1
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Feng RR, Wang M, Zhang W, Gai F. Unnatural Amino Acids for Biological Spectroscopy and Microscopy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6501-6542. [PMID: 38722769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to advances in methods for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) into proteins, a large number of UAAs with tailored chemical and/or physical properties have been developed and used in a wide array of biological applications. In particular, UAAs with specific spectroscopic characteristics can be used as external reporters to produce additional signals, hence increasing the information content obtainable in protein spectroscopic and/or imaging measurements. In this Review, we summarize the progress in the past two decades in the development of such UAAs and their applications in biological spectroscopy and microscopy, with a focus on UAAs that can be used as site-specific vibrational, fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes. Wherever applicable, we also discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Manxi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Feng Gai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Winter J, Jepsen S. Role of innate host defense proteins in oral cancerogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38265172 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
It is nowadays well accepted that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation and progression. Under this aspect, the oral cavity is predestined to examine this connection because periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease and oral squamous cell carcinomas are the most common oral malignant lesions. In this review, we describe how particular molecules of the human innate host defense system may participate as molecular links between these two important chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Specific focus is directed toward antimicrobial polypeptides, such as the cathelicidin LL-37 and human defensins, as well as S100 proteins and alarmins. We report in which way these peptides and proteins are able to initiate and support oral tumorigenesis, showing direct mechanisms by binding to growth-stimulating cell surface receptors and/or indirect effects, for example, inducing tumor-promoting genes. Finally, bacterial challenges with impact on oral cancerogenesis are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Winter
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Zeth K, Sancho-Vaello E. Structural Plasticity of LL-37 Indicates Elaborate Functional Adaptation Mechanisms to Bacterial Target Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105200. [PMID: 34068993 PMCID: PMC8156758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cathelicidin LL-37 is a multifunctional peptide of the human innate immune system. Among the various functions of LL-37, its antimicrobial activity is important in controlling the microorganisms of the human body. The target molecules of LL-37 in bacteria include membrane lipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), proteins, DNA and RNA. In this mini-review, we summarize the entity of LL-37 structural data determined over the last 15 years and specifically discuss features implicated in the interactions with lipid-like molecules. For this purpose, we discuss partial and full-length structures of LL-37 determined in the presence of membrane-mimicking detergents. This constantly growing structural database is now composed of monomers, dimers, tetramers, and fiber-like structures. The diversity of these structures underlines an unexpected plasticity and highlights the conformational and oligomeric adaptability of LL-37 necessary to target different molecular scaffolds. The recent co-crystal structures of LL-37 in complex with detergents are particularly useful to understand how these molecules mimic lipids and LPS to induce oligomerization and fibrillation. Defined detergent binding sites provide deep insights into a new class of peptide scaffolds, widening our view on the fascinating world of the LL-37 structural factotum. Together, the new structures in their evolutionary context allow for the assignment of functionally conserved residues in oligomerization and target interactions. Conserved phenylalanine and arginine residues primarily mediate those interactions with lipids and LPS. The interactions with macromolecules such as proteins or DNA remain largely unexplored and open a field for future studies aimed at structures of LL-37 complexes. These complexes will then allow for the structure-based rational design of LL-37-derived peptides with improved antibiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (E.S.-V.); Tel.: +45-604-666-29 (K.Z.)
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (E.S.-V.); Tel.: +45-604-666-29 (K.Z.)
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4
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Enhancement of Osteogenic Induction by LL37 Modified with a Collagen-Binding Domain In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Quemé-Peña M, Ricci M, Juhász T, Horváti K, Bősze S, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Zsila F, Beke-Somfai T. Old Polyanionic Drug Suramin Suppresses Detrimental Cytotoxicity of the Host Defense Peptide LL-37. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 4:155-167. [PMID: 33615169 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The host defense peptide LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin, characterized by pleiotropic activity ranging from immunological to anti-neoplastic functions. However, its overexpression has been associated with harmful inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Thus, for the latter cases, the development of strategies aiming to reduce LL-37 toxicity is highly desired as these have the potential to provide a viable solution. Here, we demonstrate that the reduction of LL-37 toxicity might be achieved by the impairment of its cell surface binding through interaction with small organic compounds that are able to alter the peptide conformation and minimize its cell penetration ability. In this regard, the performed cell viability and internalization studies showed a remarkable attenuation of LL-37 cytotoxicity toward colon and monocytic cells in the presence of the polysulfonated drug suramin. The mechanistic examinations of the molecular details indicated that this effect was coupled with the ability of suramin to alter LL-37 secondary structure via the formation of peptide-drug complexes. Moreover, a comparison with other therapeutic agents having common features unveiled the peculiar ability of suramin to optimize the binding to the peptide sequence. The newly discovered suramin action is hoped to inspire the elaboration of novel repurposing strategies aimed to reduce LL-37 cytotoxicity under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Quemé-Peña
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Maria Ricci
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tünde Juhász
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Biomolecular Self-Assembly Research Group, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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6
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Antimicrobial peptides: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2966-2975. [PMID: 33237697 PMCID: PMC7752697 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by a myriad of cells and play important roles not only in protecting against infections and sustaining skin barrier homeostasis but also in contributing to immune dysregulation under pathological conditions. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that AMPs, including cathelicidin (LL-37), human β-defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7, are highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. These peptides broadly regulate immunity by interacting with various immune cells and linking innate and adaptive immune responses during the progression of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding AMPs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with a main focus on their immunomodulatory abilities.
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7
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Lozeau LD, Grosha J, Smith IM, Stewart EJ, Camesano TA, Rolle MW. Alginate Affects Bioactivity of Chimeric Collagen-Binding LL37 Antimicrobial Peptides Adsorbed to Collagen-Alginate Wound Dressings. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3398-3410. [PMID: 33463166 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infected wounds cause more than 23,000 deaths annually. Antibiotics and antiseptics are conventionally used to treat infected wounds; however, they can be toxic to mammalian cells, and their use can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been utilized to address the limitations of antiseptics and antibiotics. In previous work, we modified the human AMP LL37 with collagen-binding domains from collagenase (cCBD) or fibronectin (fCBD) to facilitate peptide tethering and delivery from collagen-based wound dressings. We found that cCBD-LL37 and fCBD-LL37 were retained and active when bound to 100% collagen scaffolds. Collagen wound dressings are commonly made as composites with other materials, such as alginate. The goal of this study was to investigate how the presence of alginate affects the tethering, release, and antimicrobial activity of LL37 and CBD-LL37 peptides adsorbed to commercially available collagen-alginate wound dressings (FIBRACOL Plus-a 90% collagen and 10% alginate wound dressing). We found that over 85% of the LL37, cCBD-LL37, and fCBD-LL37 was retained on FIBRACOL Plus over a 14-day release study (90.3, 85.8, and 98.6%, respectively). Additionally, FIBRACOL Plus samples loaded with peptides were bactericidal toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa, even after 14 days in release buffer but demonstrated no antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The presence of alginate in solution induced conformational changes in the cCBD-LL37 and LL37 peptides, resulting in increased peptide helicity, and reduced antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. Peptide-loaded FIBRACOL Plus scaffolds were not cytotoxic to human dermal fibroblasts. This study demonstrates that CBD-mediated LL37 tethering is a viable strategy to reduce LL37 toxicity, and how substrate composition plays a crucial role in modulating the antimicrobial activity of tethered AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Lozeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Jonian Grosha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Ian M Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Terri A Camesano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Marsha W Rolle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
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8
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Febriza A, Hatta M, Natzir R, Kasim VN, Idrus HH. Activity of Antimicrobial Peptide; Cathelicidin, on Bacterial Infection. Open Biochem J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01913010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide is an effector molecule from the natural immune system which plays a central role in defense as an antimicrobial. Cathelicidin is one of the antimicrobial peptides. Human only has one cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide called LL-37 or hCAP18. The detailed mechanism on CAMP (Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide) gene regulation is still unknown, however, cathelicidin is found to have upregulation when there is bacterial infection. The most effective expression inducer of CAMP gene is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25(OH)2D3), which is the active form of vitamin D. Vitamin D mediates cathelicidin synthesis through the expression of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), then the interaction activates CAMP gene to express cathelicidin. The work mechanisms of cathelicidin against bacterial infection include damaging the bacterial cell membrane, inducing autophagy process of macrophage cell, neutralizing LPS produced by bacteria, and chemotactic activities of PMNs, monocytes and lymphocytes.
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9
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de Miguel Catalina A, Forbrig E, Kozuch J, Nehls C, Paulowski L, Gutsmann T, Hildebrandt P, Mroginski MA. The C-Terminal VPRTES Tail of LL-37 Influences the Mode of Attachment to a Lipid Bilayer and Antimicrobial Activity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2447-2462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Forbrig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Jacek Kozuch
- Division of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, Californa 94305, United States
| | - Christian Nehls
- Biophysics Department, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Laura Paulowski
- Biophysics Department, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Biophysics Department, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
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10
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Macleod T, Ward J, Alase AA, Bridgewood C, Wittmann M, Stonehouse NJ. Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Facilitates Intracellular Uptake of RNA Aptamer Apt 21-2 Without Inducing an Inflammatory or Interferon Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:857. [PMID: 31068939 PMCID: PMC6491520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA aptamers are synthetic single stranded RNA oligonucleotides that function analogously to antibodies. Recently, they have shown promise for use in treating inflammatory skin disease as, unlike antibody-based biologics, they are able to enter the skin following topical administration. However, it is important to understand the inflammatory milieu into which aptamers are delivered, as numerous immune-modulating mediators will be present at abnormal levels. LL-37 is an important immune-modifying protein upregulated in several inflammatory skin conditions, including psoriasis, rosacea and eczema. This inflammatory antimicrobial peptide is known to complex nucleic acids and induce both inflammatory and interferon responses from keratinocytes. Given the attractive notion of using RNA aptamers in topical medication and the prevalence of LL-37 in these inflammatory skin conditions, we examined the effect of LL-37 on the efficacy and safety of the anti-IL-17A RNA aptamer, Apt 21-2. LL-37 was demonstrated to complex with the RNA aptamer by electrophoretic mobility shift and filter binding assays. In contrast to free Apt 21-2, LL-37-complexed Apt 21-2 was observed to efficiently enter both keratinocytes and fibroblasts by confocal microscopy. Despite internalization of LL-37-complexed aptamers, measurement of inflammatory mediators and interferon stimulated genes showed LL-37-complexed Apt 21-2 remained immunologically inert in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells including infiltrating dendritic cells and monocytes. The findings of this study suggest RNA aptamers delivered into an inflammatory milieu rich in LL-37 may become complexed and subsequently internalized by surrounding cells in the skin. Whilst the results of this study indicate delivery of RNA aptamers into tissue rich in LL-37 should not cause an unwarranted inflammatory of interferon response, these results have significant implications for the efficacy of aptamers with regards to extracellular vs. intracellular targets that should be taken into consideration when developing treatment strategies utilizing RNA aptamers in inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macleod
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Ward
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adewonuola A Alase
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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11
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Membrane-active antimicrobial peptide identified in Rana arvalis by targeted DNA sequencing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:651-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Armas F, Pacor S, Ferrari E, Guida F, Pertinhez TA, Romani AA, Scocchi M, Benincasa M. Design, antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of Arg-rich ultra-short cationic lipopeptides. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212447. [PMID: 30789942 PMCID: PMC6383929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms represents one of the greatest challenges in the clinical management of infectious diseases, and requires the development of novel antimicrobial agents. To this aim, we de novo designed a library of Arg-rich ultra-short cationic antimicrobial lipopeptides (USCLs), based on the Arg-X-Trp-Arg-NH2 peptide moiety conjugated with a fatty acid, and investigated their antibacterial potential. USCLs exhibited an excellent antimicrobial activity against clinically pathogenic microorganisms, in particular Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains, with MIC values ranging between 1.56 and 6.25 μg/mL. The capability of the two most active molecules, Lau-RIWR-NH2 and Lau-RRIWRR-NH2, to interact with the bacterial membranes has been predicted by molecular dynamics and verified on liposomes by surface plasmon resonance. Both compounds inhibited the growth of S. aureus even at sub MIC concentrations and induced cell membranes permeabilization by producing visible cell surface alterations leading to a significant decrease in bacterial viability. Interestingly, no cytotoxic effects were evidenced for these lipopeptides up to 50–100 μg/mL in hemolysis assay, in human epidermal model and HaCaT cells, thus highlighting a good cell selectivity. These results, together with the simple composition of USCLs, make them promising lead compounds as new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Area Science Park, Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pacor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Filomena Guida
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Thelma A. Pertinhez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Scocchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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13
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Pacor S, Guida F, Xhindoli D, Benincasa M, Gennaro R, Tossi A. Effect of targeted minimal sequence variations on the structure and biological activities of the human cathelicidin LL‐37. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pacor
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Filomena Guida
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Daniela Xhindoli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
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14
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Lozeau LD, Youssefian S, Rahbar N, Camesano TA, Rolle MW. Concentration-Dependent, Membrane-Selective Activity of Human LL37 Peptides Modified with Collagen Binding Domain Sequences. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4513-4523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Expression in Escherichia coli of novel recombinant hybrid antimicrobial peptide AL32-P113 with enhanced antimicrobial activity in vitro. Gene 2018; 671:1-9. [PMID: 29859288 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have become a major public health problem worldwide. New discoveries and strategies as regards antibiotic drug development are urgently in need for curing infected patients. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic peptides that play important roles in innate immune system with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Recently, hybrid AMPs have been reported to increase antimicrobial activity, stability, and in vivo half-life. In the present study, a gene encoding for AL32-P113 hybrid peptide consisting of two truncated active forms of human LL-37 and histatin-5 (Hst-5) was commercially constructed, cloned into pTXB-1 commercial plasmid, and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). To increase the yield of target protein expression, IPTG concentration, time and temperature were optimized. The results indicate that AL32-P113-intein fusion protein with 33.7 kDa was expressed mostly in inclusion form and estimated to be 20% of the total protein. After chitin affinity purification, 5.7-kDa of AL32-P113 peptide was separated with an average concentration of 12.1 mg per litre of bacterial culture and over 86% purity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated for antimicrobial activity determination of recombinant AL32-P113 compared to synthetic peptides, LL-37, Hst-5, and L31-P113. The results implied that both hybrid peptides exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria and yeast cells whereas the L31-P113 peptide possessed approximately four times greater antimicrobial activity in gram-positive bacteria than parent LL-37. An increasing of undesired hemolysis of these hybrid peptides toward human red cells was also observed when red blood cell hemolytic assay was performed. Several factors including charge and secondary structure predicted by public software were utilized for explanation of the antimicrobial potency of both hybrid peptides. This study proved that hybrid peptides show broader and more potent antimicrobial ability against pathogens and they could be applied as a therapeutic approach for topical treatment of microbial infection in the future.
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16
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De Lorenzi E, Chiari M, Colombo R, Cretich M, Sola L, Vanna R, Gagni P, Bisceglia F, Morasso C, Lin JS, Lee M, McGeer PL, Barron AE. Evidence that the Human Innate Immune Peptide LL-37 may be a Binding Partner of Amyloid-β and Inhibitor of Fibril Assembly. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1213-1226. [PMID: 28731438 PMCID: PMC5611894 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying physiologically relevant binding partners of amyloid-β (Aβ) that modulate in vivo fibril formation may yield new insights into Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. Human cathelicidin peptide, LL-37, is an innate immune effector and modulator, ubiquitous in human tissues and expressed in myriad cell types. OBJECTIVE We present in vitro experimental evidence and discuss findings supporting a novel hypothesis that LL-37 binds to Aβ42 and can modulate Aβ fibril formation. METHODS Specific interactions between LL-37 and Aβ (with Aβ in different aggregation states, assessed by capillary electrophoresis) were demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Morphological and structural changes were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Neuroinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of LL-37 alone, Aβ42 alone, and LL-37/Aβ complexes were evaluated in human microglia and neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y). RESULTS SPRi shows binding specificity between LL-37 and Aβ, while TEM shows that LL-37 inhibits Aβ42 fibril formation, particularly Aβ's ability to form long, straight fibrils characteristic of AD. CD reveals that LL-37 prevents Aβ42 from adopting its typical β-type secondary structure. Microglia-mediated toxicities of LL-37 and Aβ42 to neurons are greatly attenuated when the two peptides are co-incubated prior to addition. We discuss the complementary biophysical characteristics and AD-related biological activities of these two peptides. CONCLUSION Based on this body of evidence, we propose that LL-37 and Aβ42 may be natural binding partners, which implies that balanced (or unbalanced) spatiotemporal expression of the two peptides could impact AD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcella Chiari
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marina Cretich
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Sola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Vanna
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Gagni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Morasso
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milano, Italy
| | - Jennifer S Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moonhee Lee
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Patrick L McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Lozeau LD, Rolle MW, Camesano TA. A QCM-D study of the concentration- and time-dependent interactions of human LL37 with model mammalian lipid bilayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 167:229-238. [PMID: 29660601 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The human antimicrobial peptide LL37 is promising as an alternative to antibiotics due to its biophysical interactions with charged bacterial lipids. However, its clinical potential is limited due to its interactions with zwitterionic mammalian lipids leading to cytotoxicity. Mechanistic insight into the LL37 interactions with mammalian lipids may enable rational design of less toxic LL37-based therapeutics. To this end, we studied concentration- and time-dependent interactions of LL37 with zwitterionic model phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). LL37 mass adsorption and PC bilayer viscoelasticity changes were monitored by measuring changes in frequency (Δf) and dissipation (ΔD), respectively. The Voigt-Kelvin viscoelastic model was applied to Δf and ΔD to study changes in bilayer thickness and density with LL37 concentration. At low concentrations (0.10-1.00 μM), LL37 adsorbed onto bilayers in a concentration-dependent manner. Further analyses of Δf, ΔD and thickness revealed that peptide saturation on the bilayers was a threshold for interactions observed above 2.00 μM, interactions that were rapid, multi-step, and reached equilibrium in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Based on these data, we proposed a model of stable transmembrane pore formation at 2.00-10.0 μM, or transition from a primarily lipid to a primarily protein film with a transmembrane pore formation intermediate state at concentrations of LL37 > 10 μM. The concentration-dependent interactions between LL37 and PC bilayers correlated with the observed concentration-dependent biological activities of LL37 (antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and non-cytotoxic at 0.1-1.0 μM, hemolytic and some cytotoxicity at 2.0-13 μM and cytotoxic at >13 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Lozeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Marsha W Rolle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Terri A Camesano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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18
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Pachón-Ibáñez ME, Smani Y, Pachón J, Sánchez-Céspedes J. Perspectives for clinical use of engineered human host defense antimicrobial peptides. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:323-342. [PMID: 28521337 PMCID: PMC5435762 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi are among the leading causes of death worldwide. The emergence of drug-resistance mechanisms, especially among bacteria, threatens the efficacy of all current antimicrobial agents, some of them already ineffective. As a result, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs. Host defense antimicrobial peptides (HDPs) are natural occurring and well-conserved peptides of innate immunity, broadly active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses and fungi. They also are able to exert immunomodulatory and adjuvant functions by acting as chemotactic for immune cells, and inducing cytokines and chemokines secretion. Moreover, they show low propensity to elicit microbial adaptation, probably because of their non-specific mechanism of action, and are able to neutralize exotoxins and endotoxins. HDPs have the potential to be a great source of novel antimicrobial agents. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the advances made in the development of human defensins as well as the cathelicidin LL-37 and their derivatives as antimicrobial agents against bacteria, viruses and fungi for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Pachón-Ibáñez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Younes Smani
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Jerónimo Pachón
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville.,Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Céspedes
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville.,Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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19
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Christiansen SH, Zhang X, Juul-Madsen K, Hvam ML, Vad BS, Behrens MA, Thygesen IL, Jalilian B, Pedersen JS, Howard KA, Otzen DE, Vorup-Jensen T. The random co-polymer glatiramer acetate rapidly kills primary human leukocytes through sialic-acid-dependent cell membrane damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:425-437. [PMID: 28064019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The formulation glatiramer acetate (GA) is widely used in therapy of multiple sclerosis. GA consists of random copolymers of four amino acids, in ratios that produce a predominantly positive charge and an amphipathic character. With the extraordinary complexity of the drug, several pharmacological modes-of-action were suggested, but so far none, which rationalizes the cationicity and amphipathicity as part of the mode-of-action. Here, we report that GA rapidly kills primary human T lymphocytes and, less actively, monocytes. LL-37 is a cleavage product of human cathelicidin with important roles in innate immunity. It shares the positive charge and amphipathic character of GA, and, as shown here, also the ability to kill human leukocyte. The cytotoxicity of both compounds depends on sialic acid in the cell membrane. The killing was associated with the generation of CD45+ debris, derived from cell membrane deformation. Nanoparticle tracking analysis confirmed the formation of such debris, even at low GA concentrations. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing measurements also recorded stable alterations in T lymphocytes following such treatment. LL-37 forms oligomers through weak hydrophobic contacts, which is critical for the lytic properties. In our study, SAXS showed that GA also forms this type of contacts. Taken together, our study offers new insight on the immunomodulatory mode-of-action of positively charged co-polymers. The comparison of LL-37 and GA highlights a consistent requirement of certain oligomeric and chemical properties to support cytotoxic effects of cationic polymers targeting human leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Hill Christiansen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Michael Lykke Hvam
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Brian Stougaard Vad
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Manja Annette Behrens
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Ida Lysgaard Thygesen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Dept. of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Babak Jalilian
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA), Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Bartholin Building (1240), Bartholins Allé 6, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA), Aarhus University, Denmark; MEMBRANES Research Center, Aarhus University, Denmark; Center for Neurodegenerative Inflammation Prevention (NEURODIN), Aarhus University, Denmark.
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20
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D'Este F, Benincasa M, Cannone G, Furlan M, Scarsini M, Volpatti D, Gennaro R, Tossi A, Skerlavaj B, Scocchi M. Antimicrobial and host cell-directed activities of Gly/Ser-rich peptides from salmonid cathelicidins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:456-468. [PMID: 27818338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins, a major family of vertebrate antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have a recognized role in the first line of defense against infections. They have been identified in several salmonid species, where the putative mature peptides are unusually long and rich in serine and glycine residues, often arranged in short multiple repeats (RLGGGS/RPGGGS) intercalated by hydrophobic motifs. Fragments of 24-40 residues, spanning specific motifs and conserved sequences in grayling or brown, rainbow and brook trout, were chemically synthesized and examined for antimicrobial activity against relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative salmonid pathogens, as well as laboratory reference strains. They were not active in complete medium, but showed varying potency and activity spectra in diluted media. Bacterial membrane permeabilization also occurred only under these conditions and was indicated by rapid propidium iodide uptake in peptide-treated bacteria. However, circular dichroism analyses indicated that they did not significantly adopt ordered conformations in membrane-like environments. The peptides were not hemolytic or cytotoxic to trout cells, including freshly purified head kidney leukocytes (HKL) and the fibroblastic RTG-2 cell line. Notably, when exposed to them, HKL showed increased metabolic activity, while a growth-promoting effect was observed on RTG-2 cells, suggesting a functional interaction of salmonid cathelicidins with host cells similar to that shown by mammalian ones. The three most active peptides produced a dose-dependent increase in phagocytic uptake by HKL simultaneously stimulated with bacterial particles. The peptide STF(1-37), selected for further analyses, also enhanced phagocytic uptake in the presence of autologous serum, and increased intracellular killing of live E. coli. Furthermore, when tested on HKL in combination with the immunostimulant β-glucan, it synergistically potentiated both phagocytic uptake and the respiratory burst response, activities that play a key role in fish immunity. Collectively, these data point to a role of salmonid cathelicidins as modulators of fish microbicidal mechanisms beyond a salt-sensitive antimicrobial activity, and encourage further studies also in view of potential applications in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Este
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannone
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Furlan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Scarsini
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via Sondrio 2/a, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Skerlavaj
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Scocchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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21
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Shahmiri M, Enciso M, Adda CG, Smith BJ, Perugini MA, Mechler A. Membrane Core-Specific Antimicrobial Action of Cathelicidin LL-37 Peptide Switches Between Pore and Nanofibre Formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38184. [PMID: 27901075 PMCID: PMC5128859 DOI: 10.1038/srep38184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptides provide broad-spectrum defence against localized bacterial invasion in a range of hosts including humans. The most generally held consensus is that targeting to pathogens is based on interactions with the head groups of membrane lipids. Here we show that the action of LL-37, a human antimicrobial peptide switches the mode of action based on the structure of the alkyl chains, and not the head groups of the membrane forming lipids. We demonstrate that LL-37 exhibits two distinct interaction pathways: pore formation in bilayers of unsaturated phospholipids and membrane modulation with saturated phospholipids. Uniquely, the membrane modulation yields helical-rich fibrous peptide-lipid superstructures. Our results point at alternative design strategies for peptide antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Shahmiri
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Marta Enciso
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Christopher G Adda
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Brian J Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Adam Mechler
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Australia
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22
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Li Y, Qian Z, Ma L, Hu S, Nong D, Xu C, Ye F, Lu Y, Wei G, Li M. Single-molecule visualization of dynamic transitions of pore-forming peptides among multiple transmembrane positions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12906. [PMID: 27686409 PMCID: PMC5056435 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the dynamics of single-membrane proteins remains underdeveloped due to the lack of proper approaches that can probe in real time the protein's insertion depth in lipid bilayers. Here we report a single-molecule visualization method to track both vertical insertion and lateral diffusion of membrane proteins in supported lipid bilayers by exploiting the surface-induced fluorescence attenuation (SIFA) of fluorophores. The attenuation follows a d−4 dependency, where d is the fluorophore-to-surface distance. The method is validated by observing the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 to transfer among five transmembrane positions: the surface, the upper leaflet, the centre, the lower leaflet and the bottom of the lipid bilayer. These results demonstrate the power of SIFA to study protein-membrane interactions and provide unprecedented in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms of the insertion and translocation of membrane proteins. Assessing protein localization within lipid membranes is problematic. Here, the authors describe a single molecule visualization method based on surface-induced fluorescence attenuation (SIFA) to determine the insertion depth and lateral diffusion of a peptide in a lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenyu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Daguan Nong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanghong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Samuel R, Gillmor S. Membrane phase characteristics control NA-CATH activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1974-1982. [PMID: 27216315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our studies presented in this report focus on the behavior of NA-CATH, an α-helical cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, originally discovered in the Naja atra snake. It has demonstrated high potency against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with minimal hemolysis. Here we examine the kinetics, behaviors and potential mechanisms of the peptide in the presence of membrane liposome, modeling Escherichia coli, whose membrane exhibits distinct lipid phases. To understand NA-CATH interactions, the role of lipid phases is critical. We test three different lipid compositions to detangle the effect of phase on NA-CATH's activity using a series of leakage experiments. From these studies, we observe that NA-CATH changes from membrane disruption to pore-based lysing, depending on phases and lipid composition. This behavior also plays a major role in its kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Samuel
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Susan Gillmor
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States.
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24
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LL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:802-8. [PMID: 27117377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is a large family of compounds serving as natural antibiotics, widely distributed across the organism, mainly in mucus layers. They are designed to prevent pathogens from colonization. Among them, defensins and cathelicidins could be found. LL-37, the sole human cathelicidin draws particular attention because of its outstanding abilities. In addition to being a broad spectrum antibiotic, LL-37 has potent chemotactic and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we discussed the potency of LL-37 as a therapeutic agent in four systems: immunological, respiratory, gastrointestinal and in the skin. We analyzed the main molecular pathways dependent on human cathelicidin and related them to specific diseases. We conclude that LL-37 shows a great potential to be further investigated and developed as a drug with clinical use.
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25
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The human cathelicidin LL-37 — A pore-forming antibacterial peptide and host-cell modulator. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:546-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Zhang X, Bajic G, Andersen GR, Christiansen SH, Vorup-Jensen T. The cationic peptide LL-37 binds Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) with a low dissociation rate and promotes phagocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:471-8. [PMID: 26876535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum anti-microbial peptide, LL-37 plays an important role in the innate immune system. A series of previous reports implicates LL-37 as an activator of various cell surface receptor-mediated functions, including chemotaxis in integrin CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1)-expressing cells. However, evidence is scarce concerning the direct binding of LL-37 to these receptors and investigations on the associated binding kinetics is lacking. Mac-1, a member of the β2 integrin family, is mainly expressed in myeloid leukocytes. Its critical functions include phagocytosis of complement-opsonized pathogens. Here, we report on interactions of LL-37 and its fragment FK-13 with the ligand-binding domain of Mac-1, the α-chain I domain. LL-37 bound the I-domain with an affinity comparable to the complement fragment C3d, one of the strongest known ligands for Mac-1. In cell adhesion assays both LL-37 and FK-13 supported binding by Mac-1 expressing cells, however, with LL-37-coupled surfaces supporting stronger cell adhesion than FK-13. Likewise, in phagocytosis assays with primary human monocytes both LL-37 and FK-13 enhanced uptake of particles coupled with these ligands but with a tendency towards a stronger uptake by LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; MEMBRANES Research Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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27
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Bonucci A, Caldaroni E, Balducci E, Pogni R. A Spectroscopic Study of the Aggregation State of the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Bacterial versus Host Cell Model Membranes. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6760-8. [PMID: 26502164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The LL-37 antimicrobial peptide is the only cathelicidin peptide found in humans that has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Because it exerts also chemotactic and angiogenetic activity, LL-37 is involved in promoting wound healing, reducing inflammation, and strengthening the host immune response. The key to the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) lies in the different compositions of bacterial versus host cell membranes. In this context, antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and two variants were studied in the presence of model membranes with different lipid compositions and charges. The investigation was performed using an experimental strategy that combines the site-directed spin labeling-electron paramagnetic resonance technique with circular dichroism and fluorescence emission spectroscopies. LL-37 interacts with negatively charged membranes forming a stable aggregate, which can likely produce toroidal pores until the amount of bound peptide exceeds a critical concentration. At the same time, we have clearly detected an aggregate with a higher oligomeric degree for interaction of LL-37 with neutral membranes. These data confirm the absence of cell selectivity of the peptide and a more complex role in stimulating host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bonucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena , 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Caldaroni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena , 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Balducci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino , 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena , 53100 Siena, Italy
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28
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Bobone S, De Zotti M, Bortolotti A, Biondi B, Ballano G, Palleschi A, Toniolo C, Formaggio F, Stella L. The fluorescence and infrared absorption probepara-cyanophenylalanine: Effect of labeling on the behavior of different membrane-interacting peptides. Biopolymers 2015; 104:521-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Annalisa Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Gema Ballano
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
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