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Comparative analysis of Bacillus cereus group isolates' resistance using disk diffusion and broth microdilution and the correlation between antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0230221. [PMID: 35225691 PMCID: PMC8939351 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02302-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus group isolates (n = 85) were screened for phenotypic resistance to 18 antibiotics using broth microdilution and CLSI M45 Bacillus spp. breakpoints. The susceptibility to 9 out of 18 antibiotics was tested also using disk diffusion method and M100 Staphylococcus spp. breakpoints. Overall, a high prevalence of susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics was identified using broth microdilution. For most tested antibiotics, a poor correlation was found between zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations. Using the broth microdilution results as a reference for comparison, we identified high error rates and low categorical agreement between results produced using disk diffusion and broth microdilution for the seven tested antibiotics with defined breakpoints. This suggests that disk diffusion should be avoided for AST of B. cereus group isolates. Further, we detected antimicrobial resistance genes with ARIBA and ABRIcate to calculate the sensitivity and specificity for predicting phenotypic resistance determined using broth microdilution based on the presence of detected antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). ARGs with poor sensitivity and high specificity included rph (rifampicin, 0%, 93%), mph (erythromycin, 0%, 99%), bla1 (penicillin, 29%, 100), and blaZ (penicillin, 56%, 100%). Compared to penicillin, bla1 and blaZ had lower specificity for the prediction of ampicillin resistance. Overall, none of the ARGs had both high sensitivity and specificity, suggesting the need for further study of the mechanisms underlying phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in the B. cereus group. IMPORTANCE Bacillus cereus group includes human pathogens that can cause severe infections requiring antibiotic treatment. Screening of environmental and food isolates for antimicrobial resistance can provide insight into what antibiotics may be more effective therapeutic options based on the lower prevalence of resistance. Currently, the comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results using the disk diffusion method is complicated by the fact that many previous studies have used Staphylococcus spp. breakpoints to interpret their results. In this study, we compared the results of disk diffusion interpreted using the Staphylococcus spp. breakpoints against the results of broth microdilution interpreted using Bacillus spp. breakpoints. We demonstrated that the disk diffusion method does not produce reliable results for B. cereus group isolates and should therefore be avoided. This study also provides new insight into poor associations between the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and resistance phenotypes for the B. cereus group.
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Yun Y, Han S, Park YS, Park H, Kim D, Kim Y, Kwon Y, Kim S, Lee JH, Jeon JH, Lee SH, Kang LW. Structural Insights for Core Scaffold and Substrate Specificity of B1, B2, and B3 Metallo-β-Lactamases. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:752535. [PMID: 35095785 PMCID: PMC8792953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze almost all β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems; however, no effective inhibitors are currently clinically available. MBLs are classified into three subclasses: B1, B2, and B3. Although the amino acid sequences of MBLs are varied, their overall scaffold is well conserved. In this study, we systematically studied the primary sequences and crystal structures of all subclasses of MBLs, especially the core scaffold, the zinc-coordinating residues in the active site, and the substrate-binding pocket. We presented the conserved structural features of MBLs in the same subclass and the characteristics of MBLs of each subclass. The catalytic zinc ions are bound with four loops from the two central β-sheets in the conserved αβ/βα sandwich fold of MBLs. The three external loops cover the zinc site(s) from the outside and simultaneously form a substrate-binding pocket. In the overall structure, B1 and B2 MBLs are more closely related to each other than they are to B3 MBLs. However, B1 and B3 MBLs have two zinc ions in the active site, while B2 MBLs have one. The substrate-binding pocket is different among all three subclasses, which is especially important for substrate specificity and drug resistance. Thus far, various classes of β-lactam antibiotics have been developed to have modified ring structures and substituted R groups. Currently available structures of β-lactam-bound MBLs show that the binding of β-lactams is well conserved according to the overall chemical structure in the substrate-binding pocket. Besides β-lactam substrates, B1 and cross-class MBL inhibitors also have distinguished differences in the chemical structure, which fit well to the substrate-binding pocket of MBLs within their inhibitory spectrum. The systematic structural comparison among B1, B2, and B3 MBLs provides in-depth insight into their substrate specificity, which will be useful for developing a clinical inhibitor targeting MBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjin Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangjun Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dogyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yongdae Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hun Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Jeon
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Hee Lee,
| | - Lin-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Lin-Woo Kang,
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3
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Bahr G, González LJ, Vila AJ. Metallo-β-lactamases in the Age of Multidrug Resistance: From Structure and Mechanism to Evolution, Dissemination, and Inhibitor Design. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7957-8094. [PMID: 34129337 PMCID: PMC9062786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major problems in current practical medicine. The spread of genes coding for resistance determinants among bacteria challenges the use of approved antibiotics, narrowing the options for treatment. Resistance to carbapenems, last resort antibiotics, is a major concern. Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze carbapenems, penicillins, and cephalosporins, becoming central to this problem. These enzymes diverge with respect to serine-β-lactamases by exhibiting a different fold, active site, and catalytic features. Elucidating their catalytic mechanism has been a big challenge in the field that has limited the development of useful inhibitors. This review covers exhaustively the details of the active-site chemistries, the diversity of MBL alleles, the catalytic mechanism against different substrates, and how this information has helped developing inhibitors. We also discuss here different aspects critical to understand the success of MBLs in conferring resistance: the molecular determinants of their dissemination, their cell physiology, from the biogenesis to the processing involved in the transit to the periplasm, and the uptake of the Zn(II) ions upon metal starvation conditions, such as those encountered during an infection. In this regard, the chemical, biochemical and microbiological aspects provide an integrative view of the current knowledge of MBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Bahr
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Area Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lisandro J. González
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Area Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J. Vila
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Area Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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4
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Levina EO, Khrenova MG. Metallo-β-Lactamases: Influence of the Active Site Structure on the Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance and Inhibition. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:S24-S37. [PMID: 33827398 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921140030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The review focuses on bacterial metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) responsible for the inactivation of β-lactams and associated antibiotic resistance. The diversity of the active site structure in the members of different MβL subclasses explains different mechanisms of antibiotic hydrolysis and should be taken into account when searching for potential MβL inhibitors. The review describes the features of the antibiotic inactivation mechanisms by various MβLs studied by X-ray crystallography, NMR, kinetic measurements, and molecular modeling. The mechanisms of enzyme inhibition for each MβL subclass are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena O Levina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Maria G Khrenova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Dong X, Xue P, Ma X, Bai Y, Shi P, Bian L. Recognition and binding of FEZ-1 from Legionella with penicillin V and cefoxitin by fluorescence spectra in combination with molecular dynamics simulation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 149:109819. [PMID: 34311875 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The recognition and interaction of FEZ-1 from Legionella (FEZ-1) with penicillin V(PV) and cefoxitin(CFX) were investigated using fluorescence spectra in combination with molecular dynamics simulation (MD). The results revealed that the CFX bind with FEZ-1 in stronger interaction and induced larger conformational change than PV, despite all being forced by the electrostatic interaction and along with the changing in an environment of amino acid residues as well as the polypeptide skeleton inside the FEZ-1. Moreover, only the loop1, loop2, and N-terminal were observed locating near the binding pocket of FEZ-1, consisting of a flexible "gate-like" zone with better adaptability that controlled the entrance of antibiotic into the pocket by allowing the newly introduced antibiotic to match the pocket better through the conformational changes of these three substructures in the binding procedure. The current study may provide some valuable information on the antibiotic hydrolytic process by metallo-beta-lactamase and thus the references for the development of new antibiotics for super bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Dong
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Pengli Xue
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xian Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yifan Bai
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Penghui Shi
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Liujiao Bian
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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6
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Oztekin A, Karagoz K, Adem S, Comakli V. Enhancing bactericidal strategy with selected aromatic compounds: in vitro and in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5547-5555. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1871864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Oztekin
- Medical Services and Techniques Department, Vocational School of Health Services, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Kenan Karagoz
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science and Literature, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Sevki Adem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Veysel Comakli
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, High School of Health, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
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7
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Yan Y, Li G, Li G. Principles and current strategies targeting metallo‐β‐lactamase mediated antibacterial resistance. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1558-1592. [PMID: 32100311 DOI: 10.1002/med.21665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengdu Sichuan China
| | - Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengdu Sichuan China
| | - Guo‐Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengdu Sichuan China
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8
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Khan NH, Bui AA, Xiao Y, Sutton RB, Shaw RW, Wylie BJ, Latham MP. A DNA aptamer reveals an allosteric site for inhibition in metallo-β-lactamases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214440. [PMID: 31009467 PMCID: PMC6476477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics by β-lactamase enzymes is the most prominent antibiotic resistance mechanism for many pathogenic bacteria. Out of this broad class of enzymes, metallo-β-lactamases are of special clinical interest because of their broad substrate specificities. Several in vitro inhibitors for various metallo-β-lactamases have been reported with no clinical efficacy. Previously, we described a 10-nucleotide single stranded DNA aptamer (10-mer) that inhibits Bacillus cereus 5/B/6 metallo-β-lactamase very effectively. Here, we find that the aptamer shows uncompetitive inhibition of Bacillus cereus 5/B/6 metallo-β-lactamase during cefuroxime hydrolysis. To understand the mechanism of inhibition, we report a 2.5 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure and solution-state NMR analysis of the free enzyme. Chemical shift perturbations were observed in the HSQC spectra for several residues upon titrating with increasing concentrations of the 10-mer. In the X-ray crystal structure, these residues are distal to the active site, suggesting an allosteric mechanism for the aptamer inhibition of the enzyme. HADDOCK molecular docking simulations suggest that the 10-mer docks 26 Å from the active site. We then mutated the three lysine residues in the basic binding patch to glutamine and measured the catalytic activity and inhibition by the 10-mer. No significant inhibition of these mutants was observed by the 10-mer as compared to wild type. Interestingly, mutation of Lys50 (Lys78; according to standard MBL numbering system) resulted in reduced enzymatic activity relative to wild type in the absence of inhibitor, further highlighting an allosteric mechanism for inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul H. Khan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony A. Bui
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Bryan Sutton
- Department of Cell Physiology & Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Wylie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Latham
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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9
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Shi P, Zhang Y, Li Y, Bian L. Probing the interaction of l
-captopril with metallo-β-lactamase CcrA by fluorescence spectra and molecular dynamic simulation. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:954-961. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Shi
- College of Life Science; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Science; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Life Science; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Liujiao Bian
- College of Life Science; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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10
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Ju LC, Cheng Z, Fast W, Bonomo RA, Crowder MW. The Continuing Challenge of Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibition: Mechanism Matters. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:635-647. [PMID: 29680579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are a significant clinical problem because they hydrolyze and inactivate nearly all β-lactam-containing antibiotics. These 'lifesaving drugs' constitute >50% of the available contemporary antibiotic arsenal. Despite the global spread of MBLs, MBL inhibitors have not yet appeared in clinical trials. Most MBL inhibitors target active site zinc ions and vary in mechanism from ternary complex formation to metal ion stripping. Importantly, differences in mechanism can impact pharmacology in terms of reversibility, target selectivity, and structure-activity relationship interpretation. This review surveys the mechanisms of MBL inhibitors and describes methods that determine the mechanism of inhibition to guide development of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Cheng Ju
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Zishuo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Walter Fast
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Research Services, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics and the CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael W Crowder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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11
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Li GB, Brem J, Lesniak R, Abboud MI, Lohans CT, Clifton IJ, Yang SY, Jiménez-Castellanos JC, Avison MB, Spencer J, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. Crystallographic analyses of isoquinoline complexes reveal a new mode of metallo-β-lactamase inhibition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5806-5809. [PMID: 28470248 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02394d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Crystallographic analyses of the VIM-5 metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) with isoquinoline inhibitors reveal non zinc ion binding modes. Comparison with other MBL-inhibitor structures directed addition of a zinc-binding thiol enabling identification of potent B1 MBL inhibitors. The inhibitors potentiate meropenem activity against clinical isolates harboring MBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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12
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Büttner D, Kramer JS, Klingler FM, Wittmann SK, Hartmann MR, Kurz CG, Kohnhäuser D, Weizel L, Brüggerhoff A, Frank D, Steinhilber D, Wichelhaus TA, Pogoryelov D, Proschak E. Challenges in the Development of a Thiol-Based Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor for Metallo-β-Lactamases. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:360-372. [PMID: 29172434 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens, expressing metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), become resistant against most β-lactam antibiotics. Besides the dragging search for new antibiotics, development of MBL inhibitors would be an alternative weapon against resistant bacterial pathogens. Inhibition of resistance enzymes could restore the antibacterial activity of β-lactams. Various approaches to MBL inhibitors are described; among others, the promising motif of a zinc coordinating thiol moiety is very popular. Nevertheless, since the first report of a thiol-based MBL inhibitor (thiomandelic acid) in 2001, no steps in development of thiol based MBL inhibitors were reported that go beyond clinical isolate testing. In this study, we report on the synthesis and biochemical characterization of thiol-based MBL inhibitors and highlight the challenges behind the development of thiol-based compounds, which exhibit good in vitro activity toward a broad spectrum of MBLs, selectivity against human off-targets, and reasonable activity against clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Denia Frank
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University Hospital, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Thomas A. Wichelhaus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University Hospital, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 40, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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Tehrani KHME, Martin NI. Thiol-Containing Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitors Resensitize Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Meropenem. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:711-717. [PMID: 28820574 PMCID: PMC5644712 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of infections caused by metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) expressing Gram-negative bacteria has grown at an alarming rate in recent years. Despite the fact that MBLs can deactivate virtually all β-lactam antibiotics, there are as of yet no approved drugs available that inhibit their activity. We here examine the ability of previously reported thiol-based MBL inhibitors to synergize with meropenem and cefoperazone against a panel of Gram-negative carbapenem-resistant isolates expressing different β-lactamases. Among the compounds tested, thiomandelic acid 3 and 2-mercapto-3-phenylpropionic acid 4 were found to efficiently potentiate the activity of meropenem, especially against an imipenemase (IMP) producing strain of K. pneumoniae. In light of the zinc-dependent hydrolytic mechanism employed by MBLs, biophysical studies using isothermal titration calorimetry were also performed, revealing a correlation between the synergistic activity of thiols 3 and 4 and their zinc-binding ability with measured Kd values of 9.8 and 20.0 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleddin Haj Mohammad Ebrahim Tehrani
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I. Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Shakibaie MR, Azizi O, Shahcheraghi F. Insight into stereochemistry of a new IMP allelic variant (IMP-55) metallo-β-lactamase identified in a clinical strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 51:118-126. [PMID: 28336429 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) such as IMPs are broad-spectrum β-lactamases that inactivate virtually all β-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. In this study, we investigated the hydrolytic activity, phylogenetic relationship, three dimensional (3D) structure including zinc binding motif of a new IMP variant (IMP-55) identified in a clinical strain of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB). AB strain 56 was isolated from an adult ICU of a teaching hospital in Kerman, Iran. It exhibited MIC 32μg/ml to imipenem and showed MBL activity. Hydrolytic property of the MBL enzyme was measured phenotypically. Presence of blaIMP gene encoded by class 1 integrons was detected by PCR-sequencing. Phylogenetic tree of IMP protein was constructed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) and 3D model including zinc binding motif was predicted by bioinformatics softwares. Analysis of IMP sequence led to the identification of a novel IMP-type designated as IMP-55 (GenBank: KU299753.1; UniprotKB: A0A0S2MTX2). Impact in term of hydrolytic activity compared to the closest variants suggested efficient imipenem hydrolysis by this enzyme. Evolutionary distance matrix assessment indicated that IMP-55 protein is not closely related to other A. baumannii IMPs, however, shared 98% homology with Escherichia coli IMP-30 (UniprotKB: A0A0C5PJR0) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMP-1 (UniprotKB: Q19KT1). It consisted of five α-helices, ten β-sheets and six loops. A monovalent zinc ion attached to core of enzyme via His95, His97, His157 and Cys176. Multiple amino acid sequence alignments and mutational trajectory with reported IMPs showed 4 amino acid substitutions at positions 12(Phe→Ile), 31(Asp→Glu), 172(Leu→Phe) and 185(Asn→Lys). We suggest that the pleiotropic effect of mutations due to frequent administration of imipenem is responsible for emergence of new IMP variant in our hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Shakibaie
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Infection Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Omid Azizi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Department of Bacteriology, Microbiology Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Shi P, Qiao P, Zhang Y, Li S, Feng X, Bian L. Spectroscopy analysis and molecular dynamics studies on the binding of penicillin V and sulbactam to beta-lactamase II from Bacillus cereus. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:206-214. [PMID: 28219797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular recognition and interaction of beta-lactamase II from Bacillus cereus (Bc II) with penicillin V (PV) and sulbactam (Sul) especially conformational changes of Bc II in the binding process were studied through spectroscopy analysis in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results show that in the binding process, a new coordination bond is observed between the Zn2 of Bc II and the carboxyl-O of PV or Sul by replacing His204. Electrostatic interaction between Zn2 and the ligand provide main driving force for the binding affinity. Compared with apo Bc II, there are mainly four loops showing significant conformational changes in ligand-bound Bc II. A weak conformational transformation from β-sheets to random coils is observed in the loop2 of ligand-bound Bc II. The conformational transformation may depend on the functional group and binding pose of the ligand, giving the binding pocket greater flexibility and accordingly allowing for an induced fit of the enzyme-ligand binding site around the newly introduced ligand. The change in the loop2 of ligand-bound Bc II may lead to the opening of the binding pocket of Bc II. Therefore, loop2 can be considered a gate for control of ligand access in Bc II, hence its dynamic response should be considered in new drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Shi
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Pan Qiao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yeli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Shuaihua Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xuan Feng
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Liujiao Bian
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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16
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Cyclic Boronates Inhibit All Classes of β-Lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02260-16. [PMID: 28115348 PMCID: PMC5365654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02260-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Lactamase-mediated resistance is a growing threat to the continued use of β-lactam antibiotics. The use of the β-lactam-based serine-β-lactamase (SBL) inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam and, more recently, the non-β-lactam inhibitor avibactam has extended the utility of β-lactams against bacterial infections demonstrating resistance via these enzymes. These molecules are, however, ineffective against the metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), which catalyze their hydrolysis. To date, there are no clinically available metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors. Coproduction of MBLs and SBLs in resistant infections is thus of major clinical concern. The development of “dual-action” inhibitors, targeting both SBLs and MBLs, is of interest, but this is considered difficult to achieve due to the structural and mechanistic differences between the two enzyme classes. We recently reported evidence that cyclic boronates can inhibit both serine- and metallo-β-lactamases. Here we report that cyclic boronates are able to inhibit all four classes of β-lactamase, including the class A extended spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15, the class C enzyme AmpC from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and class D OXA enzymes with carbapenem-hydrolyzing capabilities. We demonstrate that cyclic boronates can potentiate the use of β-lactams against Gram-negative clinical isolates expressing a variety of β-lactamases. Comparison of a crystal structure of a CTX-M-15:cyclic boronate complex with structures of cyclic boronates complexed with other β-lactamases reveals remarkable conservation of the small-molecule binding mode, supporting our proposal that these molecules work by mimicking the common tetrahedral anionic intermediate present in both serine- and metallo-β-lactamase catalysis.
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17
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Cahill ST, Tarhonskaya H, Rydzik AM, Flashman E, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ, Brem J. Use of ferrous iron by metallo-β-lactamases. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:185-193. [PMID: 27498591 PMCID: PMC5108564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) catalyse the hydrolysis of almost all β-lactam antibacterials including the latest generation carbapenems and are a growing worldwide clinical problem. It is proposed that MBLs employ one or two zinc ion cofactors in vivo. Isolated MBLs are reported to use transition metal ions other than zinc, including copper, cadmium and manganese, with iron ions being a notable exception. We report kinetic and biophysical studies with the di-iron(II)-substituted metallo-β-lactamase II from Bacillus cereus (di-Fe(II) BcII) and the clinically relevant B1 subclass Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase 2 (di-Fe(II) VIM-2). The results reveal that MBLs can employ ferrous iron in catalysis, but with altered kinetic and inhibition profiles compared to the zinc enzymes. A crystal structure of di-Fe(II) BcII reveals only small overall changes in the active site compared to the di-Zn(II) enzyme including retention of the di-metal bridging water; however, the positions of the metal ions are altered in the di-Fe(II) compared to the di-Zn(II) structure. Stopped-flow analyses reveal that the mechanism of nitrocefin hydrolysis by both di-Fe(II) BcII and di-Fe(II) VIM-2 is altered compared to the di-Zn(II) enzymes. Notably, given that the MBLs are the subject of current medicinal chemistry efforts, the results raise the possibility the Fe(II)-substituted MBLs may be of clinical relevance under conditions of low zinc availability, and reveal potential variation in inhibitor activity against the differently metallated MBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna M Rydzik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Brem
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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18
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Montagner C, Nigen M, Jacquin O, Willet N, Dumoulin M, Karsisiotis AI, Roberts GCK, Damblon C, Redfield C, Matagne A. The Role of Active Site Flexible Loops in Catalysis and of Zinc in Conformational Stability of Bacillus cereus 569/H/9 β-Lactamase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16124-37. [PMID: 27235401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases catalyze the hydrolysis of most β-lactam antibiotics and hence represent a major clinical concern. The development of inhibitors for these enzymes is complicated by the diversity and flexibility of their substrate-binding sites, motivating research into their structure and function. In this study, we examined the conformational properties of the Bacillus cereus β-lactamase II in the presence of chemical denaturants using a variety of biochemical and biophysical techniques. The apoenzyme was found to unfold cooperatively, with a Gibbs free energy of stabilization (ΔG(0)) of 32 ± 2 kJ·mol(-1) For holoBcII, a first non-cooperative transition leads to multiple interconverting native-like states, in which both zinc atoms remain bound in an apparently unaltered active site, and the protein displays a well organized compact hydrophobic core with structural changes confined to the enzyme surface, but with no catalytic activity. Two-dimensional NMR data revealed that the loss of activity occurs concomitantly with perturbations in two loops that border the enzyme active site. A second cooperative transition, corresponding to global unfolding, is observed at higher denaturant concentrations, with ΔG(0) value of 65 ± 1.4 kJ·mol(-1) These combined data highlight the importance of the two zinc ions in maintaining structure as well as a relatively well defined conformation for both active site loops to maintain enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Montagner
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Michaël Nigen
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Olivier Jacquin
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Nicolas Willet
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
| | - Andreas Ioannis Karsisiotis
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon C K Roberts
- the Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christian Damblon
- Département de Chimie, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie B6, 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Christina Redfield
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - André Matagne
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, and
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19
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Meini MR, Llarrull LI, Vila AJ. Evolution of Metallo-β-lactamases: Trends Revealed by Natural Diversity and in vitro Evolution. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 3:285-316. [PMID: 25364574 PMCID: PMC4212336 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of β-lactamase enzymes is one of the most distributed resistance mechanisms towards β-lactam antibiotics. Metallo-β-lactamases constitute a worrisome group of these kinds of enzymes, since they present a broad spectrum profile, being able to hydrolyze not only penicillins, but also the latest generation of cephalosporins and carbapenems, which constitute at present the last resource antibiotics. The VIM, IMP, and NDM enzymes comprise the main groups of clinically relevant metallo-β-lactamases. Here we present an update of the features of the natural variants that have emerged and of the ones that have been engineered in the laboratory, in an effort to find sequence and structural determinants of substrate preferences. This knowledge is of upmost importance in novel drug design efforts. We also discuss the advances in knowledge achieved by means of in vitro directed evolution experiments, and the potential of this approach to predict natural evolution of metallo-β-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Rocío Meini
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.-R.M.); (L.I.L.); (A.J.V.); Tel.: +54-341-423-7070 (ext. 611 M.-R.M.; 637 L.I.L.; 632 A.J.V.); Fax: 54-341-423-7070 (ext. 607)
| | - Leticia I. Llarrull
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.-R.M.); (L.I.L.); (A.J.V.); Tel.: +54-341-423-7070 (ext. 611 M.-R.M.; 637 L.I.L.; 632 A.J.V.); Fax: 54-341-423-7070 (ext. 607)
| | - Alejandro J. Vila
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.-R.M.); (L.I.L.); (A.J.V.); Tel.: +54-341-423-7070 (ext. 611 M.-R.M.; 637 L.I.L.; 632 A.J.V.); Fax: 54-341-423-7070 (ext. 607)
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20
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Booth MPS, Kosmopoulou M, Poirel L, Nordmann P, Spencer J. Crystal Structure of DIM-1, an Acquired Subclass B1 Metallo-β-Lactamase from Pseudomonas stutzeri. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140059. [PMID: 26451836 PMCID: PMC4599830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze almost all classes of β-lactam antibiotic, including carbapenems—currently first choice drugs for opportunistic infections by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. MBL inhibitor development is complicated by the diversity within this group of enzymes, and by the appearance of new enzymes that continue to be identified both as chromosomal genes and on mobile genetic elements. One such newly discovered MBL is DIM-1, a mobile enzyme originally discovered in the opportunist pathogen Pseudomonas stutzeri but subsequently identified in other species and locations. DIM-1 is a subclass B1 MBL more closely related to the TMB-1, GIM-1 and IMP enzymes than to other clinically encountered MBLs such as VIM and NDM; and possesses Arg, rather than the more usual Lys, at position 224 in the putative substrate binding site. Here we report the crystallization and structure determination of DIM-1. DIM-1 possesses a binuclear metal center with a 5 (rather than the more usual 4) co-ordinate tri-histidine (Zn1) site and both 4- and 5-co-ordinate Cys-His-Asp- (Zn2) sites observed in the two molecules of the crystallographic asymmetric unit. These data indicate a degree of variability in metal co-ordination geometry in the DIM-1 active site, as well as facilitating inclusion of DIM-1 in structure-based MBL inhibitor discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. S. Booth
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Kosmopoulou
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Poirel
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Nordmann
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Meini MR, Llarrull LI, Vila AJ. Overcoming differences: The catalytic mechanism of metallo-β-lactamases. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3419-32. [PMID: 26297824 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases are the latest resistance mechanism of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria against carbapenems, considered as last resort drugs. The worldwide spread of genes coding for these enzymes, together with the lack of a clinically useful inhibitor, have raised a sign of alarm. Inhibitor design has been mostly impeded by the structural diversity of these enzymes. Here we provide a critical review of mechanistic studies of the three known subclasses of metallo-β-lactamases, analyzed at the light of structural and mutagenesis investigations. We propose that these enzymes present a modular structure in their active sites that can be dissected into two halves: one providing the attacking nucleophile, and the second one stabilizing a negatively charged reaction intermediate. These are common mechanistic elements in all metallo-β-lactamases. Nucleophile activation does not necessarily requires a Zn(II) ion, but a Zn(II) center is essential for stabilization of the anionic intermediate. Design of a common inhibitor could be therefore approached based in these convergent mechanistic features despite the structural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Rocío Meini
- Área Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 200 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Leticia I Llarrull
- Área Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 200 Rosario, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro J Vila
- Área Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 200 Rosario, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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22
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Rhodanine hydrolysis leads to potent thioenolate mediated metallo-β-lactamase inhibition. Nat Chem 2014; 6:1084-90. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Karsisiotis AI, Damblon CF, Roberts GCK. A variety of roles for versatile zinc in metallo-β-lactamases. Metallomics 2014; 6:1181-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactamases inactivate the important β-lactam antibiotics by catalysing the hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring, thus. One class of these enzymes, the metallo-β-lactamases, bind two zinc ions at the active site and these play important roles in the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. F. Damblon
- Chimie Biologique Structurale
- Institut de Chimie
- Université de Liège
- 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - G. C. K. Roberts
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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