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Wang R, Cui J, Diao Y, Jin C, Chen Y, Lv X, Li X. Risk factor analysis and nomogram establishment and verification of brain astrocytoma patients based on SEER database. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7754. [PMID: 37173353 PMCID: PMC10182035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytoma is a common brain tumor that can occur in any part of the central nervous system. This tumor is extremely harmful to patients, and there are no clear studies on the risk factors for astrocytoma of the brain. This study was conducted based on the SEER database to determine the risk factors affecting the survival of patients with astrocytoma of the brain. Patients diagnosed with brain astrocytoma in the SEER database from 2004 to 2015 were screened by inclusion exclusion criteria. Final screened brain astrocytoma patients were classified into low grade and high grade according to WHO classification. The risk factors affecting the survival of patients with low-grade and high-grade brain astrocytoma were analyzed by univariate Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests, individually. Secondly, the data were randomly divided into training set and validation set according to the ratio of 7:3, and the training set data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression, and the risk factors affecting the survival of patients were screened and nomogram was established to predict the survival rates of patients at 3 years and 5 years. The area under the ROC curve (AUC value), C-index, and Calibration curve are used to evaluate the sensitivity and calibration of the model. Univariate Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test showed that the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with low-grade astrocytoma included Age, Primary site, Tumor histological type, Grade, Tumor size, Extension, Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy and Tumor number; risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with high-grade astrocytoma include Age, Primary site, Tumor histological type, Tumor size, Extension, Laterality, Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy and Tumor number. Through Cox regression, independent risk factors of patients with two grades were screened separately, and nomograms of risk factors for low-grade and high-grade astrocytoma were successfully established to predict the survival rate of patients at 3 and 5 years. The AUC values of low-grade astrocytoma training set patients were 0.829 and 0.801, and the C-index was 0.818 (95% CI 0.779, 0.857). The AUC values of patients in the validation set were 0.902, 0.829, and the C-index was 0.774 (95% CI 0.758, 0.790), respectively. The AUC values of high-grade astrocytoma training set patients were 0.814 and 0.806, the C-index was 0.774 (95% CI 0.758, 0.790), the AUC values of patients in the validation set were 0.802 and 0.823, and the C-index was 0.766 (95% CI 0.752, 0.780), respectively, and the calibration curves of the two levels of training set and validation set were well fitted. This study used data from the SEER database to identify risk factors affecting the survival prognosis of patients with brain astrocytoma, which can provide some guidance for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Liaoning Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jiaxue Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Liaoning Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yizhuo Diao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Liaoning Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chenxin Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Liaoning Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Liaoning Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiupeng Lv
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian Liaoning, 116044, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Liaoning Dalian, 116044, China.
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Willman M, Willman J, Figg J, Dioso E, Sriram S, Olowofela B, Chacko K, Hernandez J, Lucke-Wold B. Update for astrocytomas: medical and surgical management considerations. EXPLORATION OF NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:1-26. [PMID: 36935776 PMCID: PMC10019464 DOI: 10.37349/en.2023.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytomas include a wide range of tumors with unique mutations and varying grades of malignancy. These tumors all originate from the astrocyte, a star-shaped glial cell that plays a major role in supporting functions of the central nervous system (CNS), including blood-brain barrier (BBB) development and maintenance, water and ion regulation, influencing neuronal synaptogenesis, and stimulating the immunological response. In terms of epidemiology, glioblastoma (GB), the most common and malignant astrocytoma, generally occur with higher rates in Australia, Western Europe, and Canada, with the lowest rates in Southeast Asia. Additionally, significantly higher rates of GB are observed in males and non-Hispanic whites. It has been suggested that higher levels of testosterone observed in biological males may account for the increased rates of GB. Hereditary syndromes such as Cowden, Lynch, Turcot, Li-Fraumeni, and neurofibromatosis type 1 have been linked to increased rates of astrocytoma development. While there are a number of specific gene mutations that may influence malignancy or be targeted in astrocytoma treatment, O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene function is an important predictor of astrocytoma response to chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ for primary and bevacizumab in the setting of recurrent tumor formation are two of the main chemotherapeutic agents currently approved in the treatment of astrocytomas. While stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has debatable implications for increased survival in comparison to whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), SRS demonstrates increased precision with reduced radiation toxicity. When considering surgical resection of astrocytoma, the extent of resection (EoR) is taken into consideration. Subtotal resection (STR) spares the margins of the T1 enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) region, gross total resection (GTR) includes the margins, and supramaximal resection (SMR) extends beyond the margin of the T1 and into the T2 region. Surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy are integral components of astrocytoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John Figg
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Emma Dioso
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sai Sriram
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bankole Olowofela
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin Chacko
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jairo Hernandez
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Hua C, Xu Y, Li Y, Zhao G. Primary Malignant Brain Tumors following Systemic Malignancies: A Population-Based Analysis. Neuroepidemiology 2023; 56:452-459. [PMID: 36244332 PMCID: PMC9945192 DOI: 10.1159/000527437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have described glioma following different cancers. We assessed the prevalence of primary malignant brain tumors afterward systemic malignancies in patients in the USA based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data. METHODS The detailed data of patients with primary malignant brain tumors following an initial malignant tumor outside the central nervous system were extracted from SEER. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze patient demographic and clinical characteristics. We also extracted standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) stratified by age, race, sex, history of radiation or chemotherapy, histology findings, and primary cancer site. RESULTS We identified 5,212 patients diagnosed with primary malignant brain tumors following systemic malignancies. Most patients had prostate cancer, breast cancer, and skin melanoma as the primary cancer. The median duration between the first diagnosis of cancer and that of the subsequent malignant brain tumor was 53 months. Glioblastoma was the most common subsequent malignant brain tumor type. The prognosis after subsequent malignant brain tumor diagnosis was poor. The SIRs differed most by race, cancer site, and cancer type. Patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia had the highest risk of developing primary malignant brain tumors. CONCLUSION Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of clinical data and the SIRs of patients with primary malignant brain tumors afterward other systemic malignancies. Genetic relationships might play a key role in subsequent malignant brain tumor origin. Our data provide directions for future studies exploring the hidden associations between systemic malignancies and primary malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,
| | - Ziqian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cong Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Computational Systems Biology Lab, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA,*Ying Xu,
| | - Yunqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,**Yunqian Li,
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,***Gang Zhao,
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Yuan L, Chen Y, Li X, Jin H, Shi J. Predictive models for overall survival in breast cancer patients with a second primary malignancy: a real-world study in Shanghai, China. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:498. [PMID: 36474253 PMCID: PMC9724326 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-02079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidents of second primary malignancy (SPM) is increasing among breast cancer (BC) patients with long-term progression, adversely affecting survival. The purpose of this study was to screen independent overall survival (OS) risk factors and establish nomograms to predict the survival probabilities of BC patients with SPM. METHOD A total of 163 BC patients with SPM were recruited during 2002-2015 from a total of 50 hospitals in Shanghai, China. Two nomograms to predict survival from primary BC and SPM diagnosis were constructed based on independent factors screened from multivariable analysis. The calibration and discrimination of nomograms were calculated in the training and validation cohorts. RESULTS The overall survival rates of BC patients with SPM were 88.34%, 64.42% and 54.66% at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. Factors of late TNM stage of SPM (HR = 4.68, 95% CI 2.14-10.25), surgery for SPM (HR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.36-1.00), SPM in the colon and rectum (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.25-0.98) and thyroid (HR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.61) independently affected the OS of BC patients with SPM (p < 0.05). In addition, a longer latency (≥ 5 years) was associated with better OS from BC diagnosis (p < 0.001). Older age (≥ 56) was associated with poor OS from SPM diagnosis (p = 0.019). Two nomograms established based on the above factors had better calibration and discrimination. CONCLUSION The TNM stage of SPM, surgery for SPM, SPM sites, latency and age at BC diagnosis are independent factors for survival and the two nomograms may provide more personalized management for BC patients with SPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yuan
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yichen Chen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200136 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaopan Li
- grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Health Management Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin RD, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hua Jin
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of General Practice, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 450 Tengyue RD, Shanghai, 200090 China ,Shanghai General Practice and Community Health Development Research Center, Shanghai, 200090 China
| | - Jianwei Shi
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of General Practice, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 450 Tengyue RD, Shanghai, 200090 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong Universtiy School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing RD, Shanghai, 200025 China
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Owens MR, Nguyen S, Karsy M. Utility of Administrative Databases and Big Data on Understanding Glioma Treatment—A Systematic Review. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors where large multicenter clinical and genetic studies have become increasingly popular in their understanding. We reviewed and analyzed the findings from large databases in gliomas, seeking to understand clinically relevant information.
Methods A systematic review was performed for gliomas studied using large administrative databases up to January 2020 (e.g., National Inpatient Sample [NIS], National Surgical Quality Improvement Program [NSQIP], and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program [SEER], National Cancer Database [NCDB], and others).
Results Out of 390 screened studies, 122 were analyzed. Studies included a wide range of gliomas including low- and high-grade gliomas. The SEER database (n = 83) was the most used database followed by NCDB (n = 28). The most common pathologies included glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (n = 67), with the next category including mixes of grades II to IV glioma (n = 31). Common study themes involved evaluation of descriptive epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, comparison of different pathologies, and evaluation of outcome trends over time. Persistent health care disparities in patient outcomes were frequently seen depending on race, marital status, insurance status, hospital volume, and location, which did not change over time. Most studies showed improvement in survival because of advances in surgical and adjuvant treatments.
Conclusions This study helps summarize the use of clinical administrative databases in gliomas research, informing on socioeconomic issues, surgical outcomes, and adjuvant treatments over time on a national level. Large databases allow for some study questions that would not be possible with single institution data; however, limitations remain in data curation, analysis, and reporting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica-Rae Owens
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Utah, United States
| | - Sarah Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Utah, United States
| | - Michael Karsy
- University of Utah Health Care, University of Utah Health Hospitals and Clinics, Utah, United States
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Guo L, Fu Y, Miao C, Wu S, Zhu Y, Liu Y. Second Primary Malignancy in Patients with Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma: A SEER-Based Study. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:8847-8861. [PMID: 34858052 PMCID: PMC8630468 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s339595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A population-based analysis of the risk of secondary primary malignancy (SPM) in patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma (HPC) has been lacking in the literature. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the risk factors and assess the effects of SPM on the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients with HPC. Methods Data on selected patients diagnosed with HPC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database between 1973 and 2015 were examined through logistic regression, Cox regression and nomogram methods. Results The overall risk of SPM in patients with HPC was higher than that in the general population (SIR: 2.77; P < 0.05). The specific-site, including the oral cavity, pharynx, digestive system, respiratory system and endocrine system, had a relatively higher risk of SPM. The overall risks of the subgroup of people 55–75 years of age and all subgroups of sex, race and latency were significantly elevated. In addition, patients with HPC were more likely to have been diagnosed in 2010–2015 (vs 2004–2009; P = 0.002), to be unmarried (vs married; P = 0.008), to have distant metastasis (vs no metastasis; P = 0.016) and to have had no surgery for the first tumor (vs surgery for the first tumor; P = 0.021), and these aspects were associated with a significantly elevated risk of developing SPM. SPM was independently associated with better OS and CSS. The OS and CSS in patients with HPC with SPM were better than those in patients without SPM (log rank P < 0.0001). The C indexes of the nomogram constructed with ten influencing factors including SPM were 0.681:0.699 for OS and 0.705:0.724 for CSS (training cohort:validation cohort). Conclusion Although the overall risk of SPM in patients with HPC was elevated, SPM did not decrease the OS and CSS in patients with HPC. This finding is inconsistent with clinical observations and thus requires further research and exploration. It possibly because HPC might have a shorter survival time, or the follow-up time was not long enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, 330006, JiangXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanpeng Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, 330006, JiangXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Miao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nanchang Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, NanChang, 330009, JiangXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, 330006, JiangXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiong Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, 330006, JiangXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, 330006, JiangXi, People's Republic of China
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Zheng X, Li X, Wang M, Shen J, Sisti G, He Z, Huang J, Li YM, Wu A. Second primary malignancies among cancer patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:638. [PMID: 32566575 PMCID: PMC7290649 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Rate of second primary malignancies (SPM) is steadily increasing over the last decades. New therapies, early diagnostic markers, screening tests for a larger number of individuals contribute to the increase prevalence of SPM. In the current study, we try to described the demographic composition of SPM victims, distribution of primary sites, and the impact of related factors on prognosis. Methods We conducted a retrospective study identifying patients over the age of 18 who were diagnosed with SPM from the 16 most common cancer sites between 2000 and 2013 from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the relationship between different factors associated to the prognosis of SPM. Standard incidence rate of multiple primary (MP-SIR) was also calculated. Results A total of 303,753 patients were diagnosis with SPM and 76,168 of whom (25.08%) were included in our analytic cohort. Patients with prostate cancer was vulnerable to SPM, accounting for 34.59%, and SPM was prone to occur in lung and bronchus, accounting for 24.90%. The heat map shows that esophagus cancer survivors have the highest risk of developing stomachache tumors (SIR =5.08). The result of Cox regression suggests that a history of liver was associated with the shortest survival time (HR =1.64, 95% CI, 1.54-1.75, P<0.001). Conclusions With the advancement of medical standards, the survival time of cancer patients is prolonged, but the occurrence of SPM is also increasing, and the prognosis is not optimistic. More attention needs to be invested in the prevention and treatment of SPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Minqi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jianfei Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Giovanni Sisti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zelai He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College & Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan Michael Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Prognostic Factors Analysis and Nomogram Construction of Dual Primary Lung Cancer: A Population Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7206591. [PMID: 32149127 PMCID: PMC7049836 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7206591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a special type of lung cancer, multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC) has unique biological characteristics, and its research remains limited. The aim of our research was to identify prognostic factors and construct a prognostic nomogram of dual primary lung cancer (DPLC). A population cohort study of patients with DPLC was conducted using the extracted data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Relevant survival variables were identified using the Cox proportional hazard model. Prognostic nomogram was performed and its predictive performance was validated via the modeling and validating cohort data. Additionally, propensity score matching (PSM) was also applied to evaluate whether surgery affected the OS of this study population. 5411 eligible DPLC patients were included in this study cohort, with 41.0% of 3-year OS rate and 27.7% of 5-year OS rate. Age, sex, race, grade, stage, lymph node (LN) metastasis, histological type, primary site, and surgery were considered to be prognostic factors of OS. The C-indexes of the established nomogram were 0.70 (95% CI (0.69, 0.71)) in the modeling group and 0.70 (95% CI (0.68, 0.72)) in the validation group, which showed an ideal model discrimination ability. AUC and calibration plots of 3- and 5-year OS also proved the good performance of the established nomogram. After 1 : 1 PSM, surgery can potentially reduce the risk of OS (HR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.56–0.72) of DPLC. The prognostic nomogram with reliable performance was developed to predict 3- and 5-year OS rates, which could assist clinicians to make more reasonable survival prediction for DPLC patients. For patients without absolute surgical contraindications, surgery should be actively considered.
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