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Tan HT, Yusoff FM, Khaw YS, Ahmad SA, Shaharuddin NA. Uncovering Research Trends of Phycobiliproteins Using Bibliometric Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112358. [PMID: 34834721 PMCID: PMC8622606 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are gaining popularity as long-term, high-value natural products which can be alternatives to synthetic products. This study analyzed research trends of phycobiliproteins from 1909 to 2020 using a bibliometric approach based on the Scopus database. The current findings showed that phycobiliprotein is a burgeoning field in terms of publications outputs with "biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology" as the most related and focused subject. The Journal of Applied Phycology was the most productive journal in publishing articles on phycobiliproteins. Although the United States of America (U.S.A.) contributed the most publications on phycobiliproteins, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) is the institution with the largest number of publications. The most productive author on phycobiliproteins was Glazer, Alexander N. (U.S.A.). The U.S.A. and Germany were at the forefront of international collaboration in this field. According to the keyword analysis, the most explored theme was the optimization of microalgae culture parameters and phycobiliproteins extraction methods. The bioactivity properties and extraction of phycobiliproteins were identified as future research priorities. Synechococcus and Arthrospira were the most cited genera. This study serves as an initial step in fortifying the phycobiliproteins market, which is expected to exponentially expand in the future. Moreover, further research and global collaboration are necessary to commercialize phycobiliproteins and increase the consumer acceptability of the pigments and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Teng Tan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.T.T.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Fatimah Md. Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 71050, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yam Sim Khaw
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.T.T.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.A.A.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.A.A.); (N.A.S.)
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Manirafasha E, Murwanashyaka T, Ndikubwimana T, Rashid Ahmed N, Liu J, Lu Y, Zeng X, Ling X, Jing K. Enhancement of cell growth and phycocyanin production in Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis by metabolic stress and nitrate fed-batch. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 255:293-301. [PMID: 29422330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is known to have high-quality proteins content and phycocyanin as one of the major pigment constituents of the cells, and the most challenging problem associated with phycocyanin production in Arthrospira is to optimize its intracellular accumulation. The present study evaluated the metabolic stress conditions (by nutrient enrichment) of Arthrospira platensis FACHB-314 for boosting biomass growth and high content phycocyanin accumulation. Experimental results showed that 5 mM sodium glutamate and 7.5 mM succinic acid could enhance biomass yield as well as phycocyanin accumulation compared with that of the control groups. The present study demonstrates that the biomass growth and phycocyanin accumulation were significantly enhanced in fed-batch cultivation of Arthrospira platensis by applying the substrates as metabolic stress agents combined with nitrate feeding strategy. cobA/hemD, hemG and ho genes presented the over-expression level with adding sodium glutamate and succinic acid in cultures, respectively, compared to the control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Manirafasha
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; University of Rwanda-College of Education, P.O. Box 5039, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Theophile Murwanashyaka
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | | | - Nur Rashid Ahmed
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Keju Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Cuellar-Bermudez SP, Aguilar-Hernandez I, Cardenas-Chavez DL, Ornelas-Soto N, Romero-Ogawa MA, Parra-Saldivar R. Extraction and purification of high-value metabolites from microalgae: essential lipids, astaxanthin and phycobiliproteins. Microb Biotechnol 2015; 8:190-209. [PMID: 25223877 PMCID: PMC4353334 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The marked trend and consumers growing interest in natural and healthy products have forced researches and industry to develop novel products with functional ingredients. Microalgae have been recognized as source of functional ingredients with positive health effects since these microorganisms produce polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, natural pigments, essential minerals, vitamins, enzymes and bioactive peptides. For this reason, the manuscript reviews two of the main high-value metabolites which can be obtained from microalgae: pigments and essential lipids. Therefore, the extraction and purification methods for polyunsaturated fatty acids, astaxanthin, phycoerythrin and phycocyanin are described. Also, the effect that environmental growth conditions have in the production of these metabolites is described. This review summarizes the existing methods to extract and purify such metabolites in order to develop a feasible and sustainable algae industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Cuellar-Bermudez
- Cátedra de Bioprocesos Ambientales, Centro del Agua Para América Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
| | - Iris Aguilar-Hernandez
- Cátedra de Bioprocesos Ambientales, Centro del Agua Para América Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
| | - Diana L Cardenas-Chavez
- Cátedra de Bioprocesos Ambientales, Centro del Agua Para América Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
| | - Nancy Ornelas-Soto
- Cátedra de Bioprocesos Ambientales, Centro del Agua Para América Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Romero-Ogawa
- Cátedra de Bioprocesos Ambientales, Centro del Agua Para América Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldivar
- Cátedra de Bioprocesos Ambientales, Centro del Agua Para América Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
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Beale SI. Biosynthesis of open-chain tetrapyrroles in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 180:156-68; discussion 168-71. [PMID: 7842851 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514535.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phycobilins are open-chain tetrapyrroles of plants and algae which act as the chromophores of phycobiliproteins where they function as light energy-harvesting pigments. Phytochromobilin, another open-chain tetrapyrrole, is the chromophore of phytochrome, which functions as a light-sensing pigment in plant development. These open-chain tetrapyrroles are biosynthetically derived from protohaem. Enzyme reactions that convert protohaem to biliverdin IX alpha, and biliverdin IX alpha to phycocyanobilin, have been detected and characterized in extracts of the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Algal haem oxygenase and algal biliverdin-IX alpha reductase are both soluble enzymes that use electrons derived from reduced ferredoxin. Biochemical intermediates in the conversion of biliverdin IX alpha to (3E)-phycocyanobilin were identified as 15, 16-dihydrobiliverdin IX alpha, (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin and (3Z)-phycocyanobilin. Separate enzymes catalyse the two two-electron reduction steps in the conversion of biliverdin IX alpha to (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin. Z-to-E isomerization of the phycobilin ethylidine group is catalysed by an enzyme that requires glutathione for activity. Protein-bound phycoerythrobilin can be chemically converted to phytochromobilin which can then be released from the protein by methanolysis. This procedure was used to produce phytochromobilin in quantities sufficient to allow its chemical characterization and use in phytochrome reconstitution experiments. The results indicate that (2R,3E)-phytochromobilin spontaneously condenses with recombinant oat apophytochrome to form photoreversible holoprotein that is spectrally identical to native phytochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Beale
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Gossauer A, Nydegger F, Benedikt E, Köst HP. Syntheses of Bile Pigments. Part 16. Synthesis of a vinyl-substituted 2,3-Dihydrobilinedione: Possible role of this new class of bile pigments in phycobilin biosynthesis. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19890720315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Turner L, Houghton JD, Brown SB. Purification and identification of apophycocyanin alpha and beta subunits from soluble protein extracts of the red alga Cyanidium caldarium. Light exposure is not a prerequisite for biosynthesis of the protein moiety of this photosynthetic accessory pigment. PLANTA 1997; 201:78-83. [PMID: 9004549 DOI: 10.1007/bf01258683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Much controversy exists as to the level at which light exerts control over the biosynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus in higher plants and other organisms. The eukaryotic red alga Cyanidium caldarium, like higher plants, undergoes light induction of chlorophyll synthesis. In addition to chlorophyll a the alga also synthesises the linear tetrapyrrole phycocyanobilin, which is combined with alpha or beta apobiliproteins to form phycocyanin, the major light-harvesting pigment in this organism. We have previously shown that the tetrapyrrole precursor 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) can substitute for light in inducing the biosynthesis of the phycocyanobilin moiety of this protein. We have also described the appearance of a protein of similar isoelectric point and molecular weight to phycocyanin in ALA-fed cells (Turner et al., 1992, Plant Physiol Biochem 30: 309-314). We now report on the protein's immunological and sequence identity with phycocyanin alpha and beta subunits, and provide further evidence that bilin-apoprotein ligation is light dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Turner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK.
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Swanson R, Zhou J, Leary J, Williams T, de Lorimier R, Bryant D, Glazer A. Characterization of phycocyanin produced by cpcE and cpcF mutants and identification of an intergenic suppressor of the defect in bilin attachment. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Terry M, Lagarias J. Holophytochrome assembly. Coupled assay for phytochromobilin synthase in organello. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Beale S, Cornejo J. Biosynthesis of phycobilins. Ferredoxin-mediated reduction of biliverdin catalyzed by extracts of Cyanidium caldarium. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Beale S, Cornejo J. Biosynthesis of phycobilins. 3(Z)-phycoerythrobilin and 3(Z)-phycocyanobilin are intermediates in the formation of 3(E)-phycocyanobilin from biliverdin IX alpha. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Wedemayer GJ, Wemmer DE, Glazer AN. Phycobilins of cryptophycean algae. Structures of novel bilins with acryloyl substituents from phycoerythrin 566. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Brown SB, Houghton JD, Vernon DI. Biosynthesis of phycobilins. Formation of the chromophore of phytochrome, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1990; 5:3-23. [PMID: 2111391 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85002-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins play important roles in photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis. The light-absorbing chromophores of the phycobiliproteins are linear tetrapyrroles (bilins) very similar in structure to the mammalian bile pigments. 5-Aminolaevulinate (5-ALA) is the first committed intermediate in phycobilin synthesis. The biosynthesis of 5-ALA, destined for phycobilins, occurs via the five-carbon pathway, now well established for tetrapyrrole synthesis in plants and distinct from the mammalian pathway. The phycobilins are formed by reduction of biliverdin which results from the synthesis and degradation of haem. This haem is an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of phycobilins. Phycocyanobilin, the blue-green pigment found in certain algae and cyanobacteria, is formed from biliverdin via phytochromobilin, the chromophore of phytochrome. This leads to the likelihood that phytochromobilin is formed as an end product, or intermediate, in the synthesis of all phycobilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, U.K
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Brown SB, Holroyd JA, Vernon DI, Shim YK, Smith KM. The biosynthesis of the chromophore of phycocyanin. Pathway of reduction of biliverdin to phycocyanobilin. Biochem J 1989; 261:259-63. [PMID: 2505754 PMCID: PMC1138809 DOI: 10.1042/bj2610259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The later stages in the pathway of biosynthesis of phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of phycocyanin, were studied by using radiolabelled intermediates. Three possible pathways from biliverdin IX-alpha to phycocyanobilin were considered. 14C-labelled samples of key intermediates in two of the pathways, 3-vinyl-18-ethyl biliverdin IX-alpha and 3-ethyl-18-vinyl biliverdin IX-alpha, were synthesized chemically and were administered to cultures of Cyanidium caldarium that were actively synthesizing photosynthetic pigments in the light. Neither of these two compounds was apparently incorporated into the phycobiliprotein chromophore, suggesting that two of the three pathways were not operative. By elimination, the results imply that the third possible pathway, which involves phytochromobilin, the chromophore of phytochrome, represents the route for biosynthesis of phycocyanobilin. Unfortunately, since 14C-labelled phytochromobilin is not available, no direct proof of this pathway could be obtained. However, if correct, the present interpretation represents a unified pathway for biosynthesis of all plant bilins, via the intermediacy of phytochromobilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, U.K
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Arciero DM, Bryant DA, Glazer AN. In vitro attachment of bilins to apophycocyanin. I. Specific covalent adduct formation at cysteinyl residues involved in phycocyanobilin binding in C-phycocyanin. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Algal heme oxygenase from Cyanidium caldarium. Partial purification and fractionation into three required protein components. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Elich TD, Lagarias JC. Phytochrome Chromophore Biosynthesis : Both 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Biliverdin Overcome Inhibition by Gabaculine in Etiolated Avena sativa L. Seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 84:304-10. [PMID: 16665435 PMCID: PMC1056575 DOI: 10.1104/pp.84.2.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Etiolated Avena sativa L. seedlings grown in the presence of gabaculine (5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadienylcarboxylic acid) contained reduced levels of phytochrome as shown by spectrophotometric and immunochemical assays. Photochromic phytochrome levels in gabaculine-grown plants were estimated to be 20% of control plants, while immunoblot analysis showed that the phytochrome protein moiety was present at approximately 50% of control levels. Gabaculine-grown seedlings administered either 5-aminolevulinic acid or biliverdin exhibited a rapid increase of spectrophotometrically detectable phytochrome. Phytochrome concentrations estimated immunochemically did not similarly increase throughout treatment with either compound. Similar experiments with 5-amino[4-(14)C] levulinic acid showed radiolabeling of phytochrome with kinetics that paralleled the spectrally detected increase. These results are consistent with (a) the intermediacy of both 5-aminolevulinic acid and biliverdin in the biosynthetic pathway of the phytochrome chromophore and (b) the lack of coordinate regulation of chromophore and apoprotein synthesis in Avena seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Elich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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