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Gupta LK, Molla J, Prabhu AA. Story of Pore-Forming Proteins from Deadly Disease-Causing Agents to Modern Applications with Evolutionary Significance. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1327-1356. [PMID: 37294530 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms are a complex mixture of highly specialized toxic molecules. Among them, pore-forming proteins (PFPs) or toxins (PFTs) are one of the major disease-causing toxic elements. The ability of the PFPs in defense and toxicity through pore formation on the host cell surface makes them unique among the toxin proteins. These features made them attractive for academic and research purposes for years in the areas of microbiology as well as structural biology. All the PFPs share a common mechanism of action for the attack of host cells and pore formation in which the selected pore-forming motifs of the host cell membrane-bound protein molecules drive to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and eventually produces water-filled pores. But surprisingly their sequence similarity is very poor. Their existence can be seen both in a soluble state and also in transmembrane complexes in the cell membrane. PFPs are prevalent toxic factors that are predominately produced by all kingdoms of life such as virulence bacteria, nematodes, fungi, protozoan parasites, frogs, plants, and also from higher organisms. Nowadays, multiple approaches to applications of PFPs have been conducted by researchers both in basic as well as applied biological research. Although PFPs are very devastating for human health nowadays researchers have been successful in making these toxic proteins into therapeutics through the preparation of immunotoxins. We have discussed the structural, and functional mechanism of action, evolutionary significance through dendrogram, domain organization, and practical applications for various approaches. This review aims to emphasize the PFTs to summarize toxic proteins together for basic knowledge as well as to highlight the current challenges, and literature gap along with the perspective of promising biotechnological applications for their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kumari Gupta
- Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Johiruddin Molla
- Ghatal Rabindra Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya Ghatal, Paschim Medinipur, Ghatal, West Bengal, 721212, India
| | - Ashish A Prabhu
- Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India.
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Liu LZ, Liu L, Shi ZH, Bian XL, Si ZR, Wang QQ, Xiang Y, Zhang Y. Amphibian pore-forming protein βγ-CAT drives extracellular nutrient scavenging under cell nutrient deficiency. iScience 2023; 26:106598. [PMID: 37128610 PMCID: PMC10148134 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient acquisition is essential for animal cells. βγ-CAT is a pore-forming protein (PFP) and trefoil factor complex assembled under tight regulation identified in toad Bombina maxima. Here, we reported that B. maxima cells secreted βγ-CAT under glucose, glutamine, and pyruvate deficiency to scavenge extracellular proteins for their nutrient supply and survival. AMPK signaling positively regulated the expression and secretion of βγ-CAT. The PFP complex selectively bound extracellular proteins and promoted proteins uptake through endolysosomal pathways. Elevated intracellular amino acids, enhanced ATP production, and eventually prolonged cell survival were observed in the presence of βγ-CAT and extracellular proteins. Liposome assays indicated that high concentration of ATP negatively regulated the opening of βγ-CAT channels. Collectively, these results uncovered that βγ-CAT is an essential element in cell nutrient scavenging under cell nutrient deficiency by driving vesicular uptake of extracellular proteins, providing a new paradigm for PFPs in cell nutrient acquisition and metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xian-Ling Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- School of Life Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zi-Ru Si
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- School of Life Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qi-Quan Wang
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Corresponding author
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Bian X, Si Z, Wang Q, Liu L, Shi Z, Tian C, Lee W, Zhang Y. IgG Fc-binding protein positively regulates the assembly of pore-forming protein complex βγ-CAT evolved to drive cell vesicular delivery and transport. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104717. [PMID: 37068610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes form barriers for molecule exchange between the cytosol and the extracellular environments. βγ-CAT, a complex of pore-forming protein (PFP) BmALP1 (two βγ-crystallin domains with an aerolysin pore-forming domain) and the trefoil factor BmTFF3, has been identified in toad Bombina maxima. It plays pivotal roles, via inducing channel formation in various intra- or extra- cellular vesicles, as well as in nutrient acquisition, maintaining water balance, and antigen presentation. Thus, such a protein machine should be tightly regulated. Indeed, BmALP3 (a paralog of BmALP1) oxidizes BmALP1 to form a water-soluble polymer, leading to dissociation of the βγ-CAT complex and loss of biological activity. Here, we found that the B. maxima IgG Fc-binding protein (FCGBP), a well-conserved vertebrate mucin-like protein with unknown functions, acted as a positive regulator for βγ-CAT complex assembly. The interactions among FCGBP, BmALP1, and BmTFF3 were revealed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Interestingly, FCGBP reversed the inhibitory effect of BmALP3 on the βγ-CAT complex. Furthermore, FCGBP reduced BmALP1 polymers and facilitated the assembly of βγ-CAT with the biological pore-forming activity in the presence of BmTFF3. Our findings define the role of FCGBP in mediating the assembly of a PFP machine evolved to drive cell vesicular delivery and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Bian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ziru Si
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Qiquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Lingzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zhihong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wenhui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
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Liang L, Qin F, Wang S, Wu J, Li R, Wang Z, Ren M, Liu D, Wang D, Astruc D. Overview of the materials design and sensing strategies of nanopore devices. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Margheritis E, Kappelhoff S, Cosentino K. Pore-Forming Proteins: From Pore Assembly to Structure by Quantitative Single-Molecule Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054528. [PMID: 36901959 PMCID: PMC10003378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) play a central role in many biological processes related to infection, immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration. A common feature of PFPs is their ability to form pores that disrupt the membrane permeability barrier and ion homeostasis and generally induce cell death. Some PFPs are part of the genetically encoded machinery of eukaryotic cells that are activated against infection by pathogens or in physiological programs to carry out regulated cell death. PFPs organize into supramolecular transmembrane complexes that perforate membranes through a multistep process involving membrane insertion, protein oligomerization, and finally pore formation. However, the exact mechanism of pore formation varies from PFP to PFP, resulting in different pore structures with different functionalities. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular mechanisms by which PFPs permeabilize membranes and recent methodological advances in their characterization in artificial and cellular membranes. In particular, we focus on single-molecule imaging techniques as powerful tools to unravel the molecular mechanistic details of pore assembly that are often obscured by ensemble measurements, and to determine pore structure and functionality. Uncovering the mechanistic elements of pore formation is critical for understanding the physiological role of PFPs and developing therapeutic approaches.
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Ulhuq FR, Mariano G. Bacterial pore-forming toxins. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001154. [PMID: 35333704 PMCID: PMC9558359 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are widely distributed in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. PFTs can act as virulence factors that bacteria utilise in dissemination and host colonisation or, alternatively, they can be employed to compete with rival microbes in polymicrobial niches. PFTs transition from a soluble form to become membrane-embedded by undergoing large conformational changes. Once inserted, they perforate the membrane, causing uncontrolled efflux of ions and/or nutrients and dissipating the protonmotive force (PMF). In some instances, target cells intoxicated by PFTs display additional effects as part of the cellular response to pore formation. Significant progress has been made in the mechanistic description of pore formation for the different PFTs families, but in several cases a complete understanding of pore structure remains lacking. PFTs have evolved recognition mechanisms to bind specific receptors that define their host tropism, although this can be remarkably diverse even within the same family. Here we summarise the salient features of PFTs and highlight where additional research is necessary to fully understand the mechanism of pore formation by members of this diverse group of protein toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima R. Ulhuq
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Giuseppina Mariano
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Singh M, Rupesh N, Pandit SB, Chattopadhyay K. Curcumin Inhibits Membrane-Damaging Pore-Forming Function of the β-Barrel Pore-Forming Toxin Vibrio cholerae Cytolysin. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:809782. [PMID: 35140698 PMCID: PMC8818996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.809782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a β-barrel pore-forming toxin (β-PFT). Upon encountering the target cells, VCC forms heptameric β-barrel pores and permeabilizes the cell membranes. Structure-function mechanisms of VCC have been extensively studied in the past. However, the existence of any natural inhibitor for VCC has not been reported yet. In the present study, we show that curcumin can compromise the membrane-damaging activity of VCC. Curcumin is known to modulate a wide variety of biological processes and functions. However, the application of curcumin in the physiological scenario often gets limited due to its extremely poor solubility in the aqueous environment. Interestingly, we find that VCC can associate with the insoluble fraction of curcumin in the aqueous medium and thus gets separated from the solution phase. This, in turn, reduces the availability of VCC to attack the target membranes and thus blocks the membrane-damaging action of the toxin. We also observe that the soluble aqueous extract of curcumin, generated by the heat treatment, compromises the pore-forming activity of VCC. Interestingly, in the presence of such soluble extract of curcumin, VCC binds to the target membranes and forms the oligomeric assembly. However, such oligomers appear to be non-functional, devoid of the pore-forming activity. The ability of curcumin to bind to VCC and neutralize its membrane-damaging activity suggests that curcumin has the potential to act as an inhibitor of this potent bacterial β-PFT.
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