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El-Khobar KE, Tay E, Diefenbach E, Gloss BS, George J, Douglas MW. Polo-like kinase-1 mediates hepatitis C virus-induced cell migration, a drug target for liver cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201630. [PMID: 37648284 PMCID: PMC10468647 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a regulator of cell mitosis and cytoskeletal dynamics. PLK1 overexpression in liver cancer is associated with tumour progression, metastasis, and vascular invasion. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein stimulates PLK1-mediated phosphorylation of host proteins, so we hypothesised that HCV-PLK1 interactions might be a mechanism for HCV-induced liver cancer. We used a HCV cell-culture model (Jc1) to investigate the effects of virus infection on the cytoskeleton. In HCV-infected cells, a novel posttranslational modification in β-actin was observed with phosphorylation at Ser239. Using in silico and in vitro approaches, we identified PLK1 as the mediating kinase. In functional experiments with a phosphomimetic mutant form of β-actin, Ser239 phosphorylation influences β-actin polymerization and distribution, resulting in increased cell motility. The changes were prevented by treating cells with the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib. In HCV-infected hepatocytes, increased cell motility contributes to cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. PLK1 is an important mediator of these effects and early treatment with PLK1 inhibitors may prevent or reduce HCC progression, particularly in people with HCV-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korri E El-Khobar
- https://ror.org/04zj3ra44 Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Researchhttps://ror.org/0384j8v12 , University of Sydney https://ror.org/04gp5yv64 at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Enoch Tay
- https://ror.org/04zj3ra44 Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Researchhttps://ror.org/0384j8v12 , University of Sydney https://ror.org/04gp5yv64 at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Eve Diefenbach
- https://ror.org/04zj3ra44 Protein Core Facility, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Brian S Gloss
- https://ror.org/04zj3ra44 Westmead Research Hub, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- https://ror.org/04zj3ra44 Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Researchhttps://ror.org/0384j8v12 , University of Sydney https://ror.org/04gp5yv64 at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- https://ror.org/04zj3ra44 Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Researchhttps://ror.org/0384j8v12 , University of Sydney https://ror.org/04gp5yv64 at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney https://ror.org/04gp5yv64 at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
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Wang H, Wang Y, Luo W, Zhang X, Cao R, Yang Z, Duan J, Wang K. Integrative stemness characteristics associated with prognosis and the immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:463. [PMID: 36471379 PMCID: PMC9724367 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To comprehensively analyze the stemness characteristics related to prognosis and the immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS The OCLR machine learning method was used to calculate the stemness index (mRNAsi) of the LUAD samples. DEGs common between the low mRNAsi, normal, and high mRNAsi groups were screened and the immune-stemness genes were obtained. Then the PPI network was created and enrichment analyses were performed. Moreover, different subtypes based on immune-stemness genes associated with prognosis were identified, and the relationships between LUAD stemness and TIME variables were systematically analyzed, followed by TMB analysis. RESULTS Patients in the high mRNAsi groups with poor prognosis were screened along with 144 immune-stemness genes. IL-6, FPR2, and RLN3 showed a higher degree in the PPI network. A total of 26 immune-stemness genes associated with prognosis were screened. Two clusters were obtained (cluster 1 and cluster 2). Survival analysis revealed that patients in cluster 2 had a poor prognosis. A total of 12 immune cell subpopulations exhibited significant differences between cluster 1 and cluster 2 (P < 0.05). A total of 10 immune checkpoint genes exhibited significantly higher expression in cluster 1 (P < 0.05) than in cluster 2. Further, the TMB value in cluster 2 was higher than that in cluster 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Immune-stemness genes, including L-6, FPR2, and RLN3, might play significant roles in LUAD development via cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand‒receptor interaction, and the JAK‒STAT pathway. Immune-stemness genes were related to tumor-infiltrating immune cells, TMB, and expression of immune checkpoint gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- grid.414918.1Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650031 Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.452826.fDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Yan’an Hospital of Kunming, 650000 Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Wei Luo
- grid.218292.20000 0000 8571 108XDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Anning First People’s Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Fourth People’s Hospital, No. 2 Ganghe Road, Wanghu Neighborhood Committee, Jinfang Street, 650302 Anning, Yunnan China
| | - Xugang Zhang
- grid.218292.20000 0000 8571 108XDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Anning First People’s Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Fourth People’s Hospital, No. 2 Ganghe Road, Wanghu Neighborhood Committee, Jinfang Street, 650302 Anning, Yunnan China
| | - Ran Cao
- grid.218292.20000 0000 8571 108XDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Anning First People’s Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Fourth People’s Hospital, No. 2 Ganghe Road, Wanghu Neighborhood Committee, Jinfang Street, 650302 Anning, Yunnan China
| | - Zhi Yang
- The IVD Medical Marketing Department, 3D Medicines Inc, 201114 Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Duan
- grid.414902.a0000 0004 1771 3912Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650031 Kunming, Yunman China
| | - Kun Wang
- grid.218292.20000 0000 8571 108XDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Anning First People’s Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Fourth People’s Hospital, No. 2 Ganghe Road, Wanghu Neighborhood Committee, Jinfang Street, 650302 Anning, Yunnan China
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Data mining of key genes expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: novel potential biomarkers of diagnosis prognosis or progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2022; 39:589-602. [PMID: 35429302 PMCID: PMC9338913 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-022-10164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the main cancer-related causes of death worldwide. The study aimed to perform a data mining analysis of the expression and regulatory role of key genes in HCC to reveal novel potential biomarkers of diagnosis prognosis, or progression since their availability is still almost lacking. Starting from data of our cohort of patients (HCV-positive HCC pts undergoing liver transplantation (LR, n = 10) and donors (LD, n = 14), deeply analyzed previously, in which apelin, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, NOTCH-1, CASP-3, Bcl-2, BAX, PTX3, and NPTX2 were analyzed, we applied statistical analysis and in-silico tools (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, HCCDB database and GeneMania, UALCAN) to screen and identify the key genes. Firstly, we performed a stepwise regression analysis using our mRNA-datasets which revealed that higher expression levels of apelin and osteopontin were positively associated with the HCC and identified that the most consistently differentially expressed gene across multiple HCC expression datasets was only OPN. This comprehensive strategy of data mining evidenced that OPN might have a potential function as an important tumor marker-driven oncogenesis being associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients.
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Liu J, Huang X, Liu H, Wei C, Ru H, Qin H, Lai H, Meng Y, Wu G, Xie W, Mo X, Johnson CH, Zhang Y, Tang W. Immune landscape and prognostic immune-related genes in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2021; 19:27. [PMID: 33413474 PMCID: PMC7789428 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS gene is the most common type of mutation reported in colorectal cancer (CRC). KRAS mutation-mediated regulation of immunophenotype and immune pathways in CRC remains to be elucidated. Methods 535 CRC patients were used to compare the expression of immune-related genes (IRGs) and the abundance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in the tumor microenvironment between KRAS-mutant and KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An independent dataset included 566 cases of CRC and an in-house RNA sequencing dataset were served as validation sets. An in-house dataset consisting of 335 CRC patients were used to analyze systemic immune and inflammatory state in the presence of KRAS mutation. An immue risk (Imm-R) model consist of IRG and TIICs for prognostic prediction in KRAS-mutant CRC patients was established and validated. Results NF-κB and T-cell receptor signaling pathways were significantly inhibited in KRAS-mutant CRC patients. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) was increased while macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell was decreased in KRAS-mutant CRC. Prognosis correlated with enhanced Tregs, macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell and was validated. Serum levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), CRP, and IgM were significantly decreased in KRAS-mutant compared to KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An immune risk model composed of VGF, RLN3, CT45A1 and TIICs signature classified CRC patients with distinct clinical outcomes. Conclusions KRAS mutation in CRC was associated with suppressed immune pathways and immune infiltration. The aberrant immune pathways and immune cells help to understand the tumor immune microenvironments in KRAS-mutant CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Liu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyin Wei
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Ru
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Qin
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lai
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Meng
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Wu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Weishun Xie
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Mo
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang W, Kong HF, Gao XD, Dong Z, Lu Y, Huang JG, Li H, Yang YP. Immune infiltration-associated serum amyloid A1 predicts favorable prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5287-5301. [PMID: 32994688 PMCID: PMC7504249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i35.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an acute-phase protein involved in acute or chronic hepatitis. Its function is still controversial. In addition, the effect of the expression of SAA1 and its molecular function on the progression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear.
AIM To demonstrate the expression of SAA1 and its effect on the prognosis in HCC and explain further the correlation of SAA1 and immunity pathways.
METHODS SAA1 expression in HCC was conducted with The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) in GEPIA tool, and the survival analysis based on the SAA1 expression level was achieved in the Kaplan-Meier portal. The high or low expression group was then drawn based on the median level of SAA1 expression. The correlation of SAA1 and the clinical features were conducted in the UALCAN web-based portal with TCGA-LIHC, including tumor grade, patient disease stage, and the TP53 mutation. The correlation analysis between SAA1 expression and TP53 mutation was subjected to the TCGA portal. The tumor purity score and the immune score were analyzed with CIBERSORT. The correlation of SAA1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was achieved in TISIDB web-based integrated repository portal for tumor-immune system interactions. GSE125336 dataset was used to test the SAA1 expression in the responsive or resistant group with anti-PD1 therapy. Gene set enrichment analysis was applied to evaluate the gene enrichment signaling pathway in HCC. The similar genes of SAA1 in HCC were identified in GEPIA, and the protein-protein interaction of SAA1 was conducted in the Metascape tool. The expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 23, and complement C5a receptor 1 was studied and overall survival analysis in HCC was conducted in GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier portal, respectively.
RESULTS SAA1 expression was decreased in HCC, and lower SAA1 expression predicted poorer overall survival, progression-free survival, and disease-specific survival. Furthermore, SAA1 expression was further decreased with increased tumor grade and patient disease stage. Also, SAA1 expression was further downregulated in patients with TP53 mutation compared with patients with wild type TP53. SAA1 expression was negatively correlated with the TP53 mutation. Lower SAA1 predicted poorer survival rate, especially in the patients with no hepatitis virus infection, other than those with hepatitis virus infection. Moreover, the SAA1 expression was negatively correlated with tumor purity. In contrast, SAA1 expression was positively correlated with the immune score in HCC, and the correlation analysis between SAA1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes also showed a positive correlation in HCC. Decreased SAA1 was closely associated with the immune tolerance of HCC. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 23 genes were identified as the hub genes associated with SAA1, which could also serve as favorable prognosis markers for HCC.
CONCLUSION SAA1 is downregulated in the liver tumor, and it is closely involved in the progression of HCC. Lower SAA1 expression indicates lower survival rate, especially for those patients without hepatitis virus infection. Lower SAA1 expression also suggests lower immune infiltrating cells, especially for those with immune cells exerting anti-tumor immune function. SAA1 expression is closely associated with the anti-tumor immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Diagnosis and Research of Liver Tumor, Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui-Fang Kong
- Center for Diagnosis and Research of Liver Tumor, Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu-Dong Gao
- Center for Diagnosis and Research of Liver Tumor, Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Center for Diagnosis and Research of Liver Tumor, Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Center for Diagnosis and Research of Liver Tumor, Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-Gan Huang
- Center for Diagnosis and Research of Liver Tumor, Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yong-Ping Yang
- Center for Diagnosis and Research of Liver Tumor, Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Zeng L, Fan X, Wang X, Deng H, Zhang K, Zhang X, He S, Li N, Han Q, Liu Z. Bioinformatics Analysis based on Multiple Databases Identifies Hub Genes Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:349-361. [PMID: 32476992 PMCID: PMC7235396 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666191011092410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and the mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis remain elusive. Objective This study aims to mine hub genes associated with HCC using multiple databases. Methods Data sets GSE45267, GSE60502, GSE74656 were downloaded from GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and control in each set were identified by limma software. The GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment of the DEGs aggregated in the datasets (aggregated DEGs) were analyzed using DAVID and KOBAS 3.0 databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the aggregated DEGs was constructed using STRING database. GSEA software was used to verify the biological process. Association between hub genes and HCC prognosis was analyzed using patients' information from TCGA database by survminer R package. Results From GSE45267, GSE60502 and GSE74656, 7583, 2349, and 553 DEGs were identified respectively. A total of 221 aggregated DEGs, which were mainly enriched in 109 GO terms and 29 KEGG pathways, were identified. Cell cycle phase, mitotic cell cycle, cell division, nuclear division and mitosis were the most significant GO terms. Metabolic pathways, cell cycle, chemical carcinogenesis, retinol metabolism and fatty acid degradation were the main KEGG pathways. Nine hub genes (TOP2A, NDC80, CDK1, CCNB1, KIF11, BUB1, CCNB2, CCNA2 and TTK) were selected by PPI network and all of them were associated with prognosis of HCC patients. Conclusion TOP2A, NDC80, CDK1, CCNB1, KIF11, BUB1, CCNB2, CCNA2 and TTK were hub genes in HCC, which may be potential biomarkers of HCC and targets of HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China.,Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiude Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoge Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Shan He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China.,Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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