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Liu Y, Yao Z, Mao Z, Tang M, Chen H, Qian C, Zeng W, Zhou T, Wu Q. Quorum sensing gene lasR promotes phage vB_Pae_PLY infection in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:207. [PMID: 38858621 PMCID: PMC11163716 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density-based intercellular communication system that controls virulence gene expression and biofilm formation. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), the LasR system sits at the top of the QS hierarchy and coordinates the expression of a series of important traits. However, the role of lasR in phage infection remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of lasR QS in phage infection. METHODS The P. aeruginosa phage was isolated from sewage, and its biological characteristics and whole genome were analyzed. The adsorption receptor was identified via a phage adsorption assay. Following lasR gene knockout, the adsorption rate and bactericidal activity of phage were analyzed. Finally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted to explore how lasR promoting phage infection. RESULTS The lytic phage vB_Pae_PLY was isolated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was identified as its adsorption receptor. The adsorption rate and bactericidal activity of vB_Pae_PLY were reduced after lasR knockout. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of galU, a key gene involved in LPS synthesis, was down-regulated, and several genes related to type IV pili (T4P) were also down-regulated in the lasR mutant PaΔlasR. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that QS lasR may promote phage vB_Pae_PLY infection by involving in the synthesis of LPS and T4P. This study provides an example of QS in promoting phage infection and deepens the understanding of phage-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhuocheng Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhenzhi Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Miran Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Huanchang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Changrui Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Weiliang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Kavanova K, Kostovova I, Moravkova M, Kubasova T, Babak V, Crhanova M. Comparative Genome Analysis and Characterization of the Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Wild Boars in the Czech Republic. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10259-7. [PMID: 38652229 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics are crucial components for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota in pigs, especially during the weaning period. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from the gastrointestinal tract of wild boars can serve as an abundant source of beneficial probiotic strains with suitable properties for use in pig husbandry. In this study, we analyzed and characterized 15 strains of Limosilactobacillus mucosae obtained from the gut contents of wild boars to assess their safety and suitability as probiotic candidates. The strains were compared using pan-genomic analysis with 49 L. mucosae strains obtained from the NCBI database. All isolated strains demonstrated their safety by showing an absence of transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes and hemolysin activity. Based on the presence of beneficial genes, five candidates with probiotic properties were selected and subjected to phenotypic profiling. These five selected isolates exhibited the ability to survive conditions mimicking passage through the host's digestive tract, such as low pH and the presence of bile salts. Furthermore, five selected strains demonstrated the presence of corresponding carbohydrate-active enzymes and the ability to utilize various carbohydrate substrates. These strains can enhance the digestibility of oligosaccharide or polysaccharide substrates found in food or feed, specifically resistant starch, α-galactosides, cellobiose, gentiobiose, and arabinoxylans. Based on the results obtained, the L. mucosae isolates tested in this study appear to be promising candidates for use as probiotics in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kavanova
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Kostovova
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Moravkova
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kubasova
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Babak
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Crhanova
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Araújo D, Silva AR, Fernandes R, Serra P, Barros MM, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S, Almeida C, Castro J. Emerging Approaches for Mitigating Biofilm-Formation-Associated Infections in Farm, Wild, and Companion Animals. Pathogens 2024; 13:320. [PMID: 38668275 PMCID: PMC11054384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of addressing the problem of biofilms in farm, wild, and companion animals lies in their pervasive impact on animal health and welfare. Biofilms, as resilient communities of microorganisms, pose a persistent challenge in causing infections and complicating treatment strategies. Recognizing and understanding the importance of mitigating biofilm formation is critical to ensuring the welfare of animals in a variety of settings, from farms to the wild and companion animals. Effectively addressing this issue not only improves the overall health of individual animals, but also contributes to the broader goals of sustainable agriculture, wildlife conservation, and responsible pet ownership. This review examines the current understanding of biofilm formation in animal diseases and elucidates the complex processes involved. Recognizing the limitations of traditional antibiotic treatments, mechanisms of resistance associated with biofilms are explored. The focus is on alternative therapeutic strategies to control biofilm, with illuminating case studies providing valuable context and practical insights. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of exploring emerging approaches to mitigate biofilm formation in animals. It consolidates existing knowledge, highlights gaps in understanding, and encourages further research to address this critical facet of animal health. The comprehensive perspective provided by this review serves as a foundation for future investigations and interventions to improve the management of biofilm-associated infections in diverse animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Araújo
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Silva
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Patrícia Serra
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Maria Margarida Barros
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Campos
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Castro
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Corcionivoschi N, Balta I, McCleery D, Bundurus I, Pet I, Calaway T, Nichita I, Stef L, Morariu S. Mechanisms of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Attachment to Meat. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38593459 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are present in the human and animal microbiome as facultative anaerobes and are viewed as an integral part of the whole gastrointestinal environment. In certain circumstances, some species can also become opportunistic pathogens responsible for severe infections in humans. These infections are caused by the enterotoxinogenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and the enterohemorrhagic E. coli species, frequently present in food products and on food matrices. Severe human infections can be caused by consumption of meat contaminated upon exposure to animal feces, and as such, farm animals are considered to be a natural reservoir. The mechanisms by which these four major species of E. coli adhere and persist in meat postslaughter are of major interest to public health and food processors given their frequent involvement in foodborne outbreaks. This review aims to structure and provide an update on the mechanistic roles of environmental factors, curli, type I and type IV pili on E. coli adherence/interaction with meat postslaughter. Furthermore, we emphasize on the importance of bacterial surface structures, which can be used in designing interventions to enhance food safety and protect public health by reducing the burden of foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Igori Balta
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - David McCleery
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Iulia Bundurus
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Todd Calaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ileana Nichita
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Morariu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Feng GD, Li J, Yang S, Zhang J, Zhu H. Curtobacterium caseinilyticum sp. nov., Curtobacterium subtropicum sp. nov. and Curtobacterium citri sp. nov., isolated from citrus phyllosphere. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37938092 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated RHCKG28T, RHCJP20T and RHCKG23T, were isolated from phyllosphere of healthy citrus leaves collected from Renhua County in Guangdong Province, PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequences comparison and phylogenetic analyses showed that they all belonged to the genus Curtobacterium, among which strain RHCKG28T showed the highest similarity to Curtobacterium herbarum NBRC 103064T (99.3 %), while strains RHCJP20T and RHCKG23T showed 99.2 and 99.0 % similarity to Curtobacterium citreum JCM 1345T, respectively. Phylogenomic analysis showed that the three novel strains were most closely related to C. citreum JCM 1345T and Curtobacterium albidum JCM 1344T. The novel strains could be distinguished from their closely related type strains in terms of enzyme activities, substrate assimilation and fatty acid profiles. In addition, the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the novel strains and closely related type strains were 84.4‒89.5 % and 24.5‒34.1 %, respectively, which were below the threshold values for species delimitation. They all took anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 as the major fatty acids, menaquinone 9 (MK-9) as the sole predominant respiratory quinone, and ornithine as the principal cell-wall diamino acid. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several unidentified glycolipids. The phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported that they represent three distinct novel species of the genus Curtobacterium, for which the names Curtobacterium caseinilyticum sp. nov., Curtobacterium subtropicum sp. nov. and Curtobacterium citri sp. nov. are proposed, with RHCKG28T (=GDMCC 1.2667T=JCM 34828T), RHCJP20T (=GDMCC 1.2668T=JCM 34829T) and RHCKG23T (=GDMCC 1.2669T=JCM 34830T) as the type strains, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Da Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Songzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
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Zhang H, Zhai Y, Chen K, Shi H. Adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during sublethal injury and resuscitation: Importance of pili and surface properties. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104329. [PMID: 37567635 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 can recover from sublethally injured (SI) state, which causes threat of foodborne illness. Adhesion plays a key role in the carriage of pathogens in food. In this study, we investigated the adhesion ability of SI and recovered E. coli O157:H7 wildtype and its three pili-deficient mutants (curli, type 1 fimbriae, and type IV pili) on six food-related surfaces. Plate counting was used to determine adhesion population after washing and oscillating the surfaces. Spinach exhibited the stronger adhesion population of E. coli O157:H7 than the other fresh produces (p < 0.05). In addition, at least one key pili dominated adhesion on these surfaces, and curli was always included. The adhesion population and contribution of different types of pili were jointly affected by surface and physiological state. This can be attributed to high hydrophobicity and positive charge density on surface and different expression levels of csgB, fimA, fimC and ppdD in SI and recovered cells. Among glucose, mannose, maltose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose, addition of 0.5% mannose could reduce adhesion of cells at all physiological states on stainless steel. Overall, this research will provide support for controlling adhesion of SI and recovered E. coli O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujun Zhai
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Shi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Vo N, Sidner BS, Yu Y, Piepenbrink KH. Type IV Pilus-Mediated Inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation by Phenothiazine Compounds. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0102323. [PMID: 37341603 PMCID: PMC10433872 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01023-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by pathogenic Acinetobacter species represent a significant burden on the health care system, despite their relative rarity, due to the difficulty of treating infections through oral antibiotics. Multidrug resistance is commonly observed in clinical Acinetobacter infections and multiple molecular mechanisms have been identified for this resistance, including multidrug efflux pumps, carbapenemase enzymes, and the formation of bacterial biofilm in persistent infections. Phenothiazine compounds have been identified as a potential inhibitor of type IV pilus production in multiple Gram-negative bacterial species. Here, we report the ability of two phenothiazines to inhibit type IV pilus-dependent surface (twitching) motility and biofilm formation in multiple Acinetobacter species. Biofilm formation was inhibited in both static and continuous flow models at micromolar concentrations without significant cytotoxicity, suggesting that type IV pilus biogenesis was the primary molecular target for these compounds. These results suggest that phenothiazines may be useful lead compounds for the development of biofilm dispersal agents against Gram-negative bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter infections are a growing burden on health care systems worldwide due to increasing antimicrobial resistance through multiple mechanisms. Biofilm formation is an established mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, and its inhibition has the potential to potentiate the use of existing drugs against pathogenic Acinetobacter. Additionally, as discussed in the manuscript, anti-biofilm activity by phenothiazines has the potential to help to explain their known activity against other bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Sidner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yafan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kurt H. Piepenbrink
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Treerat P, Anderson D, Giacaman RA, Merritt J, Kreth J. Glycerol metabolism supports oral commensal interactions. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1116-1127. [PMID: 37169870 PMCID: PMC10284889 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During oral biofilm development, interspecies interactions drive species distribution and biofilm architecture. To understand what molecular mechanisms determine these interactions, we used information gained from recent biogeographical investigations demonstrating an association of corynebacteria with streptococci. We previously reported that Streptococcus sanguinis and Corynebacterium durum have a close relationship through the production of membrane vesicle and fatty acids leading to S. sanguinis chain elongation and overall increased fitness supporting their commensal state. Here we present the molecular mechanisms of this interspecies interaction. Coculture experiments for transcriptomic analysis identified several differentially expressed genes in S. sanguinis. Due to its connection to fatty acid synthesis, we focused on the glycerol-operon. We further explored the differentially expressed type IV pili genes due to their connection to motility and biofilm adhesion. Gene inactivation of the glycerol kinase glpK had a profound impact on the ability of S. sanguinis to metabolize C. durum secreted glycerol and impaired chain elongation important for their interaction. Investigations on the effect of type IV pili revealed a reduction of S. sanguinis twitching motility in the presence of C. durum, which was caused by a decrease in type IV pili abundance on the surface of S. sanguinis as determined by SEM. In conclusion, we identified that the ability to metabolize C. durum produced glycerol is crucial for the interaction of C. durum and S. sanguinis. Reduced twitching motility could lead to a closer interaction of both species, supporting niche development in the oral cavity and potentially shaping symbiotic health-associated biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthayalai Treerat
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - David Anderson
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Batoni G, Kaya E, Catelli E, Quinti S, Botti M, De Carli A, Bianchi M, Maisetta G, Esin S. Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains Differ in Their Ability to Adhere to Human Lung Epithelial Cells and to Prevent Adhesion of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Cystic Fibrosis Lung. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1707. [PMID: 37512880 PMCID: PMC10385620 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of probiotic applications is rapidly expanding, including their use for the control of respiratory tract infections. Nevertheless, probiotics ability to colonize the lung environment and to compete with pulmonary pathogens is still a poorly investigated research area. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the adhesion ability of a number of commercial probiotic strains to the human lung epithelial cell line A549. Furthermore, we assessed probiotic ability to prevent host cell adhesion of one of the major lung pathogens in cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to reduce the pathogen-induced inflammatory response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in terms of cytokine release. Lactobacillus acidophilus displayed the highest adhesion ability to A549 cells evaluated as percent of adhered bacteria compared to the inoculum. In agreement with such an observation, L. acidophilus was the most efficient in preventing adhesion to A549 cells of a P. aeruginosa isolate from CF sputum. Three-color fluorescence labeling of A549 cells, P. aeruginosa, and L. acidophilus, and confocal microcopy image analyses revealed a likely exclusion effect played by both live and UV-killed L. acidophilus towards P. aeruginosa. Such results were confirmed by CFU count. When co-cultured with PBMCs, both live and UV-killed L. acidophilus reduced the amount of IL-1β and IL-6 in culture supernatants in a statistically significant manner. Overall, the results obtained point to L. acidophilus as an interesting candidate for further studies for a potential aerogenous administration to control P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Batoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Esingül Kaya
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Catelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Quinti
- Cystic Fibrosis Supporting Service, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Matteo Botti
- Cystic Fibrosis Supporting Service, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppantonio Maisetta
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Semih Esin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Furtak VA, Nattanmai G, Randall L, Jose S, Gao Y, Gulland FM, Eisenberg T, Delmonte P, Blom J, Mitchell KK. Neisseria montereyensis sp. nov., Isolated from Oropharynx of California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus): Genomic, Phylogenetic, and Phenotypic Study. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:253. [PMID: 37354372 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel Neisseria strain, designated CSL10203-ORH2T, was isolated from the oropharynx of a wild California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) that was admitted to The Marine Mammal Center in California, USA. The strain was originally cultured from an oropharyngeal swab on BD Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) agar with 5% sheep blood under aerobic conditions. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, rplF, and rpoB gene sequences and the core genome sequences indicated that the strain was most closely related to only N. zalophi CSL 7565T. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CSL10203-ORH2T and the closely related species N. zalophi CSL 7565T were 89.84 and 39.70%, respectively, which were significantly lower than the accepted species-defined thresholds for describing novel prokaryotic species at the genomic level. Both type strains were phenotypically similar but can be easily and unambiguously distinguished between each other by the analysis of their housekeeping genes, e.g., rpoB, gyrB, or argF. The major fatty acids in both type strains were C12:0, C16:0, C16:1-c9, and C18:1-c11. Based on the genomic, phenotypic, and phylogenetic properties, the novel strain represents a novel species of the genus Neisseria, for which the name Neisseria montereyensis sp. nov. with the type strain CSL10203-ORH2T (= DSM 114706T = CCUG 76428T = NCTC 14721T) is proposed. The genome G + C content is 45.84% and the complete draft genome size is 2,310,535 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA.
| | - Tatiana A Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Vyacheslav A Furtak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Geetha Nattanmai
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Linnell Randall
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Sherly Jose
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Method Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52, Room 1120, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Frances M Gulland
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstrasse 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 89-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Delmonte
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kara K Mitchell
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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11
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Kumar L, Bisen M, Harjai K, Chhibber S, Azizov S, Lalhlenmawia H, Kumar D. Advances in Nanotechnology for Biofilm Inhibition. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21391-21409. [PMID: 37360468 PMCID: PMC10286099 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections have emerged as a significant public health challenge due to their persistent nature and increased resistance to conventional treatment methods. The indiscriminate usage of antibiotics has made us susceptible to a range of multidrug-resistant pathogens. These pathogens show reduced susceptibility to antibiotics and increased intracellular survival. However, current methods for treating biofilms, such as smart materials and targeted drug delivery systems, have not been found effective in preventing biofilm formation. To address this challenge, nanotechnology has provided innovative solutions for preventing and treating biofilm formation by clinically relevant pathogens. Recent advances in nanotechnological strategies, including metallic nanoparticles, functionalized metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, cyclodextrin-based delivery, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymer drug conjugates, and liposomes, may provide valuable technological solutions against infectious diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive review to summarize the recent advancements and limitations of advanced nanotechnologies. The present Review encompasses a summary of infectious agents, the mechanisms that lead to biofilm formation, and the impact of pathogens on human health. In a nutshell, this Review offers a comprehensive survey of the advanced nanotechnological solutions for managing infections. A detailed presentation has been made as to how these strategies may improve biofilm control and prevent infections. The key objective of this Review is to summarize the mechanisms, applications, and prospects of advanced nanotechnologies to provide a better understanding of their impact on biofilm formation by clinically relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- School
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
- Cancer
Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Monish Bisen
- School
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department
of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department
of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shavkatjon Azizov
- Laboratory
of Biological Active Macromolecular Systems, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan
- Faculty
of Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technical
University, Tashkent 100084, Uzbekistan
| | - Hauzel Lalhlenmawia
- Department
of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical
and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, Aizawl, Mizoram 796017, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh173229, India
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12
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Shanmugasundarasamy T, Karaiyagowder Govindarajan D, Kandaswamy K. A review on pilus assembly mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100077. [PMID: 35493982 PMCID: PMC9046445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria contains long hair-like proteinaceous protrusion known as pili or fimbriae. Historically, pilin proteins were considered to play a major role in the transfer of genetic material during bacterial conjugation. Recent findings however elucidate their importance in virulence, biofilm formation, phage transduction, and motility. Therefore, it is crucial to gain mechanistic insights on the subcellular assembly of pili and the localization patterns of their subunit proteins (major and minor pilins) that aid the macromolecular pilus assembly at the bacterial surface. In this article, we review the current knowledge of pilus assembly mechanisms in a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including subcellular localization patterns of a few pilin subunit proteins and their role in virulence and pathogenesis.
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13
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Ronish LA, Sidner B, Yu Y, Piepenbrink KH. Recognition of extracellular DNA by type IV pili promotes biofilm formation by Clostridioides difficile. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102449. [PMID: 36064001 PMCID: PMC9556784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive bacillus, which is a frequent cause of gastrointestinal infections triggered by the depletion of the gut microbiome. Because of the frequent recurrence of these infections after antibiotic treatment, mechanisms of C. difficile persistence and recurrence, including biofilm formation, are of increasing interest. Previously, our group and others found that type IV pili, filamentous helical appendages polymerized from protein subunits, promoted microcolony and biofilm formation in C. difficile. In Gram-negative bacteria, the ability of type IV pili to mediate bacterial self-association has been explained through interactions between the pili of adjacent cells, but type IV pili from several Gram-negative species are also required for natural competence through DNA uptake. Here, we report the ability of two C. difficile pilin subunits, PilJ and PilW, to bind to DNA in vitro, as well as the defects in biofilm formation in the pilJ and pilW gene-interruption mutants. Additionally, we have resolved the X-ray crystal structure of PilW, which we use to model possible structural mechanisms for the formation of C. difficile biofilm through interactions between type IV pili and the DNA of the extracellular matrix. Taken together, our results provide further insight into the relationship between type IV pilus function and biofilm formation in C. difficile and, more broadly, suggest that DNA recognition by type IV pili and related structures may have functional importance beyond DNA uptake for natural competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Ronish
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ben Sidner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yafan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kurt H Piepenbrink
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
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14
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Ma X, Liu Q, Song F, Huang Y. Differentially Expressed Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Eyes with Keratitis and Healthy Conjunctival Sacs. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:4495-4506. [PMID: 35983295 PMCID: PMC9380828 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s374335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is the second-most common commensal bacterium in healthy conjunctival sacs. When the corneal epithelial barrier is damaged, P. aeruginosa in a healthy conjunctival sac can cause infectious keratitis, which can result in the loss of vision. This study was designed to investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of P. aeruginosa isolates from eyes with keratitis and from healthy conjunctival sacs to predict their functions and pathways through Illumina high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Methods P. aeruginosa isolates from keratitis and healthy conjunctival sacs were obtained. The transcriptome profile of P. aeruginosa was characterized by a high throughput RNA-seq strategy using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The DEGs were analyzed with DESeq and validated through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and with experimental mice. GO enrichment and the KEGG pathway were also analyzed. Results In genome-wide transcriptional analysis, 557 genes (332 upregulated and 225 downregulated) were found to be differentially expressed (fold change ≥ 2, p ≤ 0.05) in the strains from keratitis. GO enrichment analysis suggested that DEGs tended to be associated with cellular and metabolic processes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed the DEGs were typically associated with the pathways of the bacterial secretion system and pyoverdine metabolism. Eleven DEGs were validated using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and verified with experimental mice. The results were consistent with those obtained in RNA-seq. Conclusion The DEGs related to pilin, T2SS, T3SS, and pyoverdine metabolisms were significantly altered in the strains from keratitis. The findings may be helpful for further investigations on genes or pathways related to the pathogenesis of and therapeutic targets for P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangying Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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15
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:199. [PMID: 35752612 PMCID: PMC9233671 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that infects patients with cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, immunodeficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cancer, and severe infection requiring ventilation, such as COVID-19. P. aeruginosa is also a widely-used model bacterium for all biological areas. In addition to continued, intense efforts in understanding bacterial pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa including virulence factors (LPS, quorum sensing, two-component systems, 6 type secretion systems, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), CRISPR-Cas and their regulation), rapid progress has been made in further studying host-pathogen interaction, particularly host immune networks involving autophagy, inflammasome, non-coding RNAs, cGAS, etc. Furthermore, numerous technologic advances, such as bioinformatics, metabolomics, scRNA-seq, nanoparticles, drug screening, and phage therapy, have been used to improve our understanding of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and host defense. Nevertheless, much remains to be uncovered about interactions between P. aeruginosa and host immune responses, including mechanisms of drug resistance by known or unannotated bacterial virulence factors as well as mammalian cell signaling pathways. The widespread use of antibiotics and the slow development of effective antimicrobials present daunting challenges and necessitate new theoretical and practical platforms to screen and develop mechanism-tested novel drugs to treat intractable infections, especially those caused by multi-drug resistance strains. Benefited from has advancing in research tools and technology, dissecting this pathogen's feature has entered into molecular and mechanistic details as well as dynamic and holistic views. Herein, we comprehensively review the progress and discuss the current status of P. aeruginosa biophysical traits, behaviors, virulence factors, invasive regulators, and host defense patterns against its infection, which point out new directions for future investigation and add to the design of novel and/or alternative therapeutics to combat this clinically significant pathogen.
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16
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The Power of Touch: Type 4 Pili, the von Willebrand A Domain, and Surface Sensing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0008422. [PMID: 35612303 PMCID: PMC9210963 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00084-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most microbes in the biosphere are attached to surfaces, where they experience mechanical forces due to hydrodynamic flow and cell-to-substratum interactions. These forces likely serve as mechanical cues that influence bacterial physiology and eventually drive environmental adaptation and fitness. Mechanosensors are cellular components capable of sensing a mechanical input and serve as part of a larger system for sensing and transducing mechanical signals. Two cellular components in bacteria that have emerged as candidate mechanosensors are the type IV pili (TFP) and the flagellum. Current models posit that bacteria transmit and convert TFP- and/or flagellum-dependent mechanical force inputs into biochemical signals, including cAMP and c-di-GMP, to drive surface adaptation. Here, we discuss the impact of force-induced changes on the structure and function of two eukaryotic proteins, titin and the human von Willebrand factor (vWF), and these proteins’ relevance to bacteria. Given the wealth of understanding about these eukaryotic mechanosensors, we can use them as a framework to understand the effect of force on Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the early stages of biofilm formation, with a particular emphasis on TFP and the documented surface-sensing mechanosensors PilY1 and FimH. We also discuss the importance of disulfide bonds in mediating force-induced conformational changes, which may modulate mechanosensing and downstream biochemical signaling. We conclude by sharing our perspective on the state of the field and what we deem exciting frontiers in studying bacterial mechanosensing to better understand the mechanisms whereby bacteria transition from a planktonic to a biofilm lifestyle.
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17
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Allard N, Neil K, Grenier F, Rodrigue S. The Type IV Pilus of Plasmid TP114 Displays Adhesins Conferring Conjugation Specificity and Is Important for DNA Transfer in the Mouse Gut Microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0230321. [PMID: 35293798 PMCID: PMC9045228 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02303-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are common bacterial surface appendages involved in different biological processes such as adherence, motility, competence, pathogenesis, and conjugation. In this work, we describe the T4P of TP114, an IncI2 enterobacterial conjugative plasmid recently shown to disseminate at high rates in the mouse intestinal tract. This pilus is composed of the major PilS and minor PilV pilins that are both important for conjugation in broth and in the gut microbiota but not on a solid support. The PilV-coding sequence is part of a shufflon and can bear different C-terminal domains. The shufflon is a multiple DNA inversion system containing many DNA cassettes flanked by recombination sites that are recognized by a shufflon-specific tyrosine recombinase (shufflase) promoting the recombination between DNA segments. The different PilV variants act as adhesins that can modify the affinity for different recipient bacteria. Eight PilV variants were identified in TP114, including one that has not been described in other shufflons. All PilV variants allowed conjugative transfer with different recipient Escherichia coli strains. We conclude that the T4P carried by TP114 plays a major role in mating pair stabilization in broth as well as in the gut microbiota and that the shufflon acts as a biological switch modifying the conjugative host range specificity. IMPORTANCE Conjugative plasmids are involved in horizontal gene transfer in the gut microbiota, which constitutes an important antibiotic resistance gene reservoir. However, the molecular mechanisms used by conjugative plasmids to select recipient bacteria and transfer at high rates in the mouse gut microbiota remain poorly characterized. We studied the type IV pilus carried by TP114 and demonstrated that the minor pilin PilV acts as an adhesin that can efficiently select target cells for conjugative transfer. Moreover, the pilV gene can be rapidly modified by a shufflon, hence modulating the nature of the recipient bacteria during conjugation. Our study highlights the role of mating pair stabilization for conjugation in broth as well as in the gut microbiome and explains how the host spectrum of a plasmid can be expanded simply by remodeling the PilV adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Allard
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin Neil
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Grenier
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Oliveira V, Aschtgen MS, van Erp A, Henriques-Normark B, Muschiol S. The Role of Minor Pilins in Assembly and Function of the Competence Pilus of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:808601. [PMID: 35004361 PMCID: PMC8727766 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.808601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable genomic plasticity of Streptococcus pneumoniae largely depends on its ability to undergo natural genetic transformation. To take up extracellular DNA, S. pneumoniae assembles competence pili composed of the major pilin ComGC. In addition to ComGC, four minor pilins ComGD, E, F, and G are expressed during bacterial competence, but their role in pilus biogenesis and transformation is unknown. Here, using a combination of protein-protein interaction assays we show that all four proteins can directly interact with each other. Pneumococcal ComGG stabilizes the minor pilin ComGD and ComGF and can interact with and stabilize the major pilin ComGC, thus, deletion of ComGG abolishes competence pilus assembly. We further demonstrate that minor pilins are present in sheared pili fractions and find ComGF to be incorporated along the competence pilus by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Finally, mutants of the invariant Glu5 residue (E5), ComGDE5A or ComGEE5A, but not ComGFE5A, were severely impaired in pilus formation and function. Together, our results suggest that ComGG, lacking E5, is essential for competence pilus assembly and function, and plays a central role in connecting the pneumococcal minor pilins to ComGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anke van Erp
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Muschiol
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Abstract
Diverse bacterial lifestyle transitions are controlled by the nucleotide second messenger c-di-GMP, including virulence, motility, and biofilm formation. To control such fundamentally distinct processes, the set of genes under c-di-GMP control must have gone through several shifts during bacterial evolution. Here we show that the same σ–(c-di-GMP)–anti-σ switch has been co-opted during evolution to regulate distinct biological functions in unicellular and filamentous bacteria, controlling type IV pilus production in the genus Rubrobacter and the differentiation of reproductive hyphae into spores in Streptomyces. Moreover, we show that the anti-σ likely originated as a homodimer and evolved to become a monomer through an intragenic duplication event. This study thus describes the structural and functional evolution of a c-di-GMP regulatory switch. Filamentous actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces have a complex lifecycle involving the differentiation of reproductive aerial hyphae into spores. We recently showed c-di-GMP controls this transition by arming a unique anti-σ, RsiG, to bind the sporulation-specific σ, WhiG. The Streptomyces venezuelae RsiG–(c-di-GMP)2–WhiG structure revealed that a monomeric RsiG binds c-di-GMP via two E(X)3S(X)2R(X)3Q(X)3D repeat motifs, one on each helix of an antiparallel coiled-coil. Here we show that RsiG homologs are found scattered throughout the Actinobacteria. Strikingly, RsiGs from unicellular bacteria descending from the most basal branch of the Actinobacteria are small proteins containing only one c-di-GMP binding motif, yet still bind their WhiG partners. Our structure of a Rubrobacter radiotolerans (RsiG)2–(c-di-GMP)2–WhiG complex revealed that these single-motif RsiGs are able to form an antiparallel coiled-coil through homodimerization, thereby allowing them to bind c-di-GMP similar to the monomeric twin-motif RsiGs. Further data show that in the unicellular actinobacterium R. radiotolerans, the (RsiG)2–(c-di-GMP)2–WhiG regulatory switch controls type IV pilus expression. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the single-motif RsiGs likely represent the ancestral state and an internal gene-duplication event gave rise to the twin-motif RsiGs inherited elsewhere in the Actinobacteria. Thus, these studies show how the anti-σ RsiG has evolved through an intragenic duplication event from a small protein carrying a single c-di-GMP binding motif, which functions as a homodimer, to a larger protein carrying two c-di-GMP binding motifs, which functions as a monomer. Consistent with this, our structures reveal potential selective advantages of the monomeric twin-motif anti-σ factors.
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Zhang W, Luo M, Feng C, Liu H, Zhang H, Bennett RR, Utada AS, Liu Z, Zhao K. Crash landing of Vibrio cholerae by MSHA pili-assisted braking and anchoring in a viscoelastic environment. eLife 2021; 10:60655. [PMID: 34212857 PMCID: PMC8282333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) pili and flagellum are critical for the surface attachment of Vibrio cholerae, the first step of V. cholerae colonization on host surfaces. However, the cell landing mechanism remains largely unknown, particularly in viscoelastic environments such as the mucus layers of intestines. Here, combining the cysteine-substitution-based labeling method with single-cell tracking techniques, we quantitatively characterized the landing of V. cholerae by directly observing both pili and flagellum of cells in a viscoelastic non-Newtonian solution consisting of 2% Luria-Bertani and 1% methylcellulose (LB+MC). The results show that MSHA pili are evenly distributed along the cell length and can stick to surfaces at any point along the filament. With such properties, MSHA pili are observed to act as a brake and anchor during cell landing which includes three phases: running, lingering, and attaching. Importantly, loss of MSHA pili results in a more dramatic increase in mean path length in LB+MC than in 2% LB only or in 20% Ficoll solutions, indicating that the role of MSHA pili during cell landing is more apparent in viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluids than viscous Newtonian ones. Our work provides a detailed picture of the landing dynamics of V. cholerae under viscoelastic conditions, which can provide insights into ways to better control V. cholerae infections in a real mucus-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunying Feng
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaqing Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rachel R Bennett
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Utada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,The Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Sarkar P, Issac PK, Raju SV, Elumalai P, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Pathogenic bacterial toxins and virulence influences in cultivable fish. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 52:2361-2376. [DOI: 10.1111/are.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Sarkar
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Stefi V. Raju
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Preetham Elumalai
- Department of Fish Processing Technology Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) Kochi India
| | - Aziz Arshad
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I‐AQUAS) Universiti Putra Malaysia Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
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22
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Guzmán-Soto I, McTiernan C, Gonzalez-Gomez M, Ross A, Gupta K, Suuronen EJ, Mah TF, Griffith M, Alarcon EI. Mimicking biofilm formation and development: Recent progress in in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. iScience 2021; 24:102443. [PMID: 34013169 PMCID: PMC8113887 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation in living organisms is associated to tissue and implant infections, and it has also been linked to the contribution of antibiotic resistance. Thus, understanding biofilm development and being able to mimic such processes is vital for the successful development of antibiofilm treatments and therapies. Several decades of research have contributed to building the foundation for developing in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. However, no such thing as an "all fit" in vitro or in vivo biofilm models is currently available. In this review, in addition to presenting an updated overview of biofilm formation, we critically revise recent approaches for the improvement of in vitro and in vivo biofilm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guzmán-Soto
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Christopher McTiernan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Mayte Gonzalez-Gomez
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Alex Ross
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Keshav Gupta
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Erik J. Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Thien-Fah Mah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - May Griffith
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Emilio I. Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
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Ayyash MM, Abdalla AK, AlKalbani NS, Baig MA, Turner MS, Liu SQ, Shah NP. Invited review: Characterization of new probiotics from dairy and nondairy products-Insights into acid tolerance, bile metabolism and tolerance, and adhesion capability. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8363-8379. [PMID: 33934857 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The selection of potential probiotic strains that possess the physiological capacity of performing successfully in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a critical challenge. Probiotic microorganisms must tolerate the deleterious effects of various stresses to survive passage and function in the human GIT. Adhesion to the intestinal mucosa is also an important aspect. Recently, numerous studies have been performed concerning the selection and evaluation of novel probiotic microorganisms, mainly probiotic bacteria isolated from dairy and nondairy products. Therefore, it would be crucial to critically review the assessment methods employed to select the potential probiotics. This article aims to review and discuss the recent approaches, methods used for the selection, and outcomes of the evaluation of novel probiotic strains with the main purpose of supporting future probiotic microbial assessment studies. The findings and approaches used for assessing acid tolerance, bile metabolism and tolerance, and adhesion capability are the focus of this review. In addition, probiotic bile deconjugation and bile salt hydrolysis are explored. The selection of a new probiotic strain has mainly been based on the in vitro tolerance of physiologically related stresses including low pH and bile, to ensure that the potential probiotic microorganism can survive the harsh conditions of the GIT. However, the varied experimental conditions used in these studies (different types of media, bile, pH, and incubation time) hamper the comparison of the results of these investigations. Therefore, standardization of experimental conditions for characterizing and selecting probiotics is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutamed M Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Abdelmoneim K Abdalla
- Food Science Department, College of Agriculture, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Nadia S AlKalbani
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Affan Baig
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark S Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shao-Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2 117542, Singapore
| | - Nagendra P Shah
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
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24
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Tittes C, Schwarzer S, Quax TEF. Viral Hijack of Filamentous Surface Structures in Archaea and Bacteria. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020164. [PMID: 33499367 PMCID: PMC7911016 DOI: 10.3390/v13020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial and archaeal cell surface is decorated with filamentous surface structures that are used for different functions, such as motility, DNA exchange and biofilm formation. Viruses hijack these structures and use them to ride to the cell surface for successful entry. In this review, we describe currently known mechanisms for viral attachment, translocation, and entry via filamentous surface structures. We describe the different mechanisms used to exploit various surface structures bacterial and archaeal viruses. This overview highlights the importance of filamentous structures at the cell surface for entry of prokaryotic viruses.
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25
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Dynamic swimming pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa near a vertical wall during initial attachment stages of biofilm formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1952. [PMID: 33479476 PMCID: PMC7820011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the swimming behaviour of bacteria in 3 dimensions (3D) allows us to understand critical biological processes, such as biofilm formation. It is still unclear how near wall swimming behaviour may regulate the initial attachment and biofilm formation. It is challenging to address this as visualizing the movement of bacteria with reasonable spatial and temporal resolution in a high-throughput manner is technically difficult. Here, we compared the near wall (vertical) swimming behaviour of P. aeruginosa (PAO1) and its mutants ΔdipA (reduced in swarming motility and increased in biofilm formation) and ΔfimX (deficient in twitching motility and reduced in biofilm formation) using our new imaging technique based on light sheet microscopy. We found that P. aeruginosa (PAO1) increases its speed and changes its swimming angle drastically when it gets closer to a wall. In contrast, ΔdipA mutant moves toward the wall with steady speed without changing of swimming angle. The near wall behavior of ΔdipA allows it to be more effective to interact with the wall or wall-attached cells, thus leading to more adhesion events and a larger biofilm volume during initial attachment when compared with PAO1. Furthermore, we found that ΔfimX has a similar near wall swimming behavior as PAO1. However, it has a higher dispersal frequency and smaller biofilm formation when compared with PAO1 which can be explained by its poor twitching motility. Together, we propose that near wall swimming behavior of P. aeruginosa plays an important role in the regulation of initial attachment and biofilm formation.
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26
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Rozman V, Accetto T, Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Vodovnik M. Type IV pili are widespread among non-pathogenic Gram-positive gut bacteria with diverse carbohydrate utilization patterns. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1527-1540. [PMID: 33331146 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are bacterial surface-exposed appendages that have been extensively studied in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Despite recent sequencing efforts, little is known regarding these structures in non-pathogenic anaerobic Gram-positive species, particularly commensals of the mammalian gut. Early studies revealed that T4P in two ruminal Gram-positive species are associated with growth on cellulose, suggesting possible associations of T4P with substrate utilization patterns. In the present study, genome sequences of 118 taxonomically diverse, mainly Gram-positive, bacterial strains isolated from anaerobic (gastrointestinal) environments, have been analysed. The genes likely to be associated with T4P biogenesis were analysed and grouped according to T4P genetic organization. In parallel, consortia of Carbohydrate Active enZYmes (CAZymes) were also analysed and used to predict carbohydrate utilization abilities of selected strains. The predictive power of this approach was additionally confirmed by experimental assessment of substrate-related growth patterns of selected strains. Our analysis revealed that T4P systems with diverse genetic organization are widespread among Gram-positive anaerobic non-pathogenic bacteria isolated from different environments, belonging to two phylogenetically distantly related phyla: Firmicutes and Actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Rozman
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Accetto
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Harry J Flint
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Maša Vodovnik
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
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Microscale communication between bacterial pathogens and the host epithelium. Genes Immun 2021; 22:247-254. [PMID: 34588625 PMCID: PMC8497271 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved a variety of highly selective adhesins allowing these microbes to engage specific surface determinants of their eukaryotic host cells. Receptor clustering induced by the multivalent microorganisms will not only anchor the bacteria to the tissue, but will inevitably trigger host cell signaling. It has become clear, that these bacteria-initiated signaling events can be seen as a form of localized communication with host epithelial cells. Such a microscale communication can have immediate consequences in the form of changes in host cell membrane morphology or cytoskeletal organization, but can also lead to transcriptional responses and medium- and long-term alterations in cellular physiology. In this review, we will discuss several examples of this form of microscale communication between bacterial pathogens and mammalian host cells and try to delineate their downstream ramifications in the infection process. Furthermore, we will highlight recent findings that specialized pathogenic bacteria utilize the adhesin-based interaction to diffuse the short-range messenger molecule nitric oxide into the host tissue. While anti-adhesive strategies to disrupt the initial bacterial attachment have not yet translated into medical applications, the ability to interfere with the microscale communication emanating on the host side provides an unconventional approach for preventing infectious diseases.
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28
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Samanta S. Potential Impacts of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Cancer Prevention. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 22:605-628. [PMID: 33305713 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621999201210220442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a serious problem throughout the world. The pathophysiology of cancer is multifactorial and is also related to gut microbiota. Intestinal microbes are the useful resident of the healthy human. They play various aspects of human health including nutritional biotransformation, flushing of the pathogens, toxin neutralization, immune response, and onco-suppression. Disruption in the interactions among the gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, and the host immune system are associated with gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp.) have been regarded as beneficial to health and shown to play a significant role in immunomodulation and displayed preventive role against obesity, diabetes, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, tumor progression, and cancer. OBJECTIVE The involvement of gut microorganisms in cancer development and prevention has been recognized as a balancing factor. The events of dysbiosis emphasize metabolic disorder and carcinogenesis. The gut flora potentiates immunomodulation and minimizes the limitations of usual chemotherapy. The significant role of prebiotics and probiotics on the improvement of immunomodulation and antitumor properties has been considered. METHODS I had reviewed the literature on the multidimensional activities of prebiotics and probiotics from the NCBI website database PubMed, Springer Nature, Science Direct (Elsevier), Google Scholar database to search relevant articles. Specifically, I had focused on the role of prebiotics and probiotics in immunomodulation and cancer prevention. RESULTS Prebiotics are the nondigestible fermentable sugars that selectively influence the growth of probiotic organisms that exert immunomodulation over the cancerous growth. The oncostatic properties of bacteria are mediated through the recruitment of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, approaches have also been taken to use probiotics as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. CONCLUSION The present review has indicated that dysbiosis is the crucial factor in many pathological situations including cancer. Applications of prebiotics and probiotics exhibit the immune-surveillance as oncostatic effects. These events increase the possibilities of new therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, 721101, West Bengal,. India
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Jin X, Marshall JS. Mechanics of biofilms formed of bacteria with fimbriae appendages. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243280. [PMID: 33290393 PMCID: PMC7723297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some Gram-positive bacteria, possess hair-like appendages known as fimbriae, which play an important role in adhesion of the bacteria to surfaces or to other bacteria. Unlike the sex pili or flagellum, the fimbriae are quite numerous, with of order 1000 fimbriae appendages per bacterial cell. In this paper, a recently developed hybrid model for bacterial biofilms is used to examine the role of fimbriae tension force on the mechanics of bacterial biofilms. Each bacterial cell is represented in this model by a spherocylindrical particle, which interact with each other through collision, adhesion, lubrication force, and fimbrial force. The bacterial cells absorb water and nutrients and produce extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The flow of water and EPS, and nutrient diffusion within these substances, is computed using a continuum model that accounts for important effects such as osmotic pressure gradient, drag force on the bacterial cells, and viscous shear. The fimbrial force is modeled using an outer spherocylinder capsule around each cell, which can transmit tensile forces to neighboring cells with which the fimbriae capsule collides. We find that the biofilm structure during the growth process is dominated by a balance between outward drag force on the cells due to the EPS flow away from the bacterial colony and the inward tensile fimbrial force acting on chains of cells connected by adhesive fimbriae appendages. The fimbrial force also introduces a large rotational motion of the cells and disrupts cell alignment caused by viscous torque imposed by the EPS flow. The current paper characterizes the competing effects of EPS drag and fimbrial force using a series of computations with different values of the ratio of EPS to bacterial cell production rate and different numbers of fimbriae per cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Marshall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Genome Sequence of Eubacterium callanderi AMC0717, Isolated from the Colonic Mucosa of an 11-Year-Old Organ Donor. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/46/e00995-20. [PMID: 33184159 PMCID: PMC7660998 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00995-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eubacterium callanderi AMC0717 was isolated from the mucosa of the transverse colon of an 11-year-old organ donor. This strain contains genes putatively encoding short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), exopolysaccharide (EPS), and several B vitamins. Eubacterium callanderi AMC0717 was isolated from the mucosa of the transverse colon of an 11-year-old organ donor. This strain contains genes putatively encoding short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), exopolysaccharide (EPS), and several B vitamins.
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Tan KY, Dutta A, Tan TK, Hari R, Othman RY, Choo SW. Comprehensive genome analysis of a pangolin-associated Paraburkholderia fungorum provides new insights into its secretion systems and virulence. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9733. [PMID: 32953261 PMCID: PMC7474880 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraburkholderia fungorum (P. fungorum) is a Gram-negative environmental species that has been commonly used as a beneficial microorganism in agriculture as an agent for biocontrol and bioremediation. Its use in agriculture is controversial as many people believe that it could harm human health; however, there is no clear evidence to support. Methodology The pangolin P. fungorum (pangolin Pf) genome has a genomic size of approximately 7.7 Mbps with N50 of 69,666 bps. Our study showed that pangolin Pf is a Paraburkholderia fungorum supported by evidence from the core genome SNP-based phylogenetic analysis and the ANI analysis. Functional analysis has shown that the presence of a considerably large number of genes related to stress response, virulence, disease, and defence. Interestingly, we identified different types of secretion systems in the genome of pangolin Pf, which are highly specialized and responsible for a bacterium’s response to its environment and in physiological processes such as survival, adhesion, and adaptation. The pangolin Pf also shared some common virulence genes with the known pathogenic member of the Burkholderiales. These genes play important roles in adhesion, motility, and invasion. Conclusion This study may provide better insights into the functions, secretion systems and virulence of this pangolin-associated bacterial strain. The addition of this genome sequence is also important for future comparative analysis and functional work of P. fungorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yun Tan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Avirup Dutta
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Current affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tze King Tan
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Current affiliation: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ranjeev Hari
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rofina Y Othman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Level 3, Research Management & Innovation Complex, Universiti Malaya, Copenhagen, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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32
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Uppal G, Hu W, Vural DC. Evolution of chemotactic hitchhiking. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1593-1605. [PMID: 32929788 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria typically reside in heterogeneous environments with various chemogradients where motile cells can gain an advantage over nonmotile cells. Since motility is energetically costly, cells must optimize their swimming speed and behaviour to maximize their fitness. Here, we investigate how cheating strategies might evolve where slow or nonmotile microbes exploit faster ones by sticking together and hitching a ride. Starting with physical and biological first principles, we computationally study the effects of sticking on the evolution of motility in a controlled chemostat environment. We find that stickiness allows for slow cheaters to dominate when chemoattractants are dispersed at intermediate distances. In this case, slow microbes exploit faster ones until they consume the population, leading to a tragedy of commons. For long races, slow microbes do gain an initial advantage from sticking, but eventually fall behind. Here, fast microbes are more likely to stick to other fast microbes and co-operate to increase their own population. We therefore conclude that whether the nature of the hitchhiking interaction is parasitic or mutualistic, depends on the chemoattractant distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiyi Hu
- Mathematics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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33
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Lemos LN, Medeiros JD, Dini-Andreote F, Fernandes GR, Varani AM, Oliveira G, Pylro VS. Genomic signatures and co-occurrence patterns of the ultra-small Saccharimonadia (phylum CPR/Patescibacteria) suggest a symbiotic lifestyle. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4259-4271. [PMID: 31446647 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The size of bacterial genomes is often associated with organismal metabolic capabilities determining ecological breadth and lifestyle. The recently proposed Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR)/Patescibacteria encompasses mostly unculturable bacterial taxa with relatively small genome sizes with potential for co-metabolism interdependencies. As yet, little is known about the ecology and evolution of CPR, particularly with respect to how they might interact with other taxa. Here, we reconstructed two novel genomes (namely, Candidatus Saccharibacter sossegus and Candidatus Chaer renensis) of taxa belonging to the class Saccharimonadia within the CPR/Patescibacteria using metagenomes obtained from acid mine drainage (AMD). By testing the hypothesis of genome streamlining or symbiotic lifestyle, our results revealed clear signatures of gene losses in these genomes, such as those associated with de novo biosynthesis of essential amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and cofactors. In addition, co-occurrence analysis provided evidence supporting potential symbioses of these organisms with Hydrotalea sp. in the AMD system. Together, our findings provide a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of CPR/Patescibacteria and highlight the importance of genome reconstruction for studying metabolic interdependencies between unculturable Saccharimonadia representatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro N Lemos
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture CENA, University of São Paulo USP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Julliane D Medeiros
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel R Fernandes
- Biosystems Informatics and Genomics Group, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M Varani
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Victor S Pylro
- Microbial Ecology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
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34
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Monteagudo-Mera A, Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Charalampopoulos D, Chatzifragkou A. Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6463-6472. [PMID: 31267231 PMCID: PMC6667406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion ability to the host is a classical selection criterion for potential probiotic bacteria that could result in a transient colonisation that would help to promote immunomodulatory effects, as well as stimulate gut barrier and metabolic functions. In addition, probiotic bacteria have a potential protective role against enteropathogens through different mechanisms including production of antimicrobial compounds, reduction of pathogenic bacterial adhesion and competition for host cell binding sites. The competitive exclusion by probiotic bacteria has a beneficial effect not only on the gut but also in the urogenital tract and oral cavity. On the other hand, prebiotics may also act as barriers to pathogens and toxins by preventing their adhesion to epithelial receptors. In vitro studies with different intestinal cell lines have been widely used along the last decades to assess the adherence ability of probiotic bacteria and pathogen antagonism. However, extrapolation of these results to in vivo conditions still remains unclear, leading to the need of optimisation of more complex in vitro approaches that include interaction with the resident microbiota to address the current limitations. The aim of this mini review is to provide a comprehensive overview on the potential effect of the adhesive properties of probiotics and prebiotics on the host by focusing on the most recent findings related with adhesion and immunomodulatory and antipathogenic effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Robert A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Dimitris Charalampopoulos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Afroditi Chatzifragkou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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35
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Characterization of Zoospore Type IV Pili in Actinoplanes missouriensis. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00746-18. [PMID: 31036727 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00746-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rare actinomycete Actinoplanes missouriensis produces terminal sporangia containing a few hundred flagellated spores. After release from the sporangia, the spores swim rapidly in aquatic environments as zoospores. The zoospores stop swimming and begin to germinate in niches for vegetative growth. Here, we report the characterization and functional analysis of zoospore type IV pili in A. missouriensis The pilus gene (pil) cluster, consisting of three apparently σFliA-dependent transcriptional units, is activated during sporangium formation similarly to the flagellar gene cluster, indicating that the zoospore has not only flagella but also pili. With a new method in which zoospores were fixed with glutaraldehyde to prevent pilus retraction, zoospore pili were observed relatively easily using transmission electron microscopy, showing 6 ± 3 pili per zoospore (n = 37 piliated zoospores) and a length of 0.62 ± 0.35 μm (n = 206), via observation of fliC-deleted, nonflagellated zoospores. No pili were observed in the zoospores of a prepilin-encoding pilA deletion (ΔpilA) mutant. In addition, the deletion of pilT, which encodes an ATPase predicted to be involved in pilus retraction, substantially reduced the frequency of pilus retraction. Several adhesion experiments using wild-type and ΔpilA zoospores indicated that the zoospore pili are required for the sufficient adhesion of zoospores to hydrophobic solid surfaces. Many zoospore-forming rare actinomycetes conserve the pil cluster, which indicates that the zoospore pili yield an evolutionary benefit in the adhesion of zoospores to hydrophobic materials as footholds for germination in their mycelial growth.IMPORTANCE Bacterial zoospores are interesting cells in that their physiological state changes dynamically: they are dormant in sporangia, show temporary mobility after awakening, and finally stop swimming to germinate in niches for vegetative growth. However, the cellular biology of a zoospore remains largely unknown. This study describes unprecedented zoospore type IV pili in the rare actinomycete Actinoplanes missouriensis Similar to the case for the usual bacterial type IV pili, zoospore pili appeared to be retractable. Our findings that the zoospore pili have a functional role in the adhesion of zoospores to hydrophobic solid surfaces and that the zoospores use both pili and flagella properly according to their different purposes provide an important insight into the cellular biology of the zoospore.
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Pönisch W, Weber CA, Zaburdaev V. How bacterial cells and colonies move on solid substrates. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:042419. [PMID: 31108726 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.042419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many bacteria rely on active cell appendages, such as type IV pili, to move over substrates and interact with neighboring cells. Here, we study the motion of individual cells and bacterial colonies, mediated by the collective interactions of multiple pili. It was shown experimentally that the substrate motility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells can be described as a persistent random walk with a persistence length that exceeds the mean pili length. Moreover, the persistence length increases for a higher number of pili per cell. With the help of a simple, tractable stochastic model, we test whether a tug of war without directional memory can explain the persistent motion of single Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells. While persistent motion of single cells indeed emerges naturally in the model, a tug of war alone is not capable of explaining the motility of microcolonies, which becomes weaker with increasing colony size. We suggest sliding friction between the microcolonies and the substrate as the missing ingredient. While such friction almost does not affect the general mechanism of single cell motility, it has a strong effect on colony motility. We validate the theoretical predictions by using a three-dimensional computational model that includes explicit details of the pili dynamics, force generation, and geometry of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Pönisch
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Supercomputing Technologies, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603140, Russia.,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Daum B, Gold V. Twitch or swim: towards the understanding of prokaryotic motion based on the type IV pilus blueprint. Biol Chem 2019; 399:799-808. [PMID: 29894297 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and archaea are evolutionarily distinct prokaryotes that diverged from a common ancestor billions of years ago. However, both bacteria and archaea assemble long, helical protein filaments on their surface through a machinery that is conserved at its core. In both domains of life, the filaments are required for a diverse array of important cellular processes including cell motility, adhesion, communication and biofilm formation. In this review, we highlight the recent structures of both the type IV pilus machinery and the archaellum determined in situ. We describe the current level of functional understanding and discuss how this relates to the pressures facing bacteria and archaea throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Daum
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.,College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Vicki Gold
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Molecular and Functional Analysis of the Type IV Pilus Gene Cluster in Streptococcus sanguinis SK36. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02788-18. [PMID: 30635384 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02788-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis, dominant in the oral microbiome, is the only known streptococcal species possessing a pil gene cluster for the biosynthesis of type IV pili (Tfp). Although this cluster is commonly present in the genome of S. sanguinis, most of the strains do not express Tfp-mediated twitching motility. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the biological functions encoded by the cluster in the twitching-negative strain S. sanguinis SK36. We found that the cluster was transcribed as an operon, with three promoters located 5' to the cluster and one in the intergenic region between SSA_2307 and SSA_2305. Studies using promoter-cat fusion strains revealed that the transcription of the cluster was mainly driven by the distal 5' promoter, which is located more than 800 bases 5' to the first gene of the cluster, SSA_2318. Optimal expression of the cluster occurred at the early stationary growth phase in a CcpA-dependent manner, although a CcpA-binding consensus is absent in the promoter region. Expression of the cluster resulted in a short hairlike surface structure under transmission electron microscopy. Deletion of the putative pilin genes (SSA_2313 to SSA_2315) abolished the biosynthesis of this structure and significantly reduced the adherence of SK36 to HeLa and SCC-4 cells. Mutations in the pil genes downregulated biofilm formation by S. sanguinis SK36. Taken together, the results demonstrate that Tfp of SK36 are important for host cell adherence, but not for motility, and that expression of the pil cluster is subject to complex regulation.IMPORTANCE The proteins and assembly machinery of the type IV pili (Tfp) are conserved throughout bacteria and archaea, and yet the function of this surface structure differs from species to species and even from strain to strain. As seen in Streptococcus sanguinis SK36, the expression of the Tfp gene cluster results in a hairlike surface structure that is much shorter than the typical Tfp. This pilus is essential for the adherence of SK36 but is not involved in motility. Being a member of the highly diverse dental biofilm, perhaps S. sanguinis could more effectively utilize this structure to adhere to host cells and to interact with other microbes within the same niche.
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39
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Ramos Y, Rocha J, Hael AL, van Gestel J, Vlamakis H, Cywes-Bentley C, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Pier GB, Gilmore MS, Kolter R, Morales DK. PolyGlcNAc-containing exopolymers enable surface penetration by non-motile Enterococcus faecalis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007571. [PMID: 30742693 PMCID: PMC6386517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies that enable them to invade tissues and spread within the host. Enterococcus faecalis is a leading cause of local and disseminated multidrug-resistant hospital infections, but the molecular mechanisms used by this non-motile bacterium to penetrate surfaces and translocate through tissues remain largely unexplored. Here we present experimental evidence indicating that E. faecalis generates exopolysaccharides containing β-1,6-linked poly-N-acetylglucosamine (polyGlcNAc) as a mechanism to successfully penetrate semisolid surfaces and translocate through human epithelial cell monolayers. Genetic screening and molecular analyses of mutant strains identified glnA, rpiA and epaX as genes critically required for optimal E. faecalis penetration and translocation. Mechanistically, GlnA and RpiA cooperated to generate uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) that was utilized by EpaX to synthesize polyGlcNAc-containing polymers. Notably, exogenous supplementation with polymeric N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) restored surface penetration by E. faecalis mutants devoid of EpaX. Our study uncovers an unexpected mechanism whereby the RpiA-GlnA-EpaX metabolic axis enables production of polyGlcNAc-containing polysaccharides that endow E. faecalis with the ability to penetrate surfaces. Hence, targeting carbohydrate metabolism or inhibiting biosynthesis of polyGlcNAc-containing exopolymers may represent a new strategy to more effectively confront enterococcal infections in the clinic. Enterococcus faecalis is a microbial inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract that can cause lethal infections. Typically classified as a non-motile bacterium, E. faecalis can readily migrate and translocate across epithelial barriers to invade distant organs. Nevertheless, the molecular pathways driving enterococcal invasive attributes remain poorly understood. In this study, we uncover that E. faecalis produces a polyGlcNAc-containing extracellular glycopolymer to efficiently migrate into semisolid surfaces and translocate through human epithelial cell monolayers. Our work provides evidence that non-motile bacterial pathogens can exploit endogenous carbohydrate metabolic pathways to penetrate surfaces. Thus, targeting glycopolymer biosynthetic programs might be useful to control infections by Gram-positive cocci in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusibeska Ramos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jorge Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ana L. Hael
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jordi van Gestel
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Roberto Kolter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Diana K. Morales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Type IV pili (T4P) are remarkable bacterial surface appendages that carry out a range of functions. Various types of T4P have been identified in bacteria and archaea, making them almost universal structures in prokaryotes. T4P are best characterized in Gram-negative bacteria, in which pilus biogenesis and T4P-mediated functions have been studied for decades. Recent advances in microbial whole-genome sequencing have provided ample evidence for the existence of T4P also in many Gram-positive species. However, comparatively little is known, and T4P in Gram-positive bacteria are just beginning to be dissected. So far, they have mainly been studied in
Clostridium
and
Streptococcus
spp. and are involved in diverse cellular processes such as adhesion, motility, and horizontal gene transfer. Here we summarize the current understanding of T4P in Gram-positive species and their functions, with particular focus on the type IV competence pilus produced by the human pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and its role in natural transformation.
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41
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Abstract
Bacterial uptake of DNA through type IV filaments is an essential component of natural competence in numerous gram-positive and gram-negative species. Recent advances in the field have broadened our understanding of the structures used to take up extracellular DNA. Here, we review seminal experiments in the literature describing DNA binding by type IV pili, competence pili and the flp pili of Micrococcus luteus; collectively referred to here as type IV filaments. We compare the current state of the field on mechanisms of DNA uptake for these three appendage systems and describe the current mechanistic understanding of both DNA-binding and DNA-uptake by these versatile molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt H Piepenbrink
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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42
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Kolbe K, Veleti SK, Reiling N, Lindhorst TK. Lectins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - rarely studied proteins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1-15. [PMID: 30680034 PMCID: PMC6334816 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of bacterial lectins for adhesion, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation is well established for many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, there is very little information available about lectins of the tuberculosis-causing bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this paper we review previous studies on the carbohydrate-binding characteristics of mycobacteria and related Mtb proteins, discussing their potential relevance to Mtb infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Sri Kumar Veleti
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Borstel Site, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Solanki V, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Host-bacteria interaction and adhesin study for development of therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:54-64. [PMID: 29414732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interaction is one of the most important areas of study to understand the adhesion of the pathogen to the host organisms. To adhere on the host cell surface, bacteria assemble the diverse adhesive structures on its surface, which play a foremost role in targeting to the host cell. We have highlighted different bacterial adhesins which are either protein mediated or glycan mediated. The present article listed examples of different bacterial adhesin proteins involved in the interactions with their host, types and subtypes of the fimbriae and non-fimbriae bacterial adhesins. Different bacterial surface adhesin subunits interact with host via different host surface biomolecules. We have also discussed the interactome of some of the pathogens with their host. Therefore, the present study will help researchers to have a detailed understanding of different interacting bacterial adhesins and henceforth, develop new therapies, adhesin specific antibodies and vaccines, which can effectively control pathogenicity of the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Solanki
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India.
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45
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Chaudhury P, Quax TEF, Albers SV. Versatile cell surface structures of archaea. Mol Microbiol 2017; 107:298-311. [PMID: 29194812 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Archaea are ubiquitously present in nature and colonize environments with broadly varying growth conditions. Several surface appendages support their colonization of new habitats. A hallmark of archaea seems to be the high abundance of type IV pili (T4P). However, some unique non T4 filaments are present in a number of archaeal species. Archaeal surface structures can mediate different processes such as cellular surface adhesion, DNA exchange, motility and biofilm formation and represent an initial attachment site for infecting viruses. In addition to the functionally characterized archaeal T4P, archaeal genomes encode a large number of T4P components that might form yet undiscovered surface structures with novel functions. In this review, we summarize recent advancement in structural and functional characterizations of known archaeal surface structures and highlight the diverse processes in which they play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paushali Chaudhury
- Institute of Biology II, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tessa E F Quax
- Institute of Biology II, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Institute of Biology II, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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The Staphylococcus aureus extracellular matrix protein (Emp) has a fibrous structure and binds to different extracellular matrices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13665. [PMID: 29057978 PMCID: PMC5651841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein Emp of Staphylococcus aureus is a secreted adhesin that mediates interactions between the bacterial surface and extracellular host structures. However, its structure and role in staphylococcal pathogenesis remain unknown. Using multidisciplinary approaches, including circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron (TEM) and immunogold transmission electron microscopy, functional ELISA assays and in silico techniques, we characterized the Emp protein. We demonstrated that Emp and its truncated forms bind to suprastructures in human skin, cartilage or bone, among which binding activity seems to be higher for skin compounds. The binding domain is located in the C-terminal part of the protein. CD spectroscopy revealed high contents of β-sheets (39.58%) and natively disordered structures (41.2%), and TEM suggested a fibrous structure consisting of Emp polymers. The N-terminus seems to be essential for polymerization. Due to the uncommonly high histidine content, we suggest that Emp represents a novel type of histidine-rich protein sharing structural similarities to leucine-rich repeats proteins as predicted by the I-TASSER algorithm. These new findings suggest a role of Emp in infections of deeper tissue and open new possibilities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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47
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Parreira VR, Ojha S, Lepp D, Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Zhou H, Susta L, Gong J, Prescott JF. Necrotic enteritis locus 1 diguanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase (cyclic-di-GMP) gene mutation attenuates virulence in an avian necrotic enteritis isolate of Clostridium perfringens. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:69-73. [PMID: 28888651 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by netB-positive strains of Clostridium perfringens is an important disease of intensively-reared broiler chickens. It is widely controlled by antibiotic use, but this practice that has come under increasing scrutiny and alternative approaches are required. As part of the search for alternative approaches over the last decade, advances have been made in understanding its pathogenesis but much remains to be understood and applied to the control of NE. The objective of this work was to assess the effect on virulence of mutation of the cyclic-di-GMP signaling genes present on the large pathogenicity locus (NELoc-1) in the tcp-encoding conjugative virulence plasmid, pNetB. For this purpose, the diguanylate cyclase (dgc) and phosphodiesterase (pde) genes were individually insertionally inactivated and the two mutants were subsequently complemented with their respective genes. Southern blotting showed that a single gene insertion was present. Mutation of either gene resulted in almost total attenuation of the mutants to cause NE in experimentally-infected broiler chickens, which was fully restored in each case by complementation of the respective mutated gene. Production of NetB-associated cytotoxicity for Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells was unaffected in mutants. We conclude that the cyclic-di-GMP signaling system is important in controlling virulence in a NE C. perfringens strain and might be a target for control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Parreira
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shivani Ojha
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | | | - Hongzhuan Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada; Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - John F Prescott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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48
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Nagar E, Zilberman S, Sendersky E, Simkovsky R, Shimoni E, Gershtein D, Herzberg M, Golden SS, Schwarz R. Type 4 pili are dispensable for biofilm development in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2862-2872. [PMID: 28585390 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hair-like cell appendages denoted as type IV pili are crucial for biofilm formation in diverse eubacteria. The protein complex responsible for type IV pilus assembly is homologous with the type II protein secretion complex. In the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, the gene Synpcc7942_2071 encodes an ATPase homologue of type II/type IV systems. Here, we report that inactivation of Synpcc7942_2071 strongly affected the suite of proteins present in the extracellular milieu (exo-proteome) and eliminated pili observable by electron microscopy. These results support a role for this gene product in protein secretion as well as in pili formation. As we previously reported, inactivation of Synpcc7942_2071 enables biofilm formation and suppresses the planktonic growth of S. elongatus. Thus, pili are dispensable for biofilm development in this cyanobacterium, in contrast to their biofilm-promoting function in type IV pili-producing heterotrophic bacteria. Nevertheless, pili removal is not required for biofilm formation as evident by a piliated mutant of S. elongatus that develops biofilms. We show that adhesion and timing of biofilm development differ between the piliated and non-piliated strains. The study demonstrates key differences in the process of biofilm formation between cyanobacteria and well-studied type IV pili-producing heterotrophic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Nagar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Shaul Zilberman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Eleonora Sendersky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Ryan Simkovsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Electron Microscopy Unit, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - Diana Gershtein
- The Department of Desalination & Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Be'er Sheva 84990, Israel
| | - Moshe Herzberg
- The Department of Desalination & Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Be'er Sheva 84990, Israel
| | - Susan S Golden
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rakefet Schwarz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002 Israel
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