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Key J, Gispert S, Koepf G, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Reichlmeir M, Auburger G. Translation Fidelity and Respiration Deficits in CLPP-Deficient Tissues: Mechanistic Insights from Mitochondrial Complexome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17503. [PMID: 38139332 PMCID: PMC10743472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial matrix peptidase CLPP is crucial during cell stress. Its loss causes Perrault syndrome type 3 (PRLTS3) with infertility, neurodegeneration, and a growth deficit. Its target proteins are disaggregated by CLPX, which also regulates heme biosynthesis via unfolding ALAS enzymes, providing access for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP). Despite efforts in diverse organisms with multiple techniques, CLPXP substrates remain controversial. Here, avoiding recombinant overexpression, we employed complexomics in mitochondria from three mouse tissues to identify endogenous targets. A CLPP absence caused the accumulation and dispersion of CLPX-VWA8 as AAA+ unfoldases, and of PLPBP. Similar changes and CLPX-VWA8 co-migration were evident for mitoribosomal central protuberance clusters, translation factors like GFM1-HARS2, the RNA granule components LRPPRC-SLIRP, and enzymes OAT-ALDH18A1. Mitochondrially translated proteins in testes showed reductions to <30% for MTCO1-3, the mis-assembly of the complex IV supercomplex, and accumulated metal-binding assembly factors COX15-SFXN4. Indeed, heavy metal levels were increased for iron, molybdenum, cobalt, and manganese. RT-qPCR showed compensatory downregulation only for Clpx mRNA; most accumulated proteins appeared transcriptionally upregulated. Immunoblots validated VWA8, MRPL38, MRPL18, GFM1, and OAT accumulation. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed CLPX binding to MRPL38, GFM1, and OAT, so excess CLPX and PLP may affect their activity. Our data mechanistically elucidate the mitochondrial translation fidelity deficits which underlie progressive hearing impairment in PRLTS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Key
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriele Koepf
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Marina Reichlmeir
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Georg Auburger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
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Kafri M, Patena W, Martin L, Wang L, Gomer G, Ergun SL, Sirkejyan AK, Goh A, Wilson AT, Gavrilenko SE, Breker M, Roichman A, McWhite CD, Rabinowitz JD, Cross FR, Wühr M, Jonikas MC. Systematic identification and characterization of genes in the regulation and biogenesis of photosynthetic machinery. Cell 2023; 186:5638-5655.e25. [PMID: 38065083 PMCID: PMC10760936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is central to food production and the Earth's biogeochemistry, yet the molecular basis for its regulation remains poorly understood. Here, using high-throughput genetics in the model eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we identify with high confidence (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.11) 70 poorly characterized genes required for photosynthesis. We then enable the functional characterization of these genes by providing a resource of proteomes of mutant strains, each lacking one of these genes. The data allow assignment of 34 genes to the biogenesis or regulation of one or more specific photosynthetic complexes. Further analysis uncovers biogenesis/regulatory roles for at least seven proteins, including five photosystem I mRNA maturation factors, the chloroplast translation factor MTF1, and the master regulator PMR1, which regulates chloroplast genes via nuclear-expressed factors. Our work provides a rich resource identifying regulatory and functional genes and placing them into pathways, thereby opening the door to a system-level understanding of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Kafri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Weronika Patena
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lance Martin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lianyong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Gillian Gomer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sabrina L Ergun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Arthur K Sirkejyan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Audrey Goh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexandra T Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sophia E Gavrilenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michal Breker
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Asael Roichman
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Claire D McWhite
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Frederick R Cross
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Martin Wühr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Xiang F, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Chen T, Duan F, Zhou Q, Li X, Fang M, Li X, Li B, Zhao X. Photosynthetic characteristics and genetic mapping of a new yellow leaf mutant crm1 in Brassica napus. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:80. [PMID: 37954030 PMCID: PMC10635920 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is one of the key factors for photosynthesis and plays an important role in plant growth and development. We previously isolated an EMS mutagenized rapeseed chlorophyll-reduced mutant (crm1), which had yellow leaf, reduced chlorophyll content and fewer thylakoid stacks. Here, we found that crm1 showed attenuated utilization efficiency of both light energy and CO2 but enhanced heat dissipation efficiency and greater tolerance to high-light intensity. BSA-Seq analysis identified a single nucleotide change (C to T) and (G to A) in the third exon of the BnaA01G0094500ZS and BnaC01G0116100ZS, respectively. These two genes encode the magnesium chelatase subunit I 1 (CHLI1) that catalyzes the insertion of magnesium into protoporphyrin IX, a pivotal step in chlorophyll synthesis. The mutation sites resulted in an amino acid substitution P144S and G128E within the AAA+ domain of the CHLI1 protein. Two KASP markers were developed and co-segregated with the yellow leaf phenotype in segregating F2 population. Loss of BnaA01.CHLI1 and BnaC01.CHLI1 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing recapitulated the mutant phenotype. BnaA01.CHLI1 and BnaC01.CHLI1 were located in chloroplast and highly expressed in the leaves. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses revealed the expression of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes were upregulated in the crm1 mutant. These findings provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of chlorophyll synthesis in rapeseed and suggest a novel target for improving the photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to high-light intensity in crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01429-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Fujiang Xiang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Zhengfeng Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Yiming Guo
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Tingzhou Chen
- Hunan Cotton Research Institute, Changde, 415100 Hunan China
| | - Feifei Duan
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | | | - Xinmei Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Bao Li
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
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Abbas K, Li J, Gong B, Lu Y, Wu X, Lü G, Gao H. Drought Stress Tolerance in Vegetables: The Functional Role of Structural Features, Key Gene Pathways, and Exogenous Hormones. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13876. [PMID: 37762179 PMCID: PMC10530793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of drought stress have led to a significant decline in vegetable production, ultimately affecting food security. After sensing drought stress signals, vegetables prompt multifaceted response measures, eventually leading to changes in internal cell structure and external morphology. Among them, it is important to highlight that the changes, including changes in physiological metabolism, signal transduction, key genes, and hormone regulation, significantly influence drought stress tolerance in vegetables. This article elaborates on vegetable stress tolerance, focusing on structural adaptations, key genes, drought stress signaling transduction pathways, osmotic adjustments, and antioxidants. At the same time, the mechanisms of exogenous hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) toward improving the adaptive drought tolerance of vegetables were also reviewed. These insights can enhance the understanding of vegetable drought tolerance, supporting vegetable tolerance enhancement by cultivation technology improvements under changing climatic conditions, which provides theoretical support and technical reference for innovative vegetable stress tolerance breeding and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Ministry of Education of China-Hebei Province Joint Innovation Center for Efficient Green Vegetable Industry, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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Shim KC, Kang Y, Song JH, Kim YJ, Kim JK, Kim C, Tai TH, Park I, Ahn SN. A Frameshift Mutation in the Mg-Chelatase I Subunit Gene OsCHLI Is Associated with a Lethal Chlorophyll-Deficient, Yellow Seedling Phenotype in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2831. [PMID: 37570985 PMCID: PMC10420988 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll biosynthesis is a crucial biological process in plants, and chlorophyll content is one of the most important traits in rice breeding programs. In this study, we identified a lethal, chlorophyll-deficient, yellow seedling (YS) phenotype segregating in progeny of CR5055-21, an F2 plant derived from a backcross between Korean japonica variety 'Hwaseong' (Oryza sativa) and CR5029, which is mostly Hwaseong with a small amount of Oryza grandiglumis chromosome segments. The segregation of the mutant phenotype was consistent with a single gene recessive mutation. Light microscopy of YS leaf cross-sections revealed loosely arranged mesophyll cells and sparse parenchyma in contrast to wildtype. In addition, transmission electron microscopy showed that chloroplasts did not develop in the mesophyll cells of the YS mutant. Quantitative trait loci (QTL)-seq analysis did not detect any significant QTL, however, examination of the individual delta-SNP index identified a 2-bp deletion (AG) in the OsCHLI gene, a magnesium (Mg)-chelatase subunit. A dCAPs marker was designed and genotyping of a segregating population (n = 275) showed that the mutant phenotype co-segregated with the marker. The 2-bp deletion was predicted to result in a frameshift mutation generating a premature termination. The truncated protein likely affects formation and function of Mg-chelatase, which consists of three different subunits that together catalyze the first committed step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis showed that photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were significantly altered although expression of OsCHLI was not. Chlorophyll- and carotenoid-related genes were also differentially expressed in the YS mutant. Our findings demonstrated that OsCHLI plays an important role in leaf pigment biosynthesis and leaf structure development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Chan Shim
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
- USDA-ARS Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuna Kang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Jun-Ho Song
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Thomas H. Tai
- USDA-ARS Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nag Ahn
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
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Dedman CJ, Barton S, Fournier M, Rickaby REM. The cellular response to ocean warming in Emiliania huxleyi. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177349. [PMID: 37256052 PMCID: PMC10225680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton contribute substantially to the global flux of carbon from the atmosphere to the deep ocean. Sea surface temperatures will inevitably increase in line with global climate change, altering the performance of marine phytoplankton. Differing sensitivities of photosynthesis and respiration to temperature, will likely shift the strength of the future oceanic carbon sink. To further clarify the molecular mechanisms driving these alterations in phytoplankton function, shotgun proteomic analysis was carried out on the globally-occurring coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi exposed to moderate- (23°C) and elevated- (28°C) warming. Compared to the control (17°C), growth of E. huxleyi increased under elevated temperatures, with higher rates recorded under moderate- relative to elevated- warming. Proteomic analysis revealed a significant modification of the E. huxleyi cellular proteome as temperatures increased: at lower temperature, ribosomal proteins and photosynthetic machinery appeared abundant, as rates of protein translation and photosynthetic performance are restricted by low temperatures. As temperatures increased, evidence of heat stress was observed in the photosystem, characterized by a relative down-regulation of the Photosystem II oxygen evolving complex and ATP synthase. Acclimation to elevated warming (28°C) revealed a substantial alteration to carbon metabolism. Here, E. huxleyi made use of the glyoxylate cycle and succinate metabolism to optimize carbon use, maintain growth and maximize ATP production in heat-damaged mitochondria, enabling cultures to maintain growth at levels significantly higher than those recorded in the control (17°C). Based on the metabolic changes observed, we can predict that warming may benefit photosynthetic carbon fixation by E. huxleyi in the sub-optimal to optimal thermal range. Past the thermal optima, increasing rates of respiration and costs of repair will likely constrain growth, causing a possible decline in the contribution of this species to the oceanic carbon sink depending on the evolvability of these temperature thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J. Dedman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Barton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marjorie Fournier
- Advanced Proteomics Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Liang H, He Q, Zhang H, Zhi H, Tang S, Wang H, Meng Q, Jia G, Chang J, Diao X. Identification and haplotype analysis of SiCHLI: a gene for yellow-green seedling as morphological marker to accelerate foxtail millet (Setaria italica) hybrid breeding. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:24. [PMID: 36739566 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We cloned and developed functional markers for the SiCHLI gene, which is responsible for the yellow-green color of leaves in foxtail millet, a frequently used marker trait in the hybrid breeding of foxtail millet by using bulked segregant analysis sequencing and haplotype analysis on the F2 and core-collected nature populations. The color of leaves has been widely used as a marker for the hybrid breeding of foxtail millet; however, few related gene have been cloned to date. Here, we used two F2 populations generated from crosses between the highly male-sterile material 125A with yellow-green leaves, and CG58 and S410, which have green leaves, to identify the genes underlying the yellow-green color of the leaves of foxtail millet. The leaves of 125A seedlings were yellow-green, but they became green at the heading stage. The content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was lower, the number of thylakoid lamellae and grana was reduced, and the chloroplasts was more rounded in 125A than in S410 at the yellow-green leaf stage; however, no differences were observed between 125A and S410 in these traits and photosynthetic at the heading stage. Bulked segregant analysis and map-based cloning revealed that the SiCHLI gene is responsible for the leaf colors of 125A. A nonsynonymous mutation (C/T) in exon 3 causes yellow-green leaves in 125A at the seedling stage. Haplotype analysis of the SiCHLI gene in 596 core collected accessions revealed a new haplotype associated with high photosynthetic metabolic potential at the heading and mature stages, which could be used to enhance sterile lines with yellow-green leaves. We developed a functional marker that will facilitate the identification of foxtail millet accessions with the different types of yellow-green leaves. Generally, our study provides new genetic resources to guide the future marker-assisted or target-base editing in foxtail millet hybrid breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Liang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Qiang He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Guanqing Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China
| | - Jinhua Chang
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, Haidian, China.
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Richter AS, Nägele T, Grimm B, Kaufmann K, Schroda M, Leister D, Kleine T. Retrograde signaling in plants: A critical review focusing on the GUN pathway and beyond. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100511. [PMID: 36575799 PMCID: PMC9860301 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately. Signaling during plastid biogenesis and responses of mature chloroplasts to environmental changes are designated "biogenic" and "operational" controls, respectively. A prominent example of the investigation of biogenic signaling is the screen for gun (genomes uncoupled) mutants. Although the first five gun mutants were identified 30 years ago, the functions of GUN proteins in retrograde signaling remain controversial, and that of GUN1 is hotly disputed. Here, we provide background information and critically discuss recently proposed concepts that address GUN-related signaling and some novel gun mutants. Moreover, considering heme as a candidate in retrograde signaling, we revisit the spatial organization of heme biosynthesis and export from plastids. Although this review focuses on GUN pathways, we also highlight recent progress in the identification and elucidation of chloroplast-derived signals that regulate the acclimation response in green algae and plants. Here, stress-induced accumulation of unfolded/misassembled chloroplast proteins evokes a chloroplast-specific unfolded protein response, which leads to changes in the expression levels of nucleus-encoded chaperones and proteases to restore plastid protein homeostasis. We also address the importance of chloroplast-derived signals for activation of flavonoid biosynthesis leading to production of anthocyanins during stress acclimation through sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 1. Finally, a framework for identification and quantification of intercompartmental signaling cascades at the proteomic and metabolomic levels is provided, and we discuss future directions of dissection of organelle-nucleus communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Richter
- Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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9
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Chen J, Li Y, He D, Bai M, Li B, Zhang Q, Luo L. Cytological, physiological and transcriptomic analysis of variegated Leaves in Primulina pungentisepala offspring. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:419. [PMID: 36045322 PMCID: PMC9434889 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primulina pungentisepala is suitable for use as a potted plant because of its beautiful leaf variegation, which is significantly different in its selfed offspring. However, the mechanism of P. pungentisepala leaf variegation is unclear. In this study, two types of offspring showing the greatest differences were compared in terms of leaf structure, chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and transcriptomes to provide a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of structural leaf variegation. RESULTS Air spaces were found between water storage tissue, and the palisade tissue cells were spherical in the white type. The content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (chlorophyll a + b) was significantly lower in the white type, but there were no significant differences in the content of chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b or chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the white and green types. We performed transcriptomic sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cell division and differentiation, chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. Among these genes, the expression of the cell division- and differentiation-related leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XET/H), pectinesterase (PE), expansin (EXP), cellulose synthase-like (CSL), VARIEGATED 3 (VAR3), and ZAT10 genes were downregulated in the white type, which might have promoted the development air spaces and variant palisade cells. Chlorophyll biosynthesis-related hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HEMC) and the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) were downregulated, while chlorophyll degradation-related chlorophyllase-2 (CHL2) was upregulated in the white type, which might have led to lower chlorophyll accumulation. CONCLUSION Leaf variegation in P. pungentisepala was caused by a combination of mechanisms involving structural variegation and low chlorophyll levels. Our research provides significant insights into the molecular mechanisms of structural leaf variegation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yueya Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Dong He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Meng Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Le Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
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10
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Kuznetsov S, Milenkin A, Antonov I. Translational Frameshifting in the chlD Gene Gives a Clue to the Coevolution of the Chlorophyll and Cobalamin Biosyntheses. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061200. [PMID: 35744718 PMCID: PMC9227772 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, hundreds of prokaryotic species are able to synthesize chlorophyll and cobalamin (vitamin B12). An important step in the biosynthesis of these coenzymes is the insertion of a metal ion into a porphyrin ring. Namely, Mg-chelatase ChlIDH and aerobic Co-chelatase CobNST are utilized in the chlorophyll and vitamin B12 pathways, respectively. The corresponding subunits of these enzymes have common evolutionary origin. Recently, we have identified a highly conserved frameshifting signal in the chlD gene. This unusual regulatory mechanism allowed production of both the small and the medium chelatase subunits from the same gene. Moreover, the chlD gene appeared early in the evolution and could be at the starting point in the development of the chlorophyll and B12 pathways. Here, we studied the possible coevolution of these two pathways through the analysis of the chelatase genes. To do that, we developed a specialized Web database with comprehensive information about more than 1200 prokaryotic genomes. Further analysis allowed us to split the coevolution of the chlorophyll and B12 pathway into eight distinct stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Kuznetsov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (S.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Milenkin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (S.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Ivan Antonov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Zhang H, Liang J, Luo Y, Tang N, Li X, Zhu Z, Guo J. Comparative effects of polystyrene nanoplastics with different surface charge on seedling establishment of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133403. [PMID: 34968521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nano-plastics are common emerging pollutants of great interest. However, the impacts of them on terrestrial plants were still poorly understood. In this study, comparative effects of exposure of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS) and amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) plants at different growth stages were investigated. Hydroponically cultured seedlings were exposed to PS and PS-NH2 at 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L at skotomorphogenesis stage for 48 h, photomorphogenesis stage for 18 h, and the whole stage, respectively. Results showed that both PS and PS-NH2 had no discernible effect on radicle elongation at the skotomorphogenesis stage whereas significantly (P < 0.05) reduced photosynthetic pigment contents in varying degrees (18.06%-28.52%, 22.46%-36.86%) at the photomorphogenesis stage and the whole stage. Moreover, there was no significant difference between PS treatments and control except the 26.52% decline of chlorophyll a content at 1 mg/L at photomorphogenesis, while PS-NH2 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased photosynthetic pigment contents except the chlorophyll b content at 10 mg/L at photomorphogenesis. The content of chlorophyll a decreased by 26.68% for the PS-NH2-treated group and 22.46% for the PS-treated group at 1 mg/L during the whole stage. Results manifested that less negatively charged PS-NH2 seemed to show more severe phytotoxicity both at the photomorphogenesis stage and the whole stage. Notably, the surface charge of nano-plastics and the integrity of seedling establishment could be the main factors impacting the above difference. These findings are expected to improve our understanding of the effects of PSNPs on crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ning Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ziqian Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
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12
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Morris JA, Lickey BS, Liptak MD. Insertion of cobalt into tetrapyrroles. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 119:1-22. [PMID: 35337616 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 is one of the most complex cofactors known, and this chapter will discuss current understanding with regards to the cobalt insertion step of its syntheses. Two total syntheses of vitamin B12 were reported in the 1970s, which remain two of the most exceptional achievements of natural product synthesis. In subsequent years, two distinct biosynthetic pathways were identified in aerobic and anaerobic organisms. For these biosynthetic pathways, selectivity for Co(II) over other divalent metal ions with similar ionic radii and coordination chemistry remains an open question with three competing hypotheses proposed: metal affinity, tetrapyrrole distortion, and product inhibition. A 20 step biosynthetic route to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to vitamin B12 was elucidated in aerobic organisms in the 1990s, where cobalt is inserted relatively late in the pathway by the CobNST multi-protein complex. This chapter includes a mechanistic proposal for this reaction, but the majority of the proposal is based upon analogy to the ChlDHI magnesium chelatase complex as critical data for the cobalt chelatase is lacking. Later, in the 2010s, a distinct 21 step pathway from ALA to vitamin B12 was reported in anaerobic organisms, where cobalt is inserted early in the pathway by the enzyme CbiK. A recent study strongly suggests that the cobalt affinity of CbiK is the origin of cobalt selectivity for CbiK, but several important mechanistic questions remain unanswered. In general, it is expected that significant insight into the cobalt insertion mechanisms of CobNST and CbiK could be derived from additional structural, spectroscopic, and computational data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - B S Lickey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - M D Liptak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
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13
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Kaur Dhaliwal L, Gannaban RB, Shrestha A, Shim J, Kaur Mangat P, Singleton JJ, Angeles‐Shim RB. Integrated morpho-biochemical and transcriptome analyses reveal multidimensional response of upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) to low temperature stress during seedling establishment. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:290-302. [PMID: 37284178 PMCID: PMC10168043 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is a tropical/subtropical crop and is innately susceptible to cold. Using an approach that integrates morphological, biochemical, and transcriptome analyses, the study aimed to understand the molecular underpinnings of phenotypic adjustments in cotton seedlings under cold stress. Exposure of six cotton accessions to 15°C during the seedling stage significantly reduced chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, plant height, and biomass, but increased malondialdehyde and proline production. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the cold-sensitive accession SA 3781 grown under low and normal temperatures showed the upregulation of genes related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under cold stress. Despite a similar upregulation of genes encoding metabolites that can scavenge ROS and provide osmoprotection for the cell, the stressed plants still exhibited oxidative stress in terms of lipid peroxidation. This may be due in part to the upregulation of abscisic acid synthesis genes and downregulation of chlorophyll synthesis genes effecting lower stomatal conductance and chlorophyll contents, respectively. Additionally, stomatal closure which is required to avoid the cooling effect and dehydration under cold conditions may have contributed in reducing the net photosynthetic rates in plants exposed to low temperature. These findings provide an insight into the expression of key genes regulating the phenotypic changes observed in cotton in response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhvir Kaur Dhaliwal
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Ritchel B. Gannaban
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
- Present address:
Department of Nutritional SciencesCollege of Human SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Avinash Shrestha
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Junghyun Shim
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
- Present address:
Olam International LimitedNasarawaNigeria
| | - Puneet Kaur Mangat
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Joshua J. Singleton
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
- Present address:
College of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Rosalyn B. Angeles‐Shim
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
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14
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Gao K, Li B, Xue C, Dong J, Qian P, Lu Q, Deng X. Oxidative stress responses caused by dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) in a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112222. [PMID: 33711610 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A marine diatom (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) was exposed to different concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) for 96 h within a batch-culture system to investigate their toxicities. Results showed that P. tricornutum could remove DMP and DEP effectively with removal rates of 0.20-0.30 and 0.14-0.21 mg L-1 h-1, respectively. In addition, DMP and DEP significantly inhibited the photosynthesis and chlorophyll a biosynthesis of P. tricornutum with 96-h EC50 values of 390.5 mg L-1 and 74.0 mg L-1, respectively. Results of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level suggested that the two PAEs could induce excessive ROS production in the diatom. Moreover, activities of antioxidant enzymes (i.e., SOD and POD) in the diatom increased with the increase of DMP and DEP concentrations. The results will help to understand the toxic mechanisms of PAEs, and provide strong evidences for evaluating their ecological risks in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China
| | - Chunye Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China
| | - Pingkang Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China
| | - Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China.
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15
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Wang Z, Cheng J, Zhang X, Chen L, Liu J. Metabolic pathways of Chlorella sp. cells induced by exogenous spermidine against nitric oxide damage from coal-fired flue gas. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 328:124827. [PMID: 33609886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To protect microalgae that are used for photosynthetic CO2 fixation against high NO concentrations from coal-fired flue gas, 500 μM exogenous spermidine was added into Chlorella sp. solution resulting in an elevation of biomass yield by 30.5% under 327 ppm NO. Metabolomics, proteomics and enzyme activities were analyzed, revealing three effects of spermidine on Chlorella sp. resistance to NO stress. First, spermidine induced NO fixation in amino acids and their metabolites, mainly in form of 5-oxoproline (1.51-fold), which occurred through intracellular conversion reactions between citrulline and arginine. Accordingly, cellular respiration was strengthened along with a weakened NO inhibition, which enhanced active transport with ATP consumption. Second, spermidine guarded Chlorella sp. against peroxidation damage by improving activity of antioxidant enzymes. Finally, it protected the photosynthetic system of Chlorella sp. by increasing abundance of related enzymes to enhance carbon fixation. Thus exogenous spermidine improved biomass production against NO environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lechong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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16
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Abstract
With the global climate anomalies and the destruction of ecological balance, the water shortage has become a serious ecological problem facing all mankind, and drought has become a key factor restricting the development of agricultural production. Therefore, it is essential to study the drought tolerance of crops. Based on previous studies, we reviewed the effects of drought stress on plant morphology and physiology, including the changes of external morphology and internal structure of root, stem, and leaf, the effects of drought stress on osmotic regulation substances, drought-induced proteins, and active oxygen metabolism of plants. In this paper, the main drought stress signals and signal transduction pathways in plants are described, and the functional genes and regulatory genes related to drought stress are listed, respectively. We summarize the above aspects to provide valuable background knowledge and theoretical basis for future agriculture, forestry breeding, and cultivation.
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17
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Chen X, Zhou Y, Cong Y, Zhu P, Xing J, Cui J, Xu W, Shi Q, Diao M, Liu HY. Ascorbic Acid-Induced Photosynthetic Adaptability of Processing Tomatoes to Salt Stress Probed by Fast OJIP Fluorescence Rise. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:594400. [PMID: 34484251 PMCID: PMC8415309 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.594400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the protective role of exogenous ascorbic acid (AsA) on salt-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in the seedlings of processing tomatoes under salt stress has been investigated. Plants under salt stress (NaCl, 100 mmol/L) were foliar-sprayed with AsA (0.5 mmol/L), lycorine (LYC, 0.25 mmol/L, an inhibitor of key AsA synthesis enzyme l-galactono-γ-lactone dehydrogenase activity), or AsA plus LYC. The effects of AsA on fast OJIP fluorescence rise curve and JIP parameters were then examined. Our results demonstrated that applying exogenous AsA significantly changed the composition of O-J-I-P fluorescence transients in plants subjected to salt stress both with and without LYC. An increase in basal fluorescence (F o) and a decrease in maximum fluorescence (F m) were observed. Lower K- and L-bands and higher I-band were detected on the OJIP transient curves compared, respectively, with salt-stressed plants with and without LYC. AsA application also significantly increased the values of normalized total complementary area (Sm), relative variable fluorescence intensity at the I-step (VI), absorbed light energy (ABS/CSm), excitation energy (TRo/CSm), and reduction energy entering the electron transfer chain beyond QA (ETo/CSm) per reaction centre (RC) and electron transport flux per active RC (ETo/RC), while decreasing some others like the approximated initial slope of the fluorescence transient (Mo), relative variable fluorescence intensity at the K-step (VK), average absorption (ABS/RC), trapping (TRo/RC), heat dissipation (DIo/RC) per active RC, and heat dissipation per active RC (DIo/CSm) in the presence or absence of LYC. These results suggested that exogenous AsA counteracted salt-induced photoinhibition mainly by modulating the endogenous AsA level and redox state in the chloroplast to promote chlorophyll synthesis and alleviate the damage of oxidative stress to photosynthetic apparatus. AsA can also raise the efficiency of light utilization as well as excitation energy dissipation within the photosystem II (PSII) antennae, thus increasing the stability of PSII and promoting the movement of electrons among PS1 and PSII in tomato seedling leaves subjected to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Biological Science, Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yundan Cong
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
| | - Pusheng Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiayi Xing
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
| | - Jinxia Cui
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- Department of Vegetables, Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ming Diao
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
- Ming Diao
| | - Hui-ying Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Hui-ying Liu
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18
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Zhang C, Zhang B, Mu B, Zheng X, Zhao F, Lan W, Fu A, Luan S. A Thylakoid Membrane Protein Functions Synergistically with GUN5 in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100094. [PMID: 33367259 PMCID: PMC7747962 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthetic reactions and chloroplast development. While the enzymatic pathway for Chl biosynthesis is well established, the regulatory mechanism underlying the homeostasis of Chl levels remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified CBD1 (Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Defect1), which functions in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. The CBD1 gene was expressed specifically in green tissues and its protein product was embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Furthermore, CBD1 was precisely co-expressed and functionally correlated with GUN5 (Genome Uncoupled 5). Analysis of chlorophyll metabolic intermediates indicated that cbd1 and cbd1gun5 mutants over-accumulated magnesium protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX). In addition, the cbd1 mutant thylakoid contained less Mg than the wild type not only as a result of lower Chl content, but also implicating CBD1 in Mg transport. This was supported by the finding that CBD1 complemented a Mg2+ uptake-deficient Salmonella strain under low Mg conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that CBD1 functions synergistically with CHLH/GUN5 in Mg-Proto IX processing, and may serve as a Mg-transport protein to maintain Mg homeostasis in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Baicong Mu
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaojiang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fugeng Zhao
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenzhi Lan
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Aigen Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author
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19
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Isaji Y, Ogawa NO, Takano Y, Ohkouchi N. Quantification and Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Measurements of Heme B in Environmental Samples. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11213-11222. [PMID: 32691593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heme B is an iron-coordinated tetrapyrrole molecule that acts as a cofactor in hemoproteins. It is expected to be ubiquitous in the environment, as b-type hemoproteins catalyze a variety of essential biochemical reactions. In this study, we developed an analytical method to quantify heme B in biological and environmental samples using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array detector. The applicability of our method was further extended by the use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS; detection limit: ∼1 fmol), which enabled the quantification of a trace amount of dissolved heme B in filtered seawater and sedimentary heme B coexisting with an abundant interfering organic matrix. For compound-specific carbon and nitrogen isotopic measurements, heme B was successfully isolated and purified from biological and environmental samples by a combination of anion-exchange column chromatography, methyl esterification, and dual-step HPLC. While carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of heme B in phototrophs were mostly comparable to those of chlorophyll a, heme B in suspended particulate materials in coastal water and an intertidal sediment was 13C-depleted and 15N-enriched relative to chlorophyll a, suggesting that nonphototrophic microorganisms are also a significant source of heme B in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Isaji
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Nanako O Ogawa
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
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Abstract
Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and economic losses. Therefore, leaf color mutants have been unwittingly eliminated in recent years. Recently, however, with the development of society, the application of leaf color mutants has become increasingly widespread. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, photosynthesis and other pathways that could also provide important information for improving varietal selection. In this review, we summarize the research on leaf color mutants, such as the functions and mechanisms of leaf color mutant-related genes, which affect chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chloroplast development and anthocyanin metabolism. We also summarize two common methods for mapping and cloning related leaf color mutation genes using Map-based cloning and RNA-seq, and we discuss the existing problems and propose future research directions for leaf color mutants, which provide a reference for the study and application of leaf color mutants in the future.
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21
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Antonov IV. Two Cobalt Chelatase Subunits Can Be Generated from a Single chlD Gene via Programed Frameshifting. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:2268-2278. [PMID: 32211852 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium chelatase chlIDH and cobalt chelatase cobNST enzymes are required for biosynthesis of (bacterio)chlorophyll and cobalamin (vitamin B12), respectively. Each enzyme consists of large, medium, and small subunits. Structural and primary sequence similarities indicate common evolutionary origin of the corresponding subunits. It has been reported earlier that some of vitamin B12 synthesizing organisms utilized unusual cobalt chelatase enzyme consisting of a large cobalt chelatase subunit (cobN) along with a medium (chlD) and a small (chlI) subunits of magnesium chelatase. In attempt to understand the nature of this phenomenon, we analyzed >1,200 diverse genomes of cobalamin and/or chlorophyll producing prokaryotes. We found that, surprisingly, genomes of many cobalamin producers contained cobN and chlD genes only; a small subunit gene was absent. Further on, we have discovered a diverse group of chlD genes with functional programed ribosomal frameshifting signals. Given a high similarity between the small subunit and the N-terminal part of the medium subunit, we proposed that programed translational frameshifting may allow chlD mRNA to produce both subunits. Indeed, in genomes where genes for small subunits were absent, we observed statistically significant enrichment of programed frameshifting signals in chlD genes. Interestingly, the details of the frameshifting mechanisms producing small and medium subunits from a single chlD gene could be prokaryotic taxa specific. All over, this programed frameshifting phenomenon was observed to be highly conserved and present in both bacteria and archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Antonov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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22
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Wang C, Zhang L, Li Y, Ali Buttar Z, Wang N, Xie Y, Wang C. Single Nucleotide Mutagenesis of the TaCHLI Gene Suppressed Chlorophyll and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Common Wheat Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:97. [PMID: 32153608 PMCID: PMC7046076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Chlorophyll plays a vital role in plant development and crop improvement and further determines the crop productivity to a certain extent. The biosynthesis of chlorophyll remains a complex metabolic process, and fundamental biochemical discoveries have resulted from studies of plant mutants with altered leaf color. In this study, we identified a chlorophyll-deficiency mutant, referred to as chli, from the wheat cultivar Shaannong33 that exhibited an obvious pale-green leaf phenotype at the seedling stage, with significantly decreased accumulation of chlorophyll and its precursors, protoporphyrin IX and Mg-protoporphyrin IX. Interestingly, a higher protoporphyrin IX to Mg-protoporphyrin IX ratio was observed in chli. Lipid biosynthesis in chli leaves and seeds was also affected, with the mutant displaying significantly reduced total lipid content relative to Shaanong33. Genetic analysis indicated that the pale-green leaf phenotype was controlled by a single pair of recessive nuclear genes. Furthermore, sequence alignment revealed a single-nucleotide mutation (G664A) in the gene TraesCS7A01G480700.1, which encodes subunit I of the Mg-chelatase in plants. This single-nucleotide mutation resulted in an amino acid substitution (D221N) in the highly conserved domain of subunit I. As a result, mutant protein Tachli-7A lost the ability to interact with the normal protein TaCHLI-7A, as assessed by yeast two-hybrid assay. Meanwhile, Tachli-7A could not recover the chlorophyll deficiency phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana SALK_050029 mutant. Furthermore, we found that in Shaannong33, the protoporphyrin IX to Mg-protoporphyrin IX ratio was growth state-dependent and insensitive to environmental change. Overall, the mutation in Tachli-7A impaired the function of Mg-chelatase and blocked the conversion of protoporphyrin IX to Mg- protoporphyrin IX. Based on our results, the chli mutant represents a potentially useful resource for better understanding chlorophyll and lipid biosynthetic pathways in common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yingzhuang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Na Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanzhou Xie
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chengshe Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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23
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Gao YS, Wang YL, Wang X, Liu L. Hexameric structure of the ATPase motor subunit of magnesium chelatase in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1040-1046. [PMID: 31891428 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium chelatase (MgCh) is a heterotrimeric enzyme complex, composed of two AAA+ family subunits that can assembly into a double ring structure and a large catalytic subunit. The small AAA+ subunit has ATPase activity and can self-oligomerize into a ring structure, while the other AAA+ subunit lacks independent ATPase activity. Previous structural studies of the ATPase motor subunit of MgCh from a bacteriochlorophyll-synthesizing bacterium have identified a unique ATPase clade, but the model of oligomeric assembly is unclear. Here we present the hexameric structure of the MgCh ATPase motor subunit from the chlorophyll-synthesizing cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. This structure reveals details of how the hexameric ring is assembled, and thus provides a basis for further studying the heterotrimeric complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Shan Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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24
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Lin Z, Xiong Y, Xue Y, Mao M, Xiang Y, He Y, Rafique F, Hu H, Liu J, Li X, Sun L, Huang Z, Ma J. Screening and characterization of long noncoding RNAs involved in the albinism of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus leaves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225602. [PMID: 31756232 PMCID: PMC6874346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play key regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress physiology. Revealing the mechanism of lncRNA regulation in the albino portions of leaves is important for understanding the development of chimeric leaves in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. In this study, a total of 3,543 candidate lncRNAs were identified, among which 1,451 were differentially expressed between completely green (CGr) and completely white (CWh) leaves. LncRNAs tend to have shorter transcripts, lower expression levels, and greater expression specificity than protein-coding genes. Predicted lncRNA targets were functionally annotated by the Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. A lncRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed, and 36 target mRNAs related to chlorophyll metabolism were predicted to interact with 86 lncRNAs. Among these, 25 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs putatively interacted with 16 target mRNAs. Based on an expression pattern analysis of the lncRNAs and their target mRNAs, the lncRNAs targeting magnesium chelatase subunit H (ChlH), protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), and heme o synthase (COX10) were suggested as key regulators of chlorophyll metabolism. This study provides the first lncRNA database for A. comosus var. bracteatus and contributes greatly to understanding the mechanism of epigenetic regulation of leaf albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingyuan Xiong
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanbin Xue
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meiqin Mao
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yixuan Xiang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yehua He
- Horticultural Biotechnology College of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fatima Rafique
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingxia Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia P Voon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Boon L Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China
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26
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Chen B, Xue C, Amoah PK, Li D, Gao K, Deng X. Impacts of four ionic liquids exposure on a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at physiological and biochemical levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:492-501. [PMID: 30776620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing applications in various industrial areas, toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs) has gained much attention in recent years. In this work, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C8mim]NO3), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8mim]Cl), N-octyl-3-metylpyridinium chloride ([C8mpy]Cl) and N-octyl-3-metylpyridinium bromide ([C8mpy]Br) were used to investigate the impacts of different types of cations and anions on their toxicity to a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Results showed that the four ILs had poor degradability under the culture conditions used in this study, and significantly inhibited the growth of this diatom with 96-h EC50 values of 24.0, 33.6, 16.1 and 14.4mgL-1 for [C8mim]NO3, [C8mim]Cl, [C8mpy]Cl and [C8mpy]Br, respectively. The data indicated that types of cations and anions would affect the toxicity of ILs to this diatom. Additionally, photosynthesis of this diatom was inhibited because significant decrease of chlorophyll a content and damage of PSII reaction centers were observed when it was exposed to the four ILs. Remarkable physiological and biochemical responses occurred in the cells of this diatom to alleviate the damaging effects of the four ILs. For example, content of soluble protein and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the cells of this diatom increased significantly to form a protective mechanism against the toxicity of ILs, although they decreased in the cultures with high concentrations of ILs (≥20mgL-1). Thus, these results would not only provide strong evidences for evaluating the ecological risks and toxicity of ILs to marine ecosystem, but also help for understanding their toxic mechanisms to marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunye Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip Kwabena Amoah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Teramura M, Harada J, Tamiaki H. In vitro demethoxycarbonylation of various chlorophyll analogs by a BciC enzyme. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:163-171. [PMID: 30182280 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unique light-harvesting antennas in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum, called chlorosomes, consist of self-aggregates of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c. In the biosynthesis of BChl c, BciC demethoxycarbonylase removes the C132-methoxycarbonyl group to facilitate the self-aggregation of BChl c. We previously reported the in vitro BciC-enzymatic reactions and discussed the function of this enzyme in the biosynthesis of BChl c. This study aims to examine the substrate specificity of BciC in detail using several semi-synthetic (bacterio)chlorophyll derivatives. The results indicate that the substrate specificity of BciC is measurably affected by structural changes on the A/B rings including the bacteriochlorin π-systems. Moreover, BciC showed its activity on a Zn-chelated chlorophyll derivative. On the contrary, BciC recognized structural modifications on the D/E rings, including porphyrin pigments, which resulted in the significant decrease in the enzymatic activity. The utilization of BciC provides mild conditions that may be useful for the in vitro preparation of various chemically (un)stable chlorophyllous pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Teramura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jiro Harada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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28
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Souza PFN, Garcia-Ruiz H, Carvalho FEL. What proteomics can reveal about plant-virus interactions? Photosynthesis-related proteins on the spotlight. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 31:227-248. [PMID: 31355128 PMCID: PMC6660014 DOI: 10.1007/s40626-019-00142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for losses in worldwide production of numerous economically important food and fuel crops. As obligate cellular parasites with very small genomes, viruses rely on their hosts for replication, assembly, intra- and intercellular movement, and attraction of vectors for dispersal. Chloroplasts are photosynthesis and are the site of replication for several viruses. When viruses replicate in chloroplasts, photosynthesis, an essential process in plant physiology, is inhibited. The mechanisms underlying molecular and biochemical changes during compatible and incompatible plants-virus interactions, are only beginning to be elucidated, including changes in proteomic profiles induced by virus infections. In this review, we highlight the importance of proteomic studies to understand plant-virus interactions, especially emphasizing the changes in photosynthesis-related protein accumulation. We focus on: (a) chloroplast proteins that differentially accumulate during viral infection; (b) the significance with respect to chloroplast-virus interaction; and (c) alterations in plant's energetic metabolism and the subsequently the plant defense mechanisms to overcome viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Fabricio E L Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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29
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iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Underlying the Weakening of Carbon Metabolism in Chlorotic Tea Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123943. [PMID: 30544636 PMCID: PMC6321456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To uncover mechanism of highly weakened carbon metabolism in chlorotic tea (Camellia sinensis) plants, iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based proteomic analyses were employed to study the differences in protein expression profiles in chlorophyll-deficient and normal green leaves in the tea plant cultivar “Huangjinya”. A total of 2110 proteins were identified in “Huangjinya”, and 173 proteins showed differential accumulations between the chlorotic and normal green leaves. Of these, 19 proteins were correlated with RNA expression levels, based on integrated analyses of the transcriptome and proteome. Moreover, the results of our analysis of differentially expressed proteins suggested that primary carbon metabolism (i.e., carbohydrate synthesis and transport) was inhibited in chlorotic tea leaves. The differentially expressed genes and proteins combined with photosynthetic phenotypic data indicated that 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) showed a major effect on repressing flavonoid metabolism, and abnormal developmental chloroplast inhibited the accumulation of chlorophyll and flavonoids because few carbon skeletons were provided as a result of a weakened primary carbon metabolism. Additionally, a positive feedback mechanism was verified at the protein level (Mg chelatase and chlorophyll b reductase) in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, which might effectively promote the accumulation of chlorophyll b in response to the demand for this pigment in the cells of chlorotic tea leaves in weakened carbon metabolism.
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Role of Mitochondria in Regulating Lutein and Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Chlorella pyrenoidosa under Heterotrophic Conditions. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16100354. [PMID: 30274203 PMCID: PMC6213193 DOI: 10.3390/md16100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa can accumulate lutein and chlorophyll under heterotrophic conditions. We propose that the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain (mRET) may be involved in this process. To verify this hypothesis, algal cells were treated with different mRET inhibitors. The biosynthesis of lutein and chlorophyll was found to be significantly stimulated by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), whereas their contents substantially decreased after treatment with antimycin A and sodium azide (NaN3). Proteomic studies revealed profound protein alterations related to the redox and energy states, and a network was proposed: The up-regulation of peroxiredoxin reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH); phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetic acid to phosphoenolpyruvate, and after entering the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1yl diphosphate synthase reduces 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-Cpp) to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (HMBPP), which is closely related to the synthesis of lutein; and coproporphyrinogen III oxidase and ChlI play important roles in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. These results supported that for the heterotrophic C. pyrenoidosa, the signaling, oriented from mRET, may regulate the nuclear genes encoding the enzymes involved in photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis.
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31
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Orzeł Ł, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Świrski M, Stochel G. Have photosynthetic pigments been formulated for chemical stability? A cursory insight into the reactivity of magnesium porphyrinoids. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1484915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Świrski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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32
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Teramura M, Tamiaki H. Semi-synthesis and HPLC analysis of (bacterio)chlorophyllides possessing a propionic acid residue at the C17-position. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll derivatives possessing a magnesium or zinc atom at the central position and a free carboxylic acid group at the C17[Formula: see text]-position, also known as (bacterio)chlorophyllides, were synthesized through a combination of organic synthesis techniques and enzymatic steps. The semi-synthetic (bacterio)chlorophyllides were purified and analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These free propionic acid-containing chlorophyllous pigments can be useful research materials for the study of (bacterio)chlorophyll metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Teramura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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33
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Zhang D, Chang E, Yu X, Chen Y, Yang Q, Cao Y, Li X, Wang Y, Fu A, Xu M. Molecular Characterization of Magnesium Chelatase in Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:720. [PMID: 29971071 PMCID: PMC6018531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) seed yields rely on the efficiency of photosynthesis, which is poorly understood in soybean. Chlorophyll, the major light harvesting pigment, is crucial for chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. Magnesium chelatase catalyzes the insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX in the first committed and key regulatory step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. It consists of three types of subunits, ChlI, ChlD, and ChlH. To gain a better knowledge of chlorophyll biosynthesis in soybean, we analyzed soybean Mg-chelatase subunits and their encoding genes. Soybean genome harbors 4 GmChlI genes, 2 GmChlD genes, and 3 GmChlH genes, likely evolved from two rounds of gene duplication events. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that GmChlI, GmChlD, and GmChlH genes predominantly expressed in photosynthetic tissues, but the expression levels among paralogs are different. In silicon promoter analyses revealed these genes harbor different cis-regulatory elements in their promoter regions, suggesting they could differentially respond to various environmental and developmental signals. Subcellular localization analyses illustrated that GmChlI, GmChlD, and GmChlH isoforms are all localized in chloroplast, consistent with their functions. Yeast two hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed each isoform has a potential to be assembled into the Mg-chelatase holocomplex. We expressed each GmChlI, GmChlD, and GmChlH isoform in Arabidopsis corresponding mutants, and results showed that 4 GmChlI and 2 GmChlD isoforms and GmChlH1 could rescue the severe phenotype of Arabidopsis mutants, indicating that they maintain normal biochemical functions in vivo. However, GmChlH2 and GmChlH3 could not completely rescue the chlorotic phenotype of Arabidopsis gun5-2 mutant, suggesting that the functions of these two proteins could be different from GmChlH1. Considering the differences shown on primary sequences, biochemical functions, and gene expression profiles, we conclude that the paralogs of each soybean Mg-chelatase subunit have diverged more or less during evolution. Soybean could have developed a complex regulatory mechanism to control chlorophyll content to adapt to different developmental and environmental situations.
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34
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Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of the virescent gene v 1 in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:249-264. [PMID: 29052764 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The young leaves of virescent mutants are yellowish and gradually turn green as the plants reach maturity. Understanding the genetic basis of virescent mutants can aid research of the regulatory mechanisms underlying chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis, as well as contribute to the application of virescent traits in crop breeding. In this study, fine mapping was employed, and a recessive gene (v 1) from a virescent mutant of Upland cotton was narrowed to an 84.1-Kb region containing ten candidate genes. The GhChlI gene encodes the cotton Mg-chelatase I subunit (CHLI) and was identified as the candidate gene for the virescent mutation using gene annotation. BLAST analysis showed that the GhChlI gene has two copies, Gh_A10G0282 and Gh_D10G0283. Sequence analysis indicated that the coding region (CDS) of GhChlI is 1269 bp in length, with three predicted exons and one non-synonymous nucleotide mutation (G1082A) in the third exon of Gh_D10G0283, with an amino acid (AA) substitution of arginine (R) to lysine (K). GhChlI-silenced TM-1 plants exhibited a lower GhChlI expression level, a lower chlorophyll content, and the virescent phenotype. Analysis of upstream regulatory elements and expression levels of GhChlI showed that the expression quantity of GhChlI may be normal, and with the development of the true leaf, the increase in the Gh_A10G0282 dosage may partially make up for the deficiency of Gh_D10G0283 in the v 1 mutant. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment revealed that the protein sequence encoded by the third exon of GhChlI is highly conserved across diverse plant species, in which AA substitutions among the completely conserved residues frequently result in changes in leaf color in various species. These results suggest that the mutation (G1082A) within the GhChlI gene may cause a functional defect of the GhCHLI subunit and thus the virescent phenotype in the v1 mutant. The GhChlI mutation not only provides a tool for understanding the associations of CHLI protein function and the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway but also has implications for cotton breeding.
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Deng XY, Chen B, Li D, Hu XL, Cheng J, Gao K, Wang CH. Growth and physiological responses of a marine diatom (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) against two imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([C 4mim]BF 4 and [C 8mim]BF 4). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:115-122. [PMID: 28618302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as "green" substitutes for traditional organic solvents in many existing biological and chemical areas. However, they have high solubility and poor biodegradability in water, suggesting that they could become persistent chemical pollutants in aquatic environment. The ability of two widely used imidazolium-based ILs to affect the growth and physiological characteristics of a marine diatom (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) was investigated in this study. The diatom was exposed to different concentrations of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim]BF4) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C8mim]BF4) for 96h within a batch-culture system. Results showed that [C4mim]BF4 and [C8mim]BF4 were very stable in seawater during 96h of exposure, and the compounds significantly inhibited the growth of P. tricornutum with 24, 48, 72 and 96h EC50 values of 30.81, 28.53, 39.92, 45.88mgL-1 and 30.17, 23.36, 28.62, 31.37mgL-1, respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll a synthesis of P. tricornutum were inhibited by [C4mim]BF4 and [C8mim]BF4, indicating that the structural integrity of chloroplasts of the diatom may be disrupted or damaged by the two ILs. Compared with that of the controls, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was increased by 0.65, 1.17, 1.85, 3.13, 2.94 times and 0.55, 1.77, 2.42, 3.45, 3.47 times in 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60mgL-1 [C4mim]BF4 and [C8mim]BF4 treatments, respectively. The excessive ROS may cause lipid peroxidation, shortage of metabolic energy and decline of photosynthetic efficiency, which may be the main reason for toxicity of the two ILs to marine diatoms. To withstand the damaging effects of excessive ROS, remarkable physiological and biochemical responses occurred in treatments with the two ILs to protect the cells of P. tricornutum. Parameters such as soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of the diatom increased significantly with increasing concentrations of the two ILs at 96h of exposure relative to the controls. These findings not only provide strong background for evaluating the ecological risks and toxicity of ILs in marine environment, but also help to unravel the toxic mechanism of the two ILs to marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Deng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Biao Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Da Li
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Xiao-Li Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Kun Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Chang-Hai Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Orzeł Ł, Waś J, Kania A, Susz A, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Staroń J, Witko M, Stochel G, Fiedor L. Factors controlling the reactivity of divalent metal ions towards pheophytin a. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017. [PMID: 28639057 PMCID: PMC5517585 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the factors which determine the reactivity of divalent metal ions in the spontaneous formation of metallochlorophylls, using experimental and computational approaches. Kinetic studies were carried out using pheophytin a in reactions with various divalent metal ions combined with non- or weakly-coordinative counter ions in a series of organic solvents. To obtain detailed insights into the solvent effect, the metalations with the whole set of cations were investigated in three solvents and with Zn2+ in seven solvents. The reactions were monitored using electronic absorption spectroscopy and the stopped-flow technique. DFT calculations were employed to shed light on the role of solvent in activating the metal ions towards porphyrinoids. This experimental and computational analysis gives detailed information regarding how the solvent and the counter ion assist/hinder the metalation reaction as activators/inhibitors. The metalation course is dictated to a large extent by the reaction medium, via either the activation or deactivation of the incoming metal ion. The solvent may affect the metalation in several ways, mainly via H-bonding with pyrrolenine nitrogens and the activation/deactivation of the incoming cation. It also seems to affect the activation enthalpy by causing slight conformational changes in the macrocyclic ligand. These new mechanistic insights contribute to a better understanding of the “metal–counterion–solvent” interplay in the metalation of porphyrinoids. In addition, they are highly relevant to the mechanisms of metalation reactions catalyzed by chelatases and explain the differences between the insertion of Mg2+ and other divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - J Waś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Kania
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Susz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - D Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Staroń
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Witko
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - G Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - L Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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1- N-histidine phosphorylation of ChlD by the AAA + ChlI2 stimulates magnesium chelatase activity in chlorophyll synthesis. Biochem J 2017; 474:2095-2105. [PMID: 28487379 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium chelatase (Mg-chelatase) inserts magnesium into protoporphyrin during the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll. Enzyme activity is reconstituted by forming two separate preactivated complexes consisting of a GUN4/ChlH/protoporphyrin IX substrate complex and a ChlI/ChlD enzyme 'motor' complex. Formation of the ChlI/ChlD complex in both Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Oryza sativa is accompanied by phosphorylation of ChlD by ChlI, but the orthologous protein complex from Rhodobacter capsulatus, BchI/BchD, gives no detectable phosphorylation of BchD. Phosphorylation produces a 1-N-phospho-histidine within ChlD. Proteomic analysis indicates that phosphorylation occurs at a conserved His residue in the C-terminal integrin I domain of ChlD. Comparative analysis of the ChlD phosphorylation with enzyme activities of various ChlI/ChlD complexes correlates the phosphorylation by ChlI2 with stimulation of Mg-chelatase activity. Mutation of the H641 of CrChlD to E641 prevents both phosphorylation and stimulation of Mg-chelatase activity, confirming that phosphorylation at H641 stimulates Mg-chelatase. The properties of ChlI2 compared with ChlI1 of Chlamydomonas and with ChlI of Oryza, shows that ChlI2 has a regulatory role in Chlamydomonas.
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Semenov VV, Zolotareva NV, Lazarev NM, Petrov BI, Varlamova LD, Geiger EY, Titova VI, Razov EN. Water-soluble cobalt complexes with 1-hydroxyethylydenediphosphonic acid and 2-aminoethanol. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gao M, Hu L, Li Y, Weng Y. The chlorophyll-deficient golden leaf mutation in cucumber is due to a single nucleotide substitution in CsChlI for magnesium chelatase I subunit. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1961-73. [PMID: 27435733 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cucumber chlorophyll-deficient golden leaf mutation is due to a single nucleotide substitution in the CsChlI gene for magnesium chelatase I subunit which plays important roles in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. The Mg-chelatase catalyzes the insertion of Mg(2+) into the protoporphyrin IX in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, which is a protein complex encompassing three subunits CHLI, CHLD, and CHLH. Chlorophyll-deficient mutations in genes encoding the three subunits have played important roles in understanding the structure, function and regulation of this important enzyme. In an EMS mutagenesis population, we identified a chlorophyll-deficient mutant C528 with golden leaf color throughout its development which was viable and able to set fruits and seeds. Segregation analysis in multiple populations indicated that this leaf color mutation was recessively inherited and the green color showed complete dominance over golden color. Map-based cloning identified CsChlI as the candidate gene for this mutation which encoded the CHLI subunit of cucumber Mg-chelatase. The 1757-bp CsChlI gene had three exons and a single nucleotide change (G to A) in its third exon resulted in an amino acid substitution (G269R) and the golden leaf color in C528. This mutation occurred in the highly conserved nucleotide-binding domain of the CHLI protein in which chlorophyll-deficient mutations have been frequently identified. The mutant phenotype, CsChlI expression pattern and the mutated residue in the CHLI protein suggested the mutant allele in C528 is unique among mutations identified so far in different species. This golden leaf mutant not only has its potential in cucumber breeding, but also provides a useful tool in understanding the CHLI function and its regulation in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway as well as chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Gao
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Liangliang Hu
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Diller K, Papageorgiou AC, Klappenberger F, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Auwärter W. In vacuo interfacial tetrapyrrole metallation. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1629-56. [PMID: 26781034 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metallation of tetrapyrroles at well-defined surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions represents an unconventional synthesis approach to achieve tetrapyrrole-based metal-organic complexes and architectures. Different protocols, pioneered over the last decade, and now widely applied in several fields, provide an elegant route to metallo-tetrapyrrole systems often elusive to conventional procedures and give access and exquisite insight into on-surface tetrapyrrole chemistry. As highlighted by the functionality of metallo-porphyrins in biological or other environments and by the eminent role of metallo-phthalocyanines in synthetic materials, the control on the metal centres incorporated into the macrocycle is of utmost importance to achieve tailored properties in tetrapyrrole-based nanosystems. In the on-surface scenario, precise metallation pathways were developed, including reactions of tetrapyrroles with metals supplied by physical vapour deposition, chemical vapour deposition or the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope, and self-metallation by atoms of an underlying support. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of in vacuo tetrapyrrole metallation, addressing two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional systems. Furthermore, we comparatively assess the available library of on-surface metallation protocols and elaborate on the state-of-the-art methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Diller
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. and Institute of Condensed Matter Physics (ICMP), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 3, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anthoula C Papageorgiou
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Meng LH, Wang RH, Zhu BZ, Zhu HL, Luo YB, Fu DQ. Efficient Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Solanum rostratum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156228. [PMID: 27258320 PMCID: PMC4892644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum rostratum is a “super weed” that grows fast, is widespread, and produces the toxin solanine, which is harmful to both humans and other animals. To our knowledge, no study has focused on its molecular biology owing to the lack of available transgenic methods and sequence information for S. rostratum. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for the study of gene function in plants; therefore, in the present study, we aimed to establish tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS in S. rostratum. The genes for phytoene desaturase (PDS) and Chlorophyll H subunit (ChlH) of magnesium protoporphyrin chelatase were cloned from S. rostratum and used as reporters of gene silencing. It was shown that high-efficiency VIGS can be achieved in the leaves, flowers, and fruit of S. rostratum. Moreover, based on our comparison of three different types of infection methods, true leaf infection was found to be more efficient than cotyledon and sprout infiltration in long-term VIGS in multiple plant organs. In conclusion, the VIGS technology and tomato genomic sequences can be used in the future to study gene function in S. rostratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Huan Meng
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui-Heng Wang
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ben-Zhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yun-Bo Luo
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- * E-mail:
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Orzeł Ł, Szmyd B, Rutkowska-Żbik D, Fiedor L, van Eldik R, Stochel G. Fine tuning of copper(II)-chlorophyll interactions in organic media. Metalation versus oxidation of the macrocycle. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:6012-22. [PMID: 25720308 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of chlorophyll interactions with copper(II) ions varies considerably in organic solvents, depending on the dominant coordinative form. Besides formation of the metallo tetrapyrrolic complex, Cu(II) ions can cause oxidation of the pigment, reversible or irreversible, which can lead to the destruction of the macrocyclic structure. All these reaction types can be distinguished within a quite narrow range of reaction conditions. The ability to form new metallo derivatives in either metalation or transmetalation reactions is obviously limited by the concentration of the potential oxidant, but can be secured below this level via suitable composition of the reaction system. The decisive factor in the selection of a specific reaction pathway is the presence of a potential ligand that can affect the reactivity of Cu(II) for example by shifting its redox potential. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies were performed in order to determine the predominant species of Cu(II) in methanol, nitromethane and acetonitrile in the presence of chloride and acetate ions, as well as to assign their appropriate oxidizing ability. This allowed us to estimate the boundary conditions for the electron transfer processes in chlorophyll-Cu(II) systems. Chlorophyll and its free base can undergo both types of electron transfer processes, however, they reveal different susceptibilities that make this class of ligands quite versatile markers in tuning the reactivity of metal ions in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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Sun Z, Li T, Zhou ZG, Jiang Y. Microalgae as a Source of Lutein: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Carotenogenesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 153:37-58. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ryan AA, Senge MO. How green is green chemistry? Chlorophylls as a bioresource from biorefineries and their commercial potential in medicine and photovoltaics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:638-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are the natural green pigments par excellence and offer potential as therapeutics and in energy generation. This perspective outlines the state-of-the-art, their possible applications and indicates future directions in the context of green chemistry and their production from biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife A. Ryan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
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Danquah A, de Zelicourt A, Colcombet J, Hirt H. The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in plant abiotic stress responses. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:40-52. [PMID: 24091291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved pathways, the ABA (abscisic acid) signaling pathway has been identified as a central regulator of abiotic stress response in plants, triggering major changes in gene expression and adaptive physiological responses. ABA induces protein kinases of the SnRK family to mediate a number of its responses. Recently, MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) cascades have also been shown to be implicated in ABA signaling. Therefore, besides discussing the role of ABA in abiotic stress signaling, we will also summarize the evidence for a role of MAPKs in the context of abiotic stress and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agyemang Danquah
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Axel de Zelicourt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
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Grovenstein PB, Wilson DA, Lankford KD, Gaston KA, Perera S, Mitra M. Identification and molecular characterization of the second Chlamydomonas gun4 mutant, gun4-II. F1000Res 2013; 2:142. [PMID: 24627785 PMCID: PMC3931455 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-142.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The green micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an elegant model organism to study oxygenic photosynthesis. Chlorophyll (Chl) and heme are major tetrapyrroles that play an essential role in photosynthesis and respiration. These tetrapyrroles are synthesized via a common branched pathway that involves mainly enzymes, encoded by nuclear genes. One of the enzymes in the pathway is Mg chelatase (MgChel). MgChel catalyzes insertion of Mg (2+) into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX, proto) to form Magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (MgPPIX, Mgproto), the first biosynthetic intermediate in the Chl branch. The GUN4 (genomes uncoupled 4) protein is not essential for the MgChel activity but has been shown to significantly stimulate its activity. We have isolated a light sensitive mutant, 6F14, by random DNA insertional mutagenesis. 6F14 cannot tolerate light intensities higher than 90-100 μmol photons m (-2) s (-1). It shows a light intensity dependent progressive photo-bleaching. 6F14 is incapable of photo-autotrophic growth under light intensity higher than 100 μmol photons m (-2) s (-1). PCR based analyses show that in 6F14 the insertion of the plasmid outside the GUN4 locus has resulted in a genetic rearrangement of the GUN4 gene and possible deletions in the genomic region flanking the GUN4 gene. Our gun4 mutant has a Chl content very similar to that in the wild type in the dark and is very sensitive to fluctuations in the light intensity in the environment unlike the earlier identified Chlamydomonas gun4 mutant. Complementation with a functional copy of the GUN4 gene restored light tolerance, Chl biosynthesis and photo-autotrophic growth under high light intensities in 6F14. 6F14 is the second gun4 mutant to be identified in C. reinhardtii. Additionally, we show that our two gun4 complements over-express the GUN4 protein and show a higher Chl content per cell compared to that in the wild type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darryel A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Kathryn D Lankford
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Kelsey A Gaston
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA ; Current address: Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory-Children's Center, Atlanta GA, 30322, USA
| | - Surangi Perera
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA ; Current address: Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI, 53204, USA
| | - Mautusi Mitra
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
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Sousa FL, Shavit-Grievink L, Allen JF, Martin WF. Chlorophyll biosynthesis gene evolution indicates photosystem gene duplication, not photosystem merger, at the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 5:200-16. [PMID: 23258841 PMCID: PMC3595025 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An open question regarding the evolution of photosynthesis is how cyanobacteria came to possess the two reaction center (RC) types, Type I reaction center (RCI) and Type II reaction center (RCII). The two main competing theories in the foreground of current thinking on this issue are that either 1) RCI and RCII are related via lineage divergence among anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and became merged in cyanobacteria via an event of large-scale lateral gene transfer (also called "fusion" theories) or 2) the two RC types are related via gene duplication in an ancestral, anoxygenic but protocyanobacterial phototroph that possessed both RC types before making the transition to using water as an electron donor. To distinguish between these possibilities, we studied the evolution of the core (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway from protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) up to (bacterio)chlorophyllide a. The results show no dichotomy of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes into RCI- and RCII-specific chlorophyll biosynthetic clades, thereby excluding models of fusion at the origin of cyanobacteria and supporting the selective-loss hypothesis. By considering the cofactor demands of the pathway and the source genes from which several steps in chlorophyll biosynthesis are derived, we infer that the cell that first synthesized chlorophyll was a cobalamin-dependent, heme-synthesizing, diazotrophic anaerobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa L Sousa
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Grovenstein PB, Wilson DA, Lennox CG, Smith KP, Contractor AA, Mincey JL, Lankford KD, Smith JM, Haye TC, Mitra M. Identification and molecular characterization of a novel Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis. F1000Res 2013; 2:138. [PMID: 24555064 PMCID: PMC3901506 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-138.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The green micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an elegant model organism to study all aspects of oxygenic photosynthesis. Chlorophyll (Chl) and heme are major tetrapyrroles that play an essential role in energy metabolism in photosynthetic organisms and are synthesized via a common branched tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. One of the enzymes in the pathway is Mg chelatase (MgChel) which inserts Mg (2+) into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX, proto) to form magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (MgPPIX, Mgproto), the first biosynthetic intermediate in the Chl branch. MgChel is a multimeric enzyme that consists of three subunits designated CHLD, CHLI and CHLH. Plants have two isozymes of CHLI (CHLI1 and CHLI2) which are 70%-81% identical in protein sequences. Although the functional role of CHLI1 is well characterized, that of CHLI2 is not. We have isolated a non-photosynthetic light sensitive mutant 5A7 by random DNA insertional mutagenesis that is devoid of any detectable Chl. PCR based analyses show that 5A7 is missing the CHLI1 gene and at least eight additional functionally uncharacterized genes. 5A7 has an intact CHLI2 gene. Complementation with a functional copy of the CHLI1 gene restored Chl biosynthesis, photo-autotrophic growth and light tolerance in 5A7. We have identified the first chli1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in green algae. Our results show that in the wild type Chlamydomonas CHLI2 protein amount is lower than that of CHLI1 and the chli1 mutant has a drastic reduction in CHLI2 protein levels although it possesses the CHLI2 gene. Our chli1 mutant opens up new avenues to explore the functional roles of CHLI1 and CHLI2 in Chl biosynthesis and chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signaling in Chlamydomonas, which has never been studied before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darryel A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Cameron G Lennox
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Katherine P Smith
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Alisha A Contractor
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Jonathan L Mincey
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Kathryn D Lankford
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Smith
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Tashana C Haye
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Mautusi Mitra
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
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50
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Grovenstein PB, Wilson DA, Lennox CG, Smith KP, Contractor AA, Mincey JL, Lankford KD, Smith JM, Haye TC, Mitra M. Identification and molecular characterization of a novel Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis. F1000Res 2013; 2:138. [PMID: 24555064 PMCID: PMC3901506 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-138.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The green micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an elegant model organism to study all aspects of oxygenic photosynthesis. Chlorophyll (Chl) and heme are major tetrapyrroles that play an essential role in energy metabolism in photosynthetic organisms and are synthesized via a common branched tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. One of the enzymes in the pathway is Mg chelatase (MgChel) which inserts Mg (2+) into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX, proto) to form magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (MgPPIX, Mgproto), the first biosynthetic intermediate in the Chl branch. MgChel is a multimeric enzyme that consists of three subunits designated CHLD, CHLI and CHLH. Plants have two isozymes of CHLI (CHLI1 and CHLI2) which are 70%-81% identical in protein sequences. Although the functional role of CHLI1 is well characterized, that of CHLI2 is not. We have isolated a non-photosynthetic light sensitive mutant 5A7 by random DNA insertional mutagenesis that is devoid of any detectable Chl. PCR based analyses show that 5A7 is missing the CHLI1 gene and at least eight additional functionally uncharacterized genes. 5A7 has an intact CHLI2 gene. Complementation with a functional copy of the CHLI1 gene restored Chl biosynthesis, photo-autotrophic growth and light tolerance in 5A7. We have identified the first chli1 (chli1-1) mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in green algae. Our results show that in the wild type Chlamydomonas CHLI2 protein amount is lower than that of CHLI1 and the chli1-1 mutant has a drastic reduction in CHLI2 protein levels although it possesses the CHLI2 gene. Our chli1-1 mutant opens up new avenues to explore the functional roles of CHLI1 and CHLI2 in Chl biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas, which has never been studied before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darryel A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Cameron G Lennox
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Katherine P Smith
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Alisha A Contractor
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Jonathan L Mincey
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Kathryn D Lankford
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Smith
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Tashana C Haye
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
| | - Mautusi Mitra
- Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton GA, 30118, USA
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