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Srivastava A, Thapa S, Chakdar H, Babele PK, Shukla P. Cyanobacterial myxoxanthophylls: biotechnological interventions and biological implications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:63-77. [PMID: 36137567 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria safeguard their photosynthetic machinery from oxidative damage caused by adverse environmental factors such as high-intensity light. Together with many photoprotective compounds, they contain myxoxanthophylls, a rare group of glycosidic carotenoids containing a high number of conjugated double bonds. These carotenoids have been shown to: have strong photoprotective effects, contribute to the integrity of the thylakoid membrane, and upregulate in cyanobacteria under a variety of stress conditions. However, their metabolic potential has not been fully utilized in the stress biology of cyanobacteria and the pharmaceutical industry due to a lack of mechanistic understanding and their insufficient biosynthesis. This review summarizes current knowledge on: biological function, genetic regulation, biotechnological production, and pharmaceutical potential of myxoxanthophyll, with a focus on strain engineering and parameter optimization strategies for increasing their cellular content. The summarized knowledge can be utilized in cyanobacterial metabolic engineering to improve the stress tolerance of useful strains and enhance the commercial-scale synthesis of myxoxanthophyll for pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America
| | - Shobit Thapa
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, India
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, India
| | | | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Opel F, Itzenhäuser MA, Wehner I, Lupacchini S, Lauterbach L, Lenz O, Klähn S. Toward a synthetic hydrogen sensor in cyanobacteria: Functional production of an oxygen-tolerant regulatory hydrogenase in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122078. [PMID: 37032909 PMCID: PMC10073562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have raised great interest in biotechnology, e.g., for the sustainable production of molecular hydrogen (H2) using electrons from water oxidation. However, this is hampered by various constraints. For example, H2-producing enzymes compete with primary metabolism for electrons and are usually inhibited by molecular oxygen (O2). In addition, there are a number of other constraints, some of which are unknown, requiring unbiased screening and systematic engineering approaches to improve the H2 yield. Here, we introduced the regulatory [NiFe]-hydrogenase (RH) of Cupriavidus necator (formerly Ralstonia eutropha) H16 into the cyanobacterial model strain Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In its natural host, the RH serves as a molecular H2 sensor initiating a signal cascade to express hydrogenase-related genes when no additional energy source other than H2 is available. Unlike most hydrogenases, the C. necator enzymes are O2-tolerant, allowing their efficient utilization in an oxygenic phototroph. Similar to C. necator, the RH produced in Synechocystis showed distinct H2 oxidation activity, confirming that it can be properly matured and assembled under photoautotrophic, i.e., oxygen-evolving conditions. Although the functional H2-sensing cascade has not yet been established in Synechocystis yet, we utilized the associated two-component system consisting of a histidine kinase and a response regulator to drive and modulate the expression of a superfolder gfp gene in Escherichia coli. This demonstrates that all components of the H2-dependent signal cascade can be functionally implemented in heterologous hosts. Thus, this work provides the basis for the development of an intrinsic H2 biosensor within a cyanobacterial cell that could be used to probe the effects of random mutagenesis and systematically identify promising genetic configurations to enable continuous and high-yield production of H2 via oxygenic photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Opel
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Isabel Wehner
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sara Lupacchini
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Klähn
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stephan Klähn,
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Behle A, Dietsch M, Goldschmidt L, Murugathas W, Berwanger L, Burmester J, Yao L, Brandt D, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Hudson E, Ebenhöh O, Axmann I, Machné R. Manipulation of topoisomerase expression inhibits cell division but not growth and reveals a distinctive promoter structure in Synechocystis. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:12790-12808. [PMID: 36533444 PMCID: PMC9825172 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In cyanobacteria DNA supercoiling varies over the diurnal cycle and is integrated with temporal programs of transcription and replication. We manipulated DNA supercoiling in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by CRISPRi-based knockdown of gyrase subunits and overexpression of topoisomerase I (TopoI). Cell division was blocked but cell growth continued in all strains. The small endogenous plasmids were only transiently relaxed, then became strongly supercoiled in the TopoI overexpression strain. Transcript abundances showed a pronounced 5'/3' gradient along transcription units, incl. the rRNA genes, in the gyrase knockdown strains. These observations are consistent with the basic tenets of the homeostasis and twin-domain models of supercoiling in bacteria. TopoI induction initially led to downregulation of G+C-rich and upregulation of A+T-rich genes. The transcriptional response quickly bifurcated into six groups which overlap with diurnally co-expressed gene groups. Each group shows distinct deviations from a common core promoter structure, where helically phased A-tracts are in phase with the transcription start site. Together, our data show that major co-expression groups (regulons) in Synechocystis all respond differentially to DNA supercoiling, and suggest to re-evaluate the long-standing question of the role of A-tracts in bacterial promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis Goldschmidt
- Institut f. Quantitative u. Theoretische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wandana Murugathas
- Institut f. Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz C Berwanger
- Institut f. Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Burmester
- Institut f. Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lun Yao
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Brandt
- Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elton P Hudson
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institut f. Quantitative u. Theoretische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilka M Axmann
- Institut f. Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Machné
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 211 81 12923;
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The Molecular Toolset and Techniques Required to Build Cyanobacterial Cell Factories. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Rho is a hexameric bacterial RNA helicase, which became a paradigm of factor-dependent transcription termination. The broadly accepted ("textbook") model posits a series of steps, wherein Rho first binds C-rich Rho utilization (rut) sites on nascent RNA, uses its ATP-dependent translocase activity to catch up with RNA polymerase (RNAP), and either pulls the transcript from the elongation complex or pushes RNAP forward, thus terminating transcription. However, this appealingly simple mechano-chemical model lacks a biological realism and is increasingly at odds with genetic and biochemical data. Here, we summarize recent structural and biochemical studies that have advanced our understanding of molecular details of RNA recognition, termination signaling, and RNAP inactivation in Rho-dependent transcription termination, rebalancing the view in favor of an alternative "allosteric" mechanism. In the revised model, Rho binds RNAP early in elongation assisted by the cofactors NusA and NusG, forming a pre-termination complex (PTC). The formation of PTC allows Rho to continuously sample nascent transcripts for a termination signal, which subsequently traps the elongation complex in an inactive state prior to its dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitai Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Svetlov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evgeny Nudler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, Ny, USA
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