescence emission is determined by reversible reduction and oxidation, hence the steady state emission intensity reflects the balance between redox potentials of critical redox couples within the cell. The permanent positive charge on the rhodamine-based probes leads to their rapid localisation within mitochondria in cells. Reduction and oxidation also leads to marked changes in the fluorophore lifetime, enabling monitoring by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Finally, we demonstrate that administration of a methyl ester version of the rhodamine-based probe can be used at concentrations as low as 5 nM to generate a readily detected response to redox stress within cells as analysed by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Leong Chong
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin A Chalmers
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason K Cullen
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin J Morrow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin J Lavin
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Steven E Bottle
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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28
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Myeloperoxidase in the inflamed colon: A novel target for treating inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 645:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Duclos F, Abell LM, Harden DG, Pike K, Nowak K, Locke GA, Duke GJ, Liu X, Fernando G, Shaw SA, Vokits BP, Wurtz NR, Viet A, Valente MN, Stachura S, Sleph P, Khan JA, Gao J, Dongre AR, Zhao L, Wexler RR, Gordon DA, Kick EK. Triazolopyrimidines identified as reversible myeloperoxidase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2093-2099. [PMID: 30108726 PMCID: PMC6071758 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00268h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase, a mammalian peroxidase involved in the immune system as an anti-microbial first responder, can produce hypochlorous acid in response to invading pathogens. Myeloperoxidase has been implicated in several chronic pathological diseases due to the chronic production of hypochlorous acid, as well as other reactive radical species. A high throughput screen and triaging protocol was developed to identify a reversible inhibitor of myeloperoxidase toward the potential treatment of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis. The identification and characterization of a reversible myeloperoxidase inhibitor, 7-(benzyloxy)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Duclos
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Lynn M Abell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - David G Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Kristen Pike
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Kimberly Nowak
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Gregory A Locke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Gerald J Duke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Scott A Shaw
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Benjamin P Vokits
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Nicholas R Wurtz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Andrew Viet
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Meriah N Valente
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Sylwia Stachura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Paul Sleph
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Javed A Khan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ji Gao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ashok R Dongre
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Lei Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ellen K Kick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
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Chami B, Jeong G, Varda A, Maw AM, Kim HB, Fong G, Simone M, Rayner B, Wang XS, Dennis J, Witting P. The nitroxide 4-methoxy TEMPO inhibits neutrophil-stimulated kinase activation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 629:19-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Prescott C, Bottle SE. Biological Relevance of Free Radicals and Nitroxides. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 75:227-240. [PMID: 27709467 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable, kinetically-persistent free radicals which have been successfully used in the study and intervention of oxidative stress, a critical issue pertaining to cellular health which results from an imbalance in the levels of damaging free radicals and redox-active species in the cellular environment. This review gives an overview of some of the biological processes that produce radicals and other reactive oxygen species with relevance to oxidative stress, and then discusses interactions of nitroxides with these species in terms of the use of nitroxides as redox-sensitive probes and redox-active therapeutic agents.
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32
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Maiocchi SL, Morris JC, Rees MD, Thomas SR. Regulation of the nitric oxide oxidase activity of myeloperoxidase by pharmacological agents. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:90-115. [PMID: 28344126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The leukocyte-derived heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released extracellularly during inflammation and impairs nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability by directly oxidizing NO or producing NO-consuming substrate radicals. Here, structurally diverse pharmacological agents with activities as MPO substrates/inhibitors or antioxidants were screened for their effects on MPO NO oxidase activity in human plasma and physiological model systems containing endogenous MPO substrates/antioxidants (tyrosine, urate, ascorbate). Hydrazide-based irreversible/reversible MPO inhibitors (4-ABAH, isoniazid) or the sickle cell anaemia drug, hydroxyurea, all promoted MPO NO oxidase activity. This involved the capacity of NO to antagonize MPO inhibition by hydrazide-derived radicals and/or the ability of drug-derived radicals to stimulate MPO turnover thereby increasing NO consumption by MPO redox intermediates or NO-consuming radicals. In contrast, the mechanism-based irreversible MPO inhibitor 2-thioxanthine, potently inhibited MPO turnover and NO consumption. Although the phenolics acetaminophen and resveratrol initially increased MPO turnover and NO consumption, they limited the overall extent of NO loss by rapidly depleting H2O2 and promoting the formation of ascorbyl radicals, which inefficiently consume NO. The vitamin E analogue trolox inhibited MPO NO oxidase activity in ascorbate-depleted fluids by scavenging NO-consuming tyrosyl and urate radicals. Tempol and related nitroxides decreased NO consumption in ascorbate-replete fluids by scavenging MPO-derived ascorbyl radicals. Indoles or apocynin yielded marginal effects. Kinetic analyses rationalized differences in drug activities and identified criteria for the improved inhibition of MPO NO oxidase activity. This study reveals that widely used agents have important implications for MPO NO oxidase activity under physiological conditions, highlighting new pharmacological strategies for preserving NO bioavailability during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Maiocchi
- Mechanisms of Disease & Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martin D Rees
- Mechanisms of Disease & Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Shane R Thomas
- Mechanisms of Disease & Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Neutrophils recruited to the myocardium after acute experimental myocardial infarct generate hypochlorous acid that oxidizes cardiac myoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:103-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Samuni A, Maimon E, Goldstein S. Nitroxides catalytically inhibit nitrite oxidation and heme inactivation induced by H 2O 2, nitrite and metmyoglobin or methemoglobin. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:491-499. [PMID: 27826125 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stable nitroxide radicals have multiple biological effects, although the mechanisms underlying them are not fully understood. Their protective effect against oxidative damage has been mainly attributed to scavenging deleterious radicals, oxidizing reduced metal ions and reducing oxyferryl centers of heme proteins. Yet, the potential of nitroxides to protect heme proteins against inactivation while suppressing or enhancing their catalytic activities has been largely overlooked. We have studied the effect of nitroxides, including TPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-N-oxyl), 4-OH-TPO, 4-oxo-TPO and 3-carbamoyl proxyl, on the peroxidase-like activity of metmyoglobin (MbFeIII) and methemoglobin (HbFeIII) using nitrite as an electron donor by following heme absorption, H2O2 consumption, O2 evolution and nitrite oxidation. The results demonstrate that the peroxidase-like activity is accompanied by a progressive heme inactivation where MbFeIII is far more resistant than HbFeIII. Nitroxides convert the peroxidase-like activity into catalase-like activity while inhibiting heme inactivation and nitrite oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The nitroxide facilitates H2O2 dismutation, yet none of its reactions with any of the intermediates formed in these systems is rate-determining, and therefore its effect on the rate of the catalysis is hardly dependent on the kind of the nitroxide derivative and its concentration. The nitroxide at µM concentrations range catalytically inhibits nitrite oxidation, and consequently prevents tyrosine nitration induced by heme protein/H2O2/nitrite due to its fast oxidation by •NO2 forming the respective oxoammonium cation, which is reduced back to the nitroxide by H2O2 and by superoxide radical. The nitroxides are superior over common antioxidants, which their reaction with •NO2 always yields secondary radicals leading eventually to consumption of the antioxidant. A mechanism is proposed, and the kinetic simulations fit very well the experimental data in the case of MbFeIII where most of the rate constants of the reactions involved are independently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amram Samuni
- Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Eric Maimon
- Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Sara Goldstein
- Institute of Chemistry, The Accelerator Laboratory, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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35
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Massoni F, Ricci L, Pelosi M, Ricci S. The Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy: A Case and Review of Literature. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:HD01-2. [PMID: 27504310 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/14489.7942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a cause of high risk for morbidity and mortality. It has been debated in alcoholic cirrhosis, if alcohol exerts an exclusive and causal role upon gastropathy or whether it is linked to cirrhotic portal hypertension. The authors describe an autopsy report regarding mortality caused by gastric bleeding in a 53-year-old patient who suffered from cirrhosis. Literature has evidence of direct, marked damage of alcohol upon the gastric mucosa and there is noteworthy statistical data implying the revaluation of the pathogenesis of the bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Massoni
- Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics - "Sapienza" University of Rome , Italy
| | - Lidia Ricci
- Research and Teaching Assistant, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics - "Sapienza" University of Rome , Italy
| | - Marcello Pelosi
- Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics - "Sapienza" University of Rome , Italy
| | - Serafino Ricci
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics - "Sapienza" University of Rome , Italy
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36
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Samuni U, Czapski G, Goldstein S. Nitroxide radicals as research tools: Elucidating the kinetics and mechanisms of catalase-like and "suicide inactivation" of metmyoglobin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1409-16. [PMID: 27062906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metmyoglobin (MbFe(III)) reaction with H(2)O(2) has been a subject of study over many years. H(2)O(2) alone promotes heme destruction frequently denoted "suicide inactivation," yet the mechanism underlying H(2)O(2) dismutation associated with MbFe(III) inactivation remains obscure. METHODS MbFe(III) reaction with excess H(2)O(2) in the absence and presence of the nitroxide was studied at pH 5.3-8.1 and 25°C by direct determination of reaction rate constants using rapid-mixing stopped-flow technique, by following H(2)O(2) depletion, O(2) evolution, spectral changes of the heme protein, and the fate of the nitroxide by EPR spectroscopy. RESULTS The rates of both H(2)O(2) dismutation and heme inactivation processes depend on [MbFe(III)], [H(2)O(2)] and pH. Yet the inactivation stoichiometry is independent of these variables and each MbFe(III) molecule catalyzes the dismutation of 50±10 H(2)O(2) molecules until it is inactivated. The nitroxide catalytically enhances the catalase-like activity of MbFe(III) while protecting the heme against inactivation. The rate-determining step in the absence and presence of the nitroxide is the reduction of MbFe(IV)O by H(2)O(2) and by nitroxide, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The nitroxide effects on H(2)O(2) dismutation catalyzed by MbFe(III) demonstrate that MbFe(IV)O reduction by H(2)O(2) is the rate-determining step of this process. The proposed mechanism, which adequately fits the pro-catalytic and protective effects of the nitroxide, implies the intermediacy of a compound I-H(2)O(2) adduct, which decomposes to a MbFe(IV)O and an inactivated heme at a ratio of 25:1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The effects of nitroxides are instrumental in elucidating the mechanism underlying the catalysis and inactivation routes of heme proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Gideon Czapski
- The Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sara Goldstein
- The Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Real-time quantification of oxidative stress and the protective effect of nitroxide antioxidants. Neurochem Int 2016; 92:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Eto H, Hyodo F, Kosem N, Kobayashi R, Yasukawa K, Nakao M, Kiniwa M, Utsumi H. Redox imaging of skeletal muscle using in vivo DNP-MRI and its application to an animal model of local inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1097-104. [PMID: 26505925 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of skeletal muscle are often associated with inflammation and alterations in redox status. A non-invasive technique that could localize and evaluate the severity of skeletal muscle inflammation based on its redox environment would be useful for disease identification and monitoring, and for the development of treatments; however, no such technique currently exists. We describe a method for redox imaging of skeletal muscle using dynamic nuclear polarization magnetic resonance imaging (DNP-MRI), and apply this method to an animal model of local inflammation. Female C57/BL6 mice received injections of 0.5% bupivacaine into their gastrocnemius muscles. Plasma biomarkers, myeloperoxidase activity, and histological sections were assessed at 4 and 24h after bupivacaine injection to measure the inflammatory response. In vivo DNP-MRI was performed with the nitroxyl radicals carbamoyl-PROXYL (cell permeable) and carboxy-PROXYL (cell impermeable) as molecular imaging probes at 4 and 24h after bupivacaine administration. The images obtained after carbamoyl-PROXYL administration were confirmed with the results of L-band EPR spectroscopy. The plasma biomarkers, myeloperoxidase activity, and histological findings indicated that bupivacaine injection caused acute muscle damage and inflammation. DNP-MRI images of mice treated with carbamoyl-PROXYL or carboxy-PROXYL at 4 and 24h after bupivacaine injection showed similar increases in image intensity and decay rate was significantly increased at 24h. In addition, reduction rates in individual mice at 4h and 24h showed faster trends with bupivacaine injection than in their contralateral sides by image-based analysis. These findings indicate that in vivo DNP-MRI with nitroxyl radicals can non-invasively detect changes in the focal redox status of muscle resulting from locally-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Eto
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Nutavutt Kosem
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Ryoma Kobayashi
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Keiji Yasukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan; Drug Innovation Research Center, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Japan
| | - Motonao Nakao
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Division of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kiniwa
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Hideo Utsumi
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Japan
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He YQ, Zhang WT, Shi CH, Wang FM, Tian XJ, Ma LL. Phloroglucinol protects the urinary bladder via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:956-62. [PMID: 25836618 PMCID: PMC4834014 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.154316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Phloroglucinol plays an important role in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The effects of phloroglucinol have been proven in various disease models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and possible mechanisms of phloroglucinol in the treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods: Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study. IC was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CYP). Rats were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n = 8 per group): A control group, which was injected with saline (75 mg/kg; i.p.) instead of CYP on days 1, 4, and 7; a chronic IC group, which was injected with CYP (75 mg/kg; i.p.) on days 1, 4, and 7; a high-dose (30 mg/kg) phloroglucinol-treated group; and a low-dose (15 mg/kg) phloroglucinol-treated group. On day 8, the rats in each group underwent cystometrography (CMG), and the bladders were examined for evidence of oxidative stress and inflammation. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least square difference multiple comparison post-hoc test. Results: Histological evaluation showed that bladder inflammation in CYP-treated rats was suppressed by phloroglucinol. CMG revealed that the CYP treatment induced overactive bladder in rats that was reversed by phloroglucinol. Up-regulated tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression in the CYP-treated rats were also suppressed in the phloroglucinol treated rats. CYP treatment significantly increased myeloperoxidase activity as well as the decreased activities of catalase of the bladder, which was reversed by treatment with phloroglucinol. Conclusions: The application of phloroglucinol suppressed oxidative stress, inflammation, and overactivity in the bladder. This may provide a new treatment strategy for IC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lu-Lin Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Vorobjeva NV, Pinegin BV. Effects of the antioxidants Trolox, Tiron and Tempol on neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Immunobiology 2015; 221:208-19. [PMID: 26371849 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils can entrap and kill pathogens by releasing of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), in addition to their routine functions such as phagocytosis and degranulation. NETs consist of a DNA backbone supplemented by multiple bactericidal proteins from the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the granules. Neutrophils release NETs after their activation by a number of physiological and pharmacological stimuli. In addition to the antimicrobial function, NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since NET formation predominantly depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), all substances that are capable of scavenging ROS or inhibiting the enzymes responsible for their synthesis should prevent ROS-associated NET release. The aim of this study was to test substances with an antioxidant activity, such as Trolox, Tiron, and Tempol, for their capacity to inhibit NET formation by primary human neutrophils in vitro. We revealed for the first time an inhibitory effect of Trolox on ROS-dependent NET release. We also established a suppressive effect of Tempol on NET formation that manifested itself in a wide range of concentrations. In this study, no inhibitory influence of Tiron on NET release was revealed. All tested substances exerted a significant dose-dependent antioxidative effect on ROS generation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). We suggest that the antioxidants Trolox and Tempol should be recommended for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that implicate ROS-dependent NET release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V Vorobjeva
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/12, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Boris V Pinegin
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kashirskoe Shosse 24/2, 115478 Moscow, Russia.
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Van Antwerpen P, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K. Rational drug design applied to myeloperoxidase inhibition. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:711-20. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kim CHJ, Mitchell JB, Bursill CA, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Cook JA, van Reyk DM, Davies MJ. The nitroxide radical TEMPOL prevents obesity, hyperlipidaemia, elevation of inflammatory cytokines, and modulates atherosclerotic plaque composition in apoE-/- mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:234-41. [PMID: 25818249 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nitroxide compound TEMPOL (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical) has been shown to prevent obesity-induced changes in adipokines in cell and animal systems. In this study we investigated whether supplementation with TEMPOL inhibits inflammation and atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). METHODS ApoE-/- mice were fed for 12 weeks on standard chow diet or a high-fat diet. Half the mice were supplemented with 10 mg/g TEMPOL in their food. Plasma samples were analysed for triglycerides, cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, inflammatory cytokines and markers (interleukin-6, IL-6; monocyte-chemotactic protein, MCP-1; myeloperoxidase, MPO; serum amyloid A, SAA; adiponectin; leptin). Plaques in the aortic sinus were analysed for area, and content of collagen, lipid, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. RESULTS High fat feeding resulted in marked increases in body mass and plasma lipid levels. Dietary TEMPOL decreased both parameters. In the high-fat-fed mice significant elevations in plasma lipid levels and the inflammatory markers IL-6, MCP-1, MPO, SAA were detected, along with an increase in leptin and a decrease in adiponectin. TEMPOL supplementation reversed these effects. When compared to HFD-fed mice, TEMPOL supplementation increased plaque collagen content, decreased lipid content and increased macrophage numbers. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that in a well-established model of obesity-associated hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis, TEMPOL had a significant impact on body mass, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidaemia and inflammation. TEMPOL may therefore be of value in suppressing obesity, metabolic disorders and increasing atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H J Kim
- Free Radical Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - James B Mitchell
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Christina A Bursill
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Immunobiology Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Angela Thetford
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John A Cook
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David M van Reyk
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Free Radical Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Building 4.5, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Ott C, Grune T, Bartosz G. Posttranslational protein modifications by reactive nitrogen and chlorine species and strategies for their prevention and elimination. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1267-84. [PMID: 25119970 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.953494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are subject to various posttranslational modifications, some of them being undesired from the point of view of metabolic efficiency. Prevention of such modifications is expected to provide new means of therapy of diseases and decelerate the process of aging. In this review, modifications of proteins by reactive nitrogen species and reactive halogen species, is briefly presented and means of prevention of these modifications and their sequelae are discussed, including the denitrase activity and inhibitors of myeloperoxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszów , Rzeszów , Poland
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Kajer TB, Fairfull-Smith KE, Yamasaki T, Yamada KI, Fu S, Bottle SE, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase- and neutrophil-mediated oxidant production by tetraethyl and tetramethyl nitroxides. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:96-105. [PMID: 24566469 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The powerful oxidant HOCl (hypochlorous acid and its corresponding anion, (-)OCl) generated by the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl(-) system of activated leukocytes is strongly associated with multiple human inflammatory diseases; consequently there is considerable interest in inhibition of this enzyme. Nitroxides are established antioxidants of low toxicity that can attenuate oxidation in animal models, with this ascribed to superoxide dismutase or radical-scavenging activities. We have shown (M.D. Rees et al., Biochem. J. 421, 79-86, 2009) that nitroxides, including 4-amino-TEMPO (4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyl radical), are potent inhibitors of HOCl formation by isolated MPO and activated neutrophils, with IC50 values of ~1 and ~6 µM respectively. The utility of tetramethyl-substituted nitroxides is, however, limited by their rapid reduction by biological reductants. The corresponding tetraethyl-substituted nitroxides have, however, been reported to be less susceptible to reduction. In this study we show that the tetraethyl species were reduced less rapidly than the tetramethyl species by both human plasma (89-99% decreased rate of reduction) and activated human neutrophils (62-75% decreased rate). The tetraethyl-substituted nitroxides retained their ability to inhibit HOCl production by MPO and activated neutrophils with IC50 values in the low-micromolar range; in some cases inhibition was enhanced compared to tetramethyl substitution. Nitroxides with rigid structures (fused oxaspiro rings) were, however, inactive. Overall, these data indicate that tetraethyl-substituted nitroxides are potent inhibitors of oxidant formation by MPO, with longer plasma and cellular half-lives compared to the tetramethyl species, potentially allowing lower doses to be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey B Kajer
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Toshihide Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Forbes LV, Sjögren T, Auchère F, Jenkins DW, Thong B, Laughton D, Hemsley P, Pairaudeau G, Turner R, Eriksson H, Unitt JF, Kettle AJ. Potent reversible inhibition of myeloperoxidase by aromatic hydroxamates. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36636-47. [PMID: 24194519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) promotes oxidative stress in numerous inflammatory pathologies by producing hypohalous acids. Its inadvertent activity is a prime target for pharmacological control. Previously, salicylhydroxamic acid was reported to be a weak reversible inhibitor of MPO. We aimed to identify related hydroxamates that are good inhibitors of the enzyme. We report on three hydroxamates as the first potent reversible inhibitors of MPO. The chlorination activity of purified MPO was inhibited by 50% by a 5 nm concentration of a trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic hydroxamate, HX1. The hydroxamates were specific for MPO in neutrophils and more potent toward MPO compared with a broad range of redox enzymes and alternative targets. Surface plasmon resonance measurements showed that the strength of binding of hydroxamates to MPO correlated with the degree of enzyme inhibition. The crystal structure of MPO-HX1 revealed that the inhibitor was bound within the active site cavity above the heme and blocked the substrate channel. HX1 was a mixed-type inhibitor of the halogenation activity of MPO with respect to both hydrogen peroxide and halide. Spectral analyses demonstrated that hydroxamates can act variably as substrates for MPO and convert the enzyme to a nitrosyl ferrous intermediate. This property was unrelated to their ability to inhibit MPO. We propose that aromatic hydroxamates bind tightly to the active site of MPO and prevent it from producing hypohalous acids. This mode of reversible inhibition has potential for blocking the activity of MPO and limiting oxidative stress during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa V Forbes
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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The carbonylation and covalent dimerization of human superoxide dismutase 1 caused by its bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity is inhibited by the radical scavenger tempol. Biochem J 2013; 455:37-46. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nitroxide tempol inhibited the carbonylation and covalent dimerization of human superoxide dismutase 1 caused by its bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity. Tempol acted by scavenging the produced carbonate radical and by recombining with hSOD1-Trp32• radicals as indicated by MS/MS evidence.
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Kettle AJ, Albrett AM, Chapman AL, Dickerhof N, Forbes LV, Khalilova I, Turner R. Measuring chlorine bleach in biology and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:781-93. [PMID: 23872351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorine bleach, or hypochlorous acid, is the most reactive two-electron oxidant produced in appreciable amounts in our bodies. Neutrophils are the main source of hypochlorous acid. These champions of the innate immune system use it to fight infection but also direct it against host tissue in inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils contain a rich supply of the enzyme myeloperoxidase. It uses hydrogen peroxide to convert chloride to hypochlorous acid. SCOPE OF REVIEW We give a critical appraisal of the best methods to measure production of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils. Robust ways of detecting it inside neutrophil phagosomes where bacteria are killed are also discussed. Special attention is focused on reaction-based fluorescent probes but their visual charm is tempered by stressing their current limitations. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of biomarker assays that capture the footprints of chlorine in various pathologies are evaluated. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Detection of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils is best achieved by measuring accumulation of taurine chloramine. Formation of hypochlorous acid inside neutrophil phagosomes can be tracked using mass spectrometric analysis of 3-chlorotyrosine and methionine sulfoxide in bacterial proteins, or detection of chlorinated fluorescein on ingestible particles. Reaction-based fluorescent probes can also be used to monitor hypochlorous acid during phagocytosis. Specific biomarkers of its formation during inflammation include 3-chlorotyrosine, chlorinated products of plasmalogens, and glutathione sulfonamide. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These methods should bring new insights into how chlorine bleach is produced by peroxidases, reacts within phagosomes to kill bacteria, and contributes to inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Thomas K, Chalmers BA, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE. Approaches to the Synthesis of a Water-Soluble Carboxy Nitroxide. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Freewan M, Rees MD, Plaza TSS, Glaros E, Lim YJ, Wang XS, Yeung AWS, Witting PK, Terentis AC, Thomas SR. Human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a catalyst of physiological heme peroxidase reactions: implications for the inhibition of dioxygenase activity by hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1548-67. [PMID: 23209301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a key regulator of immune responses through catalyzing l-tryptophan (l-Trp) oxidation. Here, we show that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) activates the peroxidase function of IDO to induce protein oxidation and inhibit dioxygenase activity. Exposure of IDO-expressing cells or recombinant human IDO (rIDO) to H(2)O(2) inhibited dioxygenase activity in a manner abrogated by l-Trp. Dioxygenase inhibition correlated with IDO-catalyzed H(2)O(2) consumption, compound I-mediated formation of protein-centered radicals, altered protein secondary structure, and opening of the distal heme pocket to promote nonproductive substrate binding; these changes were inhibited by l-Trp, the heme ligand cyanide, or free radical scavengers. Protection by l-Trp coincided with its oxidation into oxindolylalanine and kynurenine and the formation of a compound II-type ferryl-oxo heme. Physiological peroxidase substrates, ascorbate or tyrosine, enhanced rIDO-mediated H(2)O(2) consumption and attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced protein oxidation and dioxygenase inhibition. In the presence of H(2)O(2), rIDO catalytically consumed nitric oxide (NO) and utilized nitrite to promote 3-nitrotyrosine formation on IDO. The promotion of H(2)O(2) consumption by peroxidase substrates, NO consumption, and IDO nitration was inhibited by l-Trp. This study identifies IDO as a heme peroxidase that, in the absence of substrates, self-inactivates dioxygenase activity via compound I-initiated protein oxidation. l-Trp protects against dioxygenase inactivation by reacting with compound I and retarding compound II reduction to suppress peroxidase turnover. Peroxidase-mediated dioxygenase inactivation, NO consumption, or protein nitration may modulate the biological actions of IDO expressed in inflammatory tissues where the levels of H(2)O(2) and NO are elevated and l-Trp is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Freewan
- Centre for Vascular Research and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Queiroz RF, Jordão AK, Cunha AC, Ferreira VF, Brigagão MRPL, Malvezzi A, Amaral ATD, Augusto O. Nitroxides attenuate carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat paws by reducing neutrophil infiltration and the resulting myeloperoxidase-mediated damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1942-53. [PMID: 22982597 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) and other cyclic nitroxides have been shown to inhibit the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in vitro and in cells. To examine whether nitroxides inhibit MPO activity in vivo we selected acute carrageenan-induced inflammation on the rat paw as a model. Tempol and three more hydrophobic 4-substituted derivatives (4-azido, 4-benzenesulfonyl, and 4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)) were synthesized, and their ability to inhibit the in vitro chlorinating activity of MPO and carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat paws was evaluated. All of the tested nitroxides inhibited the chlorinating activity of MPO in vitro with similar IC(50) values (between 1.5 and 1.8 μM). In vivo, the attenuation of carrageenan-induced inflammation showed some correlation with the lipophilicity of the nitroxide at early time points but the differences in the effects were small (<2-fold) compared with the differences in lipophilicity (>200-fold). No inhibition of MPO activity in vivo was evident because the levels of MPO activity in rat paws correlated with the levels of MPO protein. Likewise, paw edema, levels of nitrated and oxidized proteins, and levels of plasma exudation correlated with the levels of MPO protein in the paws of the animals that were untreated or treated with the nitroxides. The effects of the nitroxides in vivo were compared with those of 4-aminobenzoic hydrazide and of colchicine. Taken together, the results indicate that nitroxides attenuate carrageenan-induced inflammation mainly by reducing neutrophil migration and the resulting MPO-mediated damage. Accordingly, tempol was shown to inhibit rat neutrophil migration in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael F Queiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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