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Shastri MD, Stewart N, Horne J, Peterson GM, Gueven N, Sohal SS, Patel RP. In-vitro suppression of IL-6 and IL-8 release from human pulmonary epithelial cells by non-anticoagulant fraction of enoxaparin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126763. [PMID: 25961885 PMCID: PMC4427328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enoxaparin, a mixture of anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant fractions, is widely used as an anticoagulant agent. However, it is also reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Our study indicated that enoxaparin inhibits the release of IL-6 and IL-8 from A549 pulmonary epithelial cells. Their release causes extensive lung tissue damage. The use of enoxaparin as an anti-inflammatory agent is hampered due to the risk of bleeding associated with its anticoagulant fractions. Therefore, we aimed to identify the fraction responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effect of enoxaparin and to determine the relationship between its structure and biological activities. METHODS A549 pulmonary epithelial cells were pre-treated in the presence of enoxaparin and its fractions. The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 released from the trypsin-stimulated cells were measured by ELISA. The anticoagulant activity of the fraction responsible for the effect of enoxaparin was determined using an anti-factor-Xa assay. The fraction was structurally characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance. The fraction was 2-O, 6-O or N-desulfated to determine the position of sulfate groups required for the inhibition of interleukins. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography was performed to rule out that the observed effect was due to the interaction between the fraction and trypsin or interleukins. RESULTS Enoxaparin (60 μg/mL) inhibited the release of IL-6 and IL-8 by >30%. The fraction responsible for this effect of enoxaparin was found to be a disaccharide composed of α-L-iduronic-acid and α-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate. It (15 μg/mL) inhibited the release of interleukins by >70%. The 6-O sulphate groups were responsible for its anti-inflammatory effect. The fraction did not bind to trypsin or interleukins, suggesting the effect was not due to an artefact of the experimental model. CONCLUSION The identified disaccharide has no anticoagulant activity and therefore eliminates the risk of bleeding associated with enoxaparin. Future in-vivo studies should be designed to validate findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur D. Shastri
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niall Stewart
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James Horne
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Peterson
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Health Services Innovation Tasmania, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S. Sohal
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P. Patel
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Chen Y, Tan W, Qin S, Zhang J, Bu H, Li Y, Lu Y, Cheng J. Cloning of the full-length cDNA of porcine antithrombin III and comparison with its human homolog. Comp Med 2009; 59:372-377. [PMID: 19712578 PMCID: PMC2779213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of porcine antithrombin III (ATIII)-a highly powerful anticoagulant-is essential for using porcine liver in xenotransplantation applications. The objective of this study was to clarify the functions of porcine ATIII through comparison with human ATIII. We cloned porcine ATIII and compared its important functional sites with those of human ATIII. The full-length cDNA of porcine ATIII was cloned by screening a porcine liver cDNA library, and the ATIII activities of 23 pigs were determined. The full-length cDNA of porcine ATIII spanned 1498 bp and encoded 463 amino acids. Porcine ATIII shared 87.67% nucleotide identity and 89.06% amino acid identity with human ATIII. Complete identity was found at active center Arg393-Ser394, and remarkably high similarities were found at 2 critical heparin-binding sites (residues 41 through 49 and 114 through 156) and in some key residues involved in heparin binding. An ATIII assay found no significant difference between porcine and human plasma. The high level of similarity between porcine ATIII and human ATIII suggests that porcine ATIII will function in a manner similar to human ATIII in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Sichuan University, China
| | - Weidong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Sichuan University, China
| | - Shengfang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Sichuan University, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Pathology Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Youping Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Sichuan University, China
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Wang WB, Fu QH, Ding QL, Zhou RF, Wu WM, Hu YQ, Wang XF, Yan LX, Wang ZY, Wang HL. Characterization of molecular defect of 13387-9delG mutated antithrombin in inherited type I antithrombin deficiency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005; 16:149-55. [PMID: 15741804 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000161570.04883.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a major physiological inhibitor of thrombin and other coagulation proteases, antithrombin (AT) plays an important role in the maintenance of normal hemostasis and its deficiency is associated with a predisposition for familial venous thromboembolic disease. Recently, we found a novel mutation (13387-9delG) in the antithrombin gene that is associated with type I AT deficiency. To examine the molecular pathologic mechanism of this mutation causing type I AT deficiency, the wild-type and the mutant AT constructs were expressed in COS-7 cells or Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. No AT antigen could be detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the conditioned media of cells expressing the mutant protein, and the AT antigen level was reduced in cell lysates. The mutant AT-expressing cells did not have less intracellular mRNA levels than the wild-type transfectants as estimated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Metabolic and pulse-chase experiments showed the newly synthesized wild-type AT protein was gradually secreted into the media, whereas no labeled mutant AT protein was detected in the media and the total amount of radioactivity was significantly reduced in the cells during the chase periods. By immunofluorescence analysis, the staining of the mutant AT was weaker than that of the wild type, and was predominantly diffuse without perinuclear enhancement. These results indicate that the 13387-9delG mutation, which disrupts the disulfide bridge Cys247-Cys430, impairs the secretion and stability of the truncated AT protein associated with intracellular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Wang
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The essential roles of proteins of the serpin family in many physiological processes, along with new discoveries of their unique folding properties, have attracted intense interest in recent years. Many serpins display unusual mobile behavior attributed to rearrangements of alpha-helical or beta-sheet domains, whereby large scale transitions accompany a variety of functions, including inactivation. This unusual behavior was first recognized with the X-ray structure of modified alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. Subsequent experiments, including new X-ray structures, have revealed a surprising variety of conformations which are functionally important but only partially understood. We review here experimental evidence for conformations relevant to the serpin inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schulze
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Planegg-Martinsried bei München, Germany
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