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van de Bovenkamp FS, Derksen NIL, van Breemen MJ, de Taeye SW, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Sanders RW, Rispens T. Variable Domain N-Linked Glycans Acquired During Antigen-Specific Immune Responses Can Contribute to Immunoglobulin G Antibody Stability. Front Immunol 2018; 9:740. [PMID: 29706962 PMCID: PMC5906590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) can contain N-linked glycans in the variable domains, the so-called Fab glycans, in addition to the Fc glycans in the CH2 domains. These Fab glycans are acquired following introduction of N-glycosylation sites during somatic hypermutation and contribute to antibody diversification. We investigated whether Fab glycans may—in addition to affecting antigen binding—contribute to antibody stability. By analyzing thermal unfolding profiles of antibodies with or without Fab glycans, we demonstrate that introduction of Fab glycans can improve antibody stability. Strikingly, removal of Fab glycans naturally acquired during antigen-specific immune responses can deteriorate antibody stability, suggesting in vivo selection of stable, glycosylated antibodies. Collectively, our data show that variable domain N-linked glycans acquired during somatic hypermutation can contribute to IgG antibody stability. These findings indicate that introducing Fab glycans may represent a mechanism to improve therapeutic/diagnostic antibody stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur S van de Bovenkamp
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Finke JM, Banks WA. Modulators of IgG penetration through the blood-brain barrier: Implications for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2018; 25:131-146. [PMID: 28035915 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review serves to highlight approaches that may improve the access of antibody drugs to regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer's Disease. While previous antibody drugs have been unsuccessful in treating Alzheimer's disease, recent work demonstrates that Alzheimer's pathology can be modified if these drugs can penetrate the brain parenchyma with greater efficacy. Research in antibody blood-brain barrier drug delivery predominantly follows one of three distinct directions: (1) enhancing influx with reduced antibody size, addition of Trojan horse modules, or blood-brain barrier disruption; (2) modulating trancytotic equilibrium and/or kinetics of the neonatal Fc Receptor; and (3) manipulation of antibody glycan carbohydrate composition. In addition to these topics, recent studies are discussed that reveal a role of glycan sialic acid in suppressing antibody efflux from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Finke
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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van de Bovenkamp FS, Hafkenscheid L, Rispens T, Rombouts Y. The Emerging Importance of IgG Fab Glycosylation in Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1435-41. [PMID: 26851295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human IgG is the most abundant glycoprotein in serum and is crucial for protective immunity. In addition to conserved IgG Fc glycans, ∼15-25% of serum IgG contains glycans within the variable domains. These so-called "Fab glycans" are primarily highly processed complex-type biantennary N-glycans linked to N-glycosylation sites that emerge during somatic hypermutation. Specific patterns of Fab glycosylation are concurrent with physiological and pathological conditions, such as pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. With respect to function, Fab glycosylation can significantly affect stability, half-life, and binding characteristics of Abs and BCRs. Moreover, Fab glycans are associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIgs. Consequently, IgG Fab glycosylation appears to be an important, yet poorly understood, process that modulates immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur S van de Bovenkamp
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59 000 Lille, France
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4
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Huang T, Chen X, Gu H, Zhao C, Liu X, Yan M, Deng X, Zhang Z, Gu J. Fractionation of Fab glycosylated immunoglobulin G with concanavalin A chromatography unveils new structural properties of the molecule. Oncotarget 2016; 7:31166-76. [PMID: 27145274 PMCID: PMC5058747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Concanavalin A (ConA) chromatography has been extensively used to separate asymmetric Immunoglobulin G (IgG), which possesses oligosaccharide attached to one of the two F(ab')2 arms, from symmetric IgG with no glycan attached to Fab fragments. In this study, applying affinity chromatography, silver stain, Western blot and lectin stain techniques, N- linked oligosaccharide attached to Fab fragment was demonstrated to be exposed on the surface of the protein and be accessible by ConA. In contrast, N- linked oligosaccharide attached to asparagine (Asn) 297 of IgG Fc was located in the inside of the natural protein and was inaccessible by ConA. In addition to asymmetric IgG, there are also detectable level of IgG with both F(ab')2 arms glycosylated that has not been reported previously. The discoveries of new basic molecular structure of IgG would have implications in understanding the function and properties of this important immune molecule with clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Huan Gu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Conghui Zhao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xingmu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Meiling Yan
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xiaodong Deng
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Zaiping Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
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5
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Nokwe CN, Hora M, Zacharias M, Yagi H, Peschek J, Reif B, Goto Y, Buchner J. A Stable Mutant Predisposes Antibody Domains to Amyloid Formation through Specific Non-Native Interactions. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1315-1332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Baden EM, Sikkink LA, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Light chain amyloidosis - current findings and future prospects. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2009; 10:500-508. [PMID: 19538145 PMCID: PMC3898330 DOI: 10.2174/138920309789351949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) is one of several protein misfolding diseases and is characterized by extracellular deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in the form of amyloid fibrils [1]. Immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins consist of two light chains (LCs) and two heavy chains (HCs) that ordinarily form a heterotetramer which is secreted by a plasma cell. In AL, however, a monoclonal plasma cell population produces an abundance of a pathogenic LC protein. In this case, not all of the LCs pair with the HCs, and free LCs are secreted into circulation. The LC-HC dimer is very stable, and losing this interaction may result in an unstable LC protein [2]. Additionally, somatic mutations are thought to cause amyloidogenic proteins to be less stable compared to non-amyloidogenic proteins [3-5], leading to protein misfolding and amyloid fibril formation. The amyloid fibrils cause tissue damage and cell death, leading to patient death within 12-18 months if left untreated [6]. Current therapies are harsh and not curative, including chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplants. Studies of protein pathogenesis and fibril formation mechanisms may lead to better therapies with an improved outlook for patient survival. Much has been done to determine the molecular factors that make a particular LC protein amyloidogenic and to elucidate the mechanism of amyloid fibril formation. Anthony Fink's work, particularly with discerning the role of intermediates in the fibril formation pathway, has made a remarkable impact in the field of amyloidosis research. This review provides a general overview of the current state of AL research and also attempts to capture the most recent ideas and knowledge generated from the Fink laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Baden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Laura A. Sikkink
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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7
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Mimura Y, Ashton PR, Takahashi N, Harvey DJ, Jefferis R. Contrasting glycosylation profiles between Fab and Fc of a human IgG protein studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Immunol Methods 2007; 326:116-26. [PMID: 17714731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A conserved structural feature of human IgG molecules is the presence of an oligosaccharide moiety within the Fc region at Asn297. In addition, 15-20% of normal polyclonal IgG molecules bear N-linked oligosaccharides in the variable (V) regions of the light (L) and/or heavy (H) chains. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been applied to the glycan analysis of two IgG1 myeloma proteins (Wid and Cri) after mild reduction and acidification. Heterogeneous ion peaks were observed for both the H and L chains of Wid in contrast to Cri whose L chain peak was homogeneous. Site-specific deglycosylation of the H and L chains of IgG Wid was achieved under native conditions with peptide-N-glycosidase F and endoglycosidase F2, respectively. The Fc glycoforms differed between the two proteins in that Cri-Fc bears diantennary complex-type glycans that are fully core-fucosylated and partially sialylated while Wid-Fc glycans are non-fucosylated, partially galactosylated and non-sialylated. In contrast to the Fc glycans, the L chain glycans of Wid were shown to be fucosylated, fully galactosylated and sialylated, indicating that the glycosylation machinery of the Wid-producing myeloma cells is intact. Thus, combination of the two endoglycosidases can provide a simple means of glycan analysis of both Fab and Fc by ESI-MS, which may contribute to the development of therapeutic IgG with customized glycan profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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8
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Abstract
We have designed an in vivo model in which murine hybridoma cell clones producing human Ig light chains (LC) are administred to mice. Depending on which monoclonal LC is expressed, this model mimicks either cast myeloma nephropathy or the pathological condition defined as myeloma-associated Fanconi’s syndrome (FS) with LC crystallization. Morphological alterations of the kidney cells are thus obtained in mice. All studied LC are closely related human monoclonal VκI proteins, which differ by a limited number of substitutions within the variable region. In the case of an FS monoclonal LC, we show that limited changes introduced through site-directed mutagenesis in the variable domain may suppress formation of intracellular crystals within tubular cells. We also show that multiple peculiarities of the variable region are simultaneously needed to allow LC crystallization; this property thus likely results from a unique LC tridimensional conformation imposed by concomitant somatic mutations of a specific germinally encoded framework.
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9
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Leibiger H, Wüstner D, Stigler RD, Marx U. Variable domain-linked oligosaccharides of a human monoclonal IgG: structure and influence on antigen binding. Biochem J 1999; 338 ( Pt 2):529-38. [PMID: 10024532 PMCID: PMC1220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The variable-domain-attached oligosaccharide side chains of a human IgG produced by a human-human-mouse heterohybridoma were analysed. In addition to the conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn-297, an N-glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Asn-Ser) is located at position 75 in the variable region of its heavy chain. The antibody was cleaved into its antigen-binding (Fab) and crystallizing fragments. The oligosaccharides of the Fab fragment were released by digestion with various endo- and exoglycosidases and analysed by anion-exchange chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. The predominant components were disialyl- bi-antennary and tetra-sialyl tetra-antennary complex carbohydrates. Of note is the presence in this human IgG of oligosaccharides containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid in the ratio of 94:6. Furthermore, we determined N-acetylgalactosamine in the Fab fragment of this antibody, suggesting the presence of O-linked carbohydrates. A three-dimensional structure of the glycosylated variable (Fv) fragment was suggested using computer-assisted modelling. In addition, the influence of the Fv-associated oligosaccharides of the CBGA1 antibody on antigen binding was tested in several ELISA systems. Deglycosylation resulted in a decreased antigen-binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leibiger
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical School (Charité), Humboldt-University, Tucholskystr. 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Engvig JP, Olsen KE, Gislefoss RE, Sletten K, Wahlström O, Westermark P. Constant region of a kappa III immunoglobulin light chain as a major AL-amyloid protein. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:92-8. [PMID: 9714416 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AL-amyloidoses are generally described as a group of disorders in which N-terminal fragments of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains are transferred into amyloid fibrils. We have, by amino acid sequence analyses and immunological methods, characterized the Bence-Jones protein and the corresponding AL protein as a kappa III immunoglobulin light chain from material of a patient with systemic AL-amyloidosis presenting as a local inguinal tumour. The two proteins showed some unique features. The major part of the AL amyloid fibril protein consisted of C-terminal fragments of the Bence-Jones protein. Furthermore, both the Bence-Jones protein and the AL protein were glycosylated, with possibly a glycosylation in the constant part of the light chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Engvig
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Norway
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11
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Abstract
Immunochemical analysis of lambda type Bence Jones protein (BJP: designated as Suzuki-BJP) and IgG-lambda type M-protein (designated as Miki-IgG), lambda type BJP (designated as Miki-BJP) which showed non-specific binding with lactate dehydrogenase (LD, EC 1.1.1.27) was carried out in two cases. When the purified LD mixed with NADH was eluted through the CNBr-Sepharose 4B coupled to Suzuki-BJP or Miki-IgG, the affinity with these adsorbents was not demonstrated. The amino acid residue of the N-terminal in the Suzuki-BJP and lambda chain of the Miki-IgG was determined to be tyrosine by primary structure analysis, on the other hand, alanine was detected in the gamma chain of the Miki-IgG that did not have LD binding ability. By counter affinity electrophoresis, it was shown that LD bound to a synthetic peptide consisting of 15 amino acid residues of N-terminal which had the same beta-sheet structure as the Suzuki-BJP. It seems probable that LD combines with BJP (or IgG) molecule at the NAD+ binding site producing a three-dimensional structure similar to NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujita
- Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Hanazono Hospital, Akita-ken, Japan
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12
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Hurle MR, Helms LR, Li L, Chan W, Wetzel R. A role for destabilizing amino acid replacements in light-chain amyloidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:5446-50. [PMID: 8202506 PMCID: PMC44012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-chain (L-chain) amyloidosis is characterized by deposition of fibrillar aggregates composed of the N-terminal L-chain variable region (VL) domain of an immunoglobulin, generally in individuals overproducing a monoclonal L chain. In addition to proteolytic fragmentation and high protein concentration, particular amino acid substitutions may also contribute to the tendency of an L chain to aggregate in L-chain amyloidosis, although evidence in support of this has been limited and difficult to interpret. In this paper we identify particular amino acid replacements at specific positions in the VL domain that are occupied at frequencies significantly higher in those L chains associated with amyloidosis. Analysis of the structural model for the VL domain of the Bence-Jones protein REI suggests that these positions play important roles in maintaining domain structure and stability. Using an Escherichia coli expression system, we prepared single-point mutants of REI VL incorporating amyloid-associated amino acid replacements that are both rare and located at structurally important positions. These mutants support ordered aggregate formation in an in vitro L-chain fibril formation model in which wild-type REI VL remains soluble. Moreover, the ability of these sequences to aggregate in vitro correlates well with the extent to which domain stability is decreased in denaturant-induced unfolding. The results are consistent with a mechanism for the disease process in which the VL domain, either before or after proteolytic cleavage from the L-chain constant region domain, unfolds by virtue of one or more destabilizing amino acid replacements to generate an aggregation-prone nonnative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hurle
- Macromolecular Sciences Department, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406
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13
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Frippiat JP, Lefranc MP. Genomic organisation of 34 kb of the human immunoglobulin lambda locus (IGLV): restriction map and sequences of new V lambda III genes. Mol Immunol 1994; 31:657-70. [PMID: 8028600 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(94)90175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve our knowledge of the human immunoglobulin variable lambda locus (IGLV), we mapped one cosmid clone (designated as C40.2) isolated by screening a Colo320HSR genomic library. The 34 kb insert of the C40.2 clone was shown to contain six genes. One gene, IGLV2S1, belongs to the V lambda II subgroup. Four genes belong to the V lambda III subgroup. Two of them, IGLV3S1 and IGLV3S2, are potentially functional whereas the two others are pseudogenes. The size of the IGLV3S2 leader intron is four times longer than the classical intron size of 110 bp. The cosmid also contains a vestigial sequence lambda vg2. All these genes share the same orientation of transcription. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis of the IGLV locus shows that most of the V lambda I subgroup genes are located at the 5' end of the locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Frippiat
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, UMR 9942 CNRS, Université Montpellier I. France
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14
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Wright A, Morrison SL. Antibody variable region glycosylation: biochemical and clinical effects. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1993; 15:259-73. [PMID: 7504841 DOI: 10.1007/bf00201106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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15
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Aucouturier P, Khamlichi AA, Preud'homme JL, Bauwens M, Touchard G, Cogné M. Complementary DNA sequence of human amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light-chain precursors. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 1):149-52. [PMID: 1379039 PMCID: PMC1132758 DOI: 10.1042/bj2850149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of three amyloid precursor light chains was deduced from the sequence of complementary DNA (cDNA) from bone marrow cells from patients affected with classical lambda (patient Air) or kappa (patient Arn) amyloidosis and from a patient (Aub) in whom lambda amyloid deposits were unusual by their perimembranous location in the kidney glomerulus. All three RNAs were of normal size, as estimated by Northern blotting, and encoded normal-sized light chains. The deduced light-chain sequence from patient Arn was related to the V kappa 1 subgroup, and included ten residues that had not been previously reported at these positions, only one of which (Leu-21) was located in a beta-sheet (4-2). The unusual presence of Asn-70 determined a potential N-glycosylation site. The sequence of the light chain from patient Air belonged to the V lambda 1 subgroup, and included three unusually located amino acid residues, one of which had already been reported in an amyloidogenic lambda-chain. The sequence of the light chain from patient Aub was related to the V lambda 3 subgroup, and contained five amino acid residues that had not previously been described at the corresponding positions; two of them (His-36 and Ser-77) were located in beta-sheets (3-1 and 4-3 respectively). This sequence was also peculiar because of the presence of numerous acidic residues in the complementarity-determining regions. Such unusual primary structures might be responsible for the amyloidogenic properties of these light-chain precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aucouturier
- Laboratory of Immunology, CNRS URA 1172, Poitiers, France
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16
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17
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Kisilevsky R, Lyon AW, Young ID. A critical analysis of postulated pathogenetic mechanisms in amyloidogenesis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1992; 29:59-82. [PMID: 1388709 DOI: 10.3109/10408369209105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review has examined several of the major thrusts in amyloid research, past and present. The data concerning amyloid precursor quantity, primary protein and gene structure, and precursor proteolysis have shown that there are contradictions that must be resolved before these elements can be reamalgamated into a unified view of amyloidogenesis. One possibility is presented in Figure 2. A general hypothesis of amyloid formation that accounts for the uniformity of fibril structure, amyloid staining properties, and the specific selection of precursors and their specific anatomic localization in each form of amyloid has yet to be proposed. Some of these questions may be answered by an analysis of common structural constituents in amyloid deposits. Analyzing amyloid generation in the context of these common elements separates amyloid research into several specific areas (Figure 2). The first area concerns factors that govern the expression of amyloid precursor protein genes, thus providing adequate quantities of the precursor, if such a precursor pool does not already exist. Without such a pool, amyloid deposition clearly cannot occur. The second area concerns information as to where these precursors usually bind and/or exert their normal function. Once determined, this information will likely indicate the site or sites where the particular precursor may give rise to amyloid deposits. The last area concerns factors at these local sites that govern the interaction of the precursor with basement membrane or related extracellular matrix elements that would define both the site and the final common pathway for amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kisilevsky
- Department of Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Cogné M, Preud'homme JL, Bauwens M, Touchard G, Aucouturier P. Structure of a monoclonal kappa chain of the V kappa IV subgroup in the kidney and plasma cells in light chain deposition disease. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:2186-90. [PMID: 1904072 PMCID: PMC296978 DOI: 10.1172/jci115252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
That structural abnormalities may be responsible for nonamyloid immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain deposition disease (LCDD) is suggested by previous results of Ig biosynthesis studies, but this hypothesis was not documented at the molecular level. We report on the first complete primary sequence deduced from cDNA analysis of a kappa light chain responsible for LCDD associated with an apparently nonsecretory myeloma. Bone marrow myeloma cells contained intracellular kappa chains and no heavy chains by immunofluorescence. Kidney biopsy showed typical nonamyloid PAS-positive kappa chain deposits. SDS-PAGE analysis of material extracted from a kidney biopsy specimen and of Ig produced by the myeloma cells revealed kappa chains of abnormally high apparent molecular mass (30,000). Comparison of the NH2-terminal aminoacid sequence of the kappa chain deposited in the kidney and of the complete sequence of several identical kappa cDNA clones from bone marrow cells showed the identity of the tissue deposited and plasma cell kappa chain. The kappa mRNA had an overall normal structure and corresponded to the V kappa IV gene rearranged to J kappa 1 and followed by a normal constant exon of the Km(3) allotype. The variable sequence differed from the V kappa IV germline gene by nine point mutations, including an Asp----Asn substitution at position +70 resulting in a potential N-glycosylation site. In vitro biosynthesis experiments and treatment with N-glycosidase provided evidence for the intracellular glycosylation of the monoclonal kappa chain. The peculiar sequence and the glycosylation of a kappa chain of the rare V kappa IV subgroup might be responsible for structural abnormalities leading to tissue deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cogné
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 1172, University Hospital, Poitiers, France
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Chuchana P, Blancher A, Brockly F, Alexandre D, Lefranc G, Lefranc MP. Definition of the human immunoglobulin variable lambda (IGLV) gene subgroups. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:1317-25. [PMID: 2114999 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of 60 human immunoglobulin variable lambda (IGLV) sequences allowed us to define seven subgroups designated V lambda I to V lambda VII. We demonstrate that all lambda proteins sequenced so far fall into the subgroups I, II, III and VI, and that the lambda regions previously assigned to subgroups IV and V belong, in fact, to subgroups III and II, respectively. Four sequences not belonging to any of the subgroups I, II, III and VI define the new subgroups IV, V and VII. Interestingly, these subgroups show a higher homology to rabbit or mouse V lambda genes than to the other human V lambda subgroups. By comparison of the proteins either with the sequences deduced from the germ-line genes or with the consensus sequences, the rate of amino acid changes due to somatic mutations or allelic variations was evaluated in several lambda proteins. Framework and complementarity-determining regions of the human IGLV genes and proteins were delineated. Alignment of the lambda sequences shows that functional V-J rearrangement occurs, with or without deletion of nucleotides encoding one or two amino acids at the 3' end of the V gene. Diversity of the third complementarity-determining region is due to somatic mutations and to flexible V-J junction, but there is no evidence of N-diversity in the human lambda locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chuchana
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, URA CNRS, Université Montpellier II, France
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Fykse EM, Sletten K, Husby G, Cornwell GG. The primary structure of the variable region of an immunoglobin IV light-chain amyloid-fibril protein (AL GIL). Biochem J 1988; 256:973-80. [PMID: 3146981 PMCID: PMC1135511 DOI: 10.1042/bj2560973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary structure of the variable region of an amyloid-fibril protein GIL of immunoglobulin lambda-light-chain origin (AL) was determined. The AL protein obtained from the fibrils in the spleen of a 54-year-old man with primary systemic amyloidosis could be assigned to subgroup IV of the lambda variable-region sequence. About 50% of the protein was found to be truncated in the N-terminus and lacked the first six amino acid residues. The polypeptides consisted of about 146 amino acid residues and contained traces of carbohydrate. An acceptor site for N-glycosylation was found in positions 90-93, but no glycopeptide could be isolated. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of AL protein GIL with that of the only Bence-Jones protein of subgroup IV previously studied revealed a sequence homology of 89%. A similar comparison made with other AL proteins gave sequence homologies below 66%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fykse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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