1
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The Roc domain of LRRK2 as a hub for protein-protein interactions: a focus on PAK6 and its impact on RAB phosphorylation. Brain Res 2022; 1778:147781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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2
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Chittoor-Vinod VG, Nichols RJ, Schüle B. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence the Pleomorphy of LRRK2 Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1045. [PMID: 33494262 PMCID: PMC7864502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 gene were first identified as a pathogenic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2004. Soon thereafter, a founder mutation in LRRK2, p.G2019S (rs34637584), was described, and it is now estimated that there are approximately 100,000 people worldwide carrying this risk variant. While the clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism has been largely indistinguishable from sporadic PD, disease penetrance and age at onset can be quite variable. In addition, its neuropathological features span a wide range from nigrostriatal loss with Lewy body pathology, lack thereof, or atypical neuropathology, including a large proportion of cases with concomitant Alzheimer's pathology, hailing LRRK2 parkinsonism as the "Rosetta stone" of parkinsonian disorders, which provides clues to an understanding of the different neuropathological trajectories. These differences may result from interactions between the LRRK2 mutant protein and other proteins or environmental factors that modify LRRK2 function and, thereby, influence pathobiology. This review explores how potential genetic and biochemical modifiers of LRRK2 function may contribute to the onset and clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism. We review which genetic modifiers of LRRK2 influence clinical symptoms, age at onset, and penetrance, what LRRK2 mutations are associated with pleomorphic LRRK2 neuropathology, and which environmental modifiers can augment LRRK2 mutant pathophysiology. Understanding how LRRK2 function is influenced and modulated by other interactors and environmental factors-either increasing toxicity or providing resilience-will inform targeted therapeutic development in the years to come. This will allow the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD- and LRRK2-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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3
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Allosteric modulation of the GTPase activity of a bacterial LRRK2 homolog by conformation-specific Nanobodies. Biochem J 2020; 477:1203-1218. [PMID: 32167135 PMCID: PMC7135905 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated protein leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) commonly lead to a reduction of GTPase activity and increase in kinase activity. Therefore, strategies for drug development have mainly been focusing on the design of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. We recently showed that the central RocCOR domains (Roc: Ras of complex proteins; COR: C-terminal of Roc) of a bacterial LRRK2 homolog cycle between a dimeric and monomeric form concomitant with GTP binding and hydrolysis. PD-associated mutations can slow down GTP hydrolysis by stabilizing the protein in its dimeric form. Here, we report the identification of two Nanobodies (NbRoco1 and NbRoco2) that bind the bacterial Roco protein (CtRoco) in a conformation-specific way, with a preference for the GTP-bound state. NbRoco1 considerably increases the GTP turnover rate of CtRoco and reverts the decrease in GTPase activity caused by a PD-analogous mutation. We show that NbRoco1 exerts its effect by allosterically interfering with the CtRoco dimer–monomer cycle through the destabilization of the dimeric form. Hence, we provide the first proof of principle that allosteric modulation of the RocCOR dimer–monomer cycle can alter its GTPase activity, which might present a potential novel strategy to overcome the effect of LRRK2 PD mutations.
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4
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Tolosa E, Vila M, Klein C, Rascol O. LRRK2 in Parkinson disease: challenges of clinical trials. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:97-107. [PMID: 31980808 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common monogenic forms of Parkinson disease (PD) is caused by mutations in the LRRK2 gene that encodes leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). LRRK2 mutations, and particularly the most common mutation Gly2019Ser, are observed in patients with autosomal dominant PD and in those with apparent sporadic PD, who are clinically indistinguishable from those with idiopathic PD. The discoveries that pathogenic mutations in the LRRK2 gene increase LRRK2 kinase activity and that small-molecule LRRK2 kinase inhibitors can be neuroprotective in preclinical models of PD have placed LRRK2 at the centre of disease modification efforts in PD. Recent investigations also suggest that LRRK2 has a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD and that LRRK2 therapies might, therefore, be beneficial in this common subtype of PD. In this Review, we describe the characteristics of LRRK2-associated PD that are most relevant to the development of LRRK2-targeted therapies and the design and implementation of clinical trials. We highlight strategies for correcting the effects of mutations in the LRRK2 gene, focusing on how to identify which patients are the optimal candidates and how to decide on the timing of such trials. In addition, we discuss challenges in implementing trials of disease-modifying treatment in people who carry LRRK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Vila
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul Center of Excellence for Neurodegeneration, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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5
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Mills RD, Liang LY, Lio DSS, Mok YF, Mulhern TD, Cao G, Griffin M, Kenche VB, Culvenor JG, Cheng HC. The Roc-COR tandem domain of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 forms dimers and exhibits conventional Ras-like GTPase properties. J Neurochem 2019; 147:409-428. [PMID: 30091236 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-causative leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) belongs to the Roco family of G-proteins comprising a Ras-of-complex (Roc) domain followed by a C-terminal of Roc (COR) domain in tandem (called Roc-COR domain). Two prokaryotic Roc-COR domains have been characterized as 'G proteins activated by guanine nucleotide-dependent dimerization' (GADs), which require dimerization for activation of their GTPase activity and bind guanine nucleotides with relatively low affinities. Additionally, LRRK2 Roc domain in isolation binds guanine nucleotides with relatively low affinities. As such, LRRK2 GTPase domain was predicted to be a GAD. Herein, we describe the design and high-level expression of human LRRK2 Roc-COR domain (LRRK2 Roc-COR). Biochemical analyses of LRRK2 Roc-COR reveal that it forms homodimers, with the C-terminal portion of COR mediating its dimerization. Furthermore, it co-purifies and binds Mg2+ GTP/GDP at 1 : 1 stoichiometry, and it hydrolyzes GTP with Km and kcat of 22 nM and 4.70 × 10-4 min-1 , respectively. Thus, even though LRRK2 Roc-COR forms GAD-like homodimers, it exhibits conventional Ras-like GTPase properties, with high-affinity binding of Mg2+ -GTP/GDP and low intrinsic catalytic activity. The PD-causative Y1699C mutation mapped to the COR domain was previously reported to reduce the GTPase activity of full-length LRRK2. In contrast, this mutation induces no change in the GTPase activity, and only slight perturbations in the secondary structure contents of LRRK2 Roc-COR. As this mutation does not directly affect the GTPase activity of the isolated Roc-COR tandem, it is possible that the effects of this mutation on full-length LRRK2 occur via other functional domains. Open Practices Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lung-Yu Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cell Signaling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daisy Sio-Seng Lio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cell Signaling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yee-Foong Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terrence D Mulhern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vijaya B Kenche
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janetta G Culvenor
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cell Signaling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Wauters L, Terheyden S, Gilsbach BK, Leemans M, Athanasopoulos PS, Guaitoli G, Wittinghofer A, Gloeckner CJ, Versées W, Kortholt A. Biochemical and kinetic properties of the complex Roco G-protein cycle. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1447-1456. [PMID: 30067506 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Roco proteins have come into focus after mutations in the gene coding for the human Roco protein Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) were discovered to be one of the most common genetic causes of late onset Parkinson's disease. Roco proteins are characterized by a Roc domain responsible for GTP binding and hydrolysis, followed by a COR dimerization device. The regulation and function of this RocCOR domain tandem is still not completely understood. To fully biochemically characterize Roco proteins, we performed a systematic survey of the kinetic properties of several Roco protein family members, including LRRK2. Together, our results show that Roco proteins have a unique G-protein cycle. Our results confirm that Roco proteins have a low nucleotide affinity in the micromolar range and thus do not strictly depend on G-nucleotide exchange factors. Measurement of multiple and single turnover reactions shows that neither Pi nor GDP release are rate-limiting, while this is the case for the GAP-mediated GTPase reaction of some small G-proteins like Ras and for most other high affinity Ras-like proteins, respectively. The KM values of the reactions are in the range of the physiological GTP concentration, suggesting that LRRK2 functioning might be regulated by the cellular GTP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wauters
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanne Terheyden
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands.,Structural Biology Group, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd K Gilsbach
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Margaux Leemans
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Giambattista Guaitoli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Wittinghofer
- Structural Biology Group, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Str. 23, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
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7
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Wauters L, Versées W, Kortholt A. Roco Proteins: GTPases with a Baroque Structure and Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010147. [PMID: 30609797 PMCID: PMC6337361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of genetically inherited Parkinson’s Disease (PD). LRRK2 is a large, multi-domain protein belonging to the Roco protein family, a family of GTPases characterized by a central RocCOR (Ras of complex proteins/C-terminal of Roc) domain tandem. Despite the progress in characterizing the GTPase function of Roco proteins, there is still an ongoing debate concerning the working mechanism of Roco proteins in general, and LRRK2 in particular. This review consists of two parts. First, an overview is given of the wide evolutionary range of Roco proteins, leading to a variety of physiological functions. The second part focusses on the GTPase function of the RocCOR domain tandem central to the action of all Roco proteins, and progress in the understanding of its structure and biochemistry is discussed and reviewed. Finally, based on the recent work of our and other labs, a new working hypothesis for the mechanism of Roco proteins is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wauters
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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The emerging interrelation between ROCO and related kinases, intracellular Ca 2+ signaling, and autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:1054-1067. [PMID: 30582936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ROCO kinases form a family of proteins characterized by kinase activity in addition to the presence of the so-called ROC (Ras of complex proteins)/COR (C-terminal of ROC) domains having a role in their GTPase activity. These are the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) 1 and the leucine-rich repeat kinases (LRRK) 1 and 2. These kinases all play roles in cellular life and death decisions and in autophagy in particular. Related to the ROCO kinases is DAPK 2 that however cannot be classified as a ROCO protein due to the absence of the ROC/COR domains. This review aims to bring together what is known about the relation between these proteins and intracellular Ca2+ signals in the induction and regulation of autophagy. Interestingly, DAPK 1 and 2 and LRRK2 are all linked to Ca2+ signaling in their effects on autophagy, though in various ways. Present evidence supports an upstream role for LRRK2 that via lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release can trigger autophagy induction. In contrast herewith, DAPK1 and 2 react on existing Ca2+ signals to stimulate the autophagic pathway. Further research will be needed for obtaining a full understanding of the role of these various kinases in autophagy and to assess their exact relation with intracellular Ca2+ signaling as this would be helpful in the development of novel therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative disorders, cancer and auto-immune diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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9
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West AB. Achieving neuroprotection with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in Parkinson disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:236-245. [PMID: 28764903 PMCID: PMC5693612 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the translation of discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic, the track record in developing disease-modifying therapies in neurodegenerative disease is poor. A carefully designed development pipeline built from discoveries in both pre-clinical models and patient populations is necessary to optimize the chances for success. Genetic variation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase two gene (LRRK2) is linked to Parkinson disease (PD) susceptibility. Pathogenic mutations, particularly those in the LRRK2 GTPase (Roc) and COR domains, increase LRRK2 kinase activities in cells and tissues. In some PD models, small molecule LRRK2 kinase inhibitors that block these activities also provide neuroprotection. Herein, the genetic and biochemical evidence that supports the involvement of LRRK2 kinase activity in PD susceptibility is reviewed. Issues related to the definition of a therapeutic window for LRRK2 inhibition and the safety of chronic dosing are discussed. Finally, recommendations are given for a biomarker-guided initial entry of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in PD patients. Four key areas must be considered for achieving neuroprotection with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in PD: 1) identification of patient populations most likely to benefit from LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, 2) prioritization of superior LRRK2 small molecule inhibitors based on open disclosures of drug performance, 3) incorporation of biomarkers and empirical measures of LRRK2 kinase inhibition in clinical trials, and 4) utilization of appropriate efficacy measures guided in part by rigorous pre-clinical modeling. Meticulous and rational development decisions can potentially prevent incredibly costly errors and provide the best chances for LRRK2 inhibitors to slow the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B West
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, 1719 6th Ave. South, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America.
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10
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Deyaert E, Wauters L, Guaitoli G, Konijnenberg A, Leemans M, Terheyden S, Petrovic A, Gallardo R, Nederveen-Schippers LM, Athanasopoulos PS, Pots H, Van Haastert PJM, Sobott F, Gloeckner CJ, Efremov R, Kortholt A, Versées W. A homologue of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein LRRK2 undergoes a monomer-dimer transition during GTP turnover. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1008. [PMID: 29044096 PMCID: PMC5714945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 are a common cause of genetic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 is a multi-domain Roco protein, harbouring kinase and GTPase activity. In analogy with a bacterial homologue, LRRK2 was proposed to act as a GTPase activated by dimerization (GAD), while recent reports suggest LRRK2 to exist under a monomeric and dimeric form in vivo. It is however unknown how LRRK2 oligomerization is regulated. Here, we show that oligomerization of a homologous bacterial Roco protein depends on the nucleotide load. The protein is mainly dimeric in the nucleotide-free and GDP-bound states, while it forms monomers upon GTP binding, leading to a monomer-dimer cycle during GTP hydrolysis. An analogue of a PD-associated mutation stabilizes the dimer and decreases the GTPase activity. This work thus provides insights into the conformational cycle of Roco proteins and suggests a link between oligomerization and disease-associated mutations in LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon Deyaert
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lina Wauters
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Giambattista Guaitoli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert Konijnenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry group, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margaux Leemans
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanne Terheyden
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Structural Biology Group, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Gallardo
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Henderikus Pots
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Van Haastert
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Sobott
- Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry group, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rouslan Efremov
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Versées
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Cryo-EM analysis of homodimeric full-length LRRK2 and LRRK1 protein complexes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8667. [PMID: 28819229 PMCID: PMC5561129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multidomain protein implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD), and currently one of the most promising therapeutic targets for drug design in Parkinson’s disease. In contrast, LRRK1, the closest homologue to LRRK2, does not play any role in PD. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single particle analysis to gain structural insight into the full-length dimeric structures of LRRK2 and LRRK1. Differential scanning fluorimetry-based screening of purification buffers showed that elution of the purified LRRK2 protein in a high pH buffer is beneficial in obtaining high quality cryo-EM images. Next, analysis of the 3D maps generated from the cryo-EM data show 16 and 25 Å resolution structures of full length LRRK2 and LRRK1, respectively, revealing the overall shape of the dimers with two-fold symmetric orientations of the protomers that is closely similar between the two proteins. These results suggest that dimerization mechanisms of both LRRKs are closely related and hence that specificities in functions of each LRRK are likely derived from LRRK2 and LRRK1’s other biochemical functions. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide 3D structural insights in LRRK2 and LRRK1 dimers in parallel.
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12
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The unconventional G-protein cycle of LRRK2 and Roco proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1611-1616. [PMID: 27913669 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent cause of hereditary Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 belongs to the Roco family of proteins, which are characterized by the presence of a Ras of complex proteins domain (Roc), a C-terminal of Roc domain (COR) and a kinase domain. Despite intensive research, much remains unknown about activity and the effect of PD-associated mutations. Recent biochemical and structural studies suggest that LRRK2 and Roco proteins are noncanonical G-proteins that do not depend on guanine nucleotide exchange factors or GTPase-activating proteins for activation. In this review, we will discuss the unusual G-protein cycle of LRRK2 in the context of the complex intramolecular LRRK2 activation mechanism.
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An LRR receptor kinase regulates growth, development and pathogenesis in Phytophthora capsici. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Molecular Insights and Functional Implication of LRRK2 Dimerization. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:107-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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First model of dimeric LRRK2: the challenge of unrevealing the structure of a multidomain Parkinson's-associated protein. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1635-1641. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations within the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene represent the most common cause of Mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease, among autosomal dominant cases. Its gene product, LRRK2, is a large multidomain protein that belongs to the Roco protein family exhibiting GTPase and kinase activity, with the latter activity increased by pathogenic mutations. To allow rational drug design against LRRK2 and to understand the cross-regulation of the G- and the kinase domain at a molecular level, it is key to solve the three-dimensional structure of the protein. We review here our recent successful approach to build the first structural model of dimeric LRRK2 by an integrative modeling approach.
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