1
|
Lad N, Murphy A, Parenti C, Nelson C, Williams N, Sharpe G, McTernan P. Asthma and obesity: endotoxin another insult to add to injury? Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2729-2748. [PMID: 34918742 PMCID: PMC8689194 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation is often an underlying cause of several chronic diseases such as asthma, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Defining the mediators of such chronic low-grade inflammation often appears dependent on which disease is being investigated. However, downstream systemic inflammatory cytokine responses in these diseases often overlap, noting there is no doubt more than one factor at play to heighten the inflammatory response. Furthermore, it is increasingly believed that diet and an altered gut microbiota may play an important role in the pathology of such diverse diseases. More specifically, the inflammatory mediator endotoxin, which is a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and is abundant within the gut microbiota, and may play a direct role alongside inhaled allergens in eliciting an inflammatory response in asthma. Endotoxin has immunogenic effects and is sufficiently microscopic to traverse the gut mucosa and enter the systemic circulation to act as a mediator of chronic low-grade inflammation in disease. Whilst the role of endotoxin has been considered in conditions of obesity, cardiovascular disease and T2DM, endotoxin as an inflammatory trigger in asthma is less well understood. This review has sought to examine the current evidence for the role of endotoxin in asthma, and whether the gut microbiota could be a dietary target to improve disease management. This may expand our understanding of endotoxin as a mediator of further low-grade inflammatory diseases, and how endotoxin may represent yet another insult to add to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Lad
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Alice M. Murphy
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Cristina Parenti
- SHAPE Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Carl P. Nelson
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Neil C. Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Graham R. Sharpe
- SHAPE Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Philip G. McTernan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Flanagan T, Billac GB, Landry AN, Sebastian MN, Cormier SA, Nichols CD. Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Psychedelics in a Rat Model of Asthma Reveals the Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacophore. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:488-502. [PMID: 33860179 PMCID: PMC8033619 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs can exert potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, anti-inflammatory effects do not appear to correlate with behavioral activity, suggesting different underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that the distinct structural features of psychedelics underlie functionally selective mechanisms at the target 5-HT2A receptor to elicit maximal anti-inflammatory effects. In order to test this hypothesis, we developed a new rat-based screening platform for allergic asthma. Next, we investigated 21 agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor from the three primary chemotypes (phenylalkylamine, ergoline, and tryptamine) for their ability to prevent airways hyperresponsiveness as a measure of pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, we assessed each drug for in vitro activation of the canonical signaling pathway, calcium mobilization, from the 5-HT2A receptor. We find that the drug 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H) represents the pharmacophore for anti-inflammatory activity and identify structural modifications that are either permissive or detrimental to anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, there is no correlation between the ability of a particular psychedelic to activate intracellular calcium mobilization and to prevent the symptoms of asthma or with behavioral potencies. Our results support the notions that specific structural features mediate functional selectivity underlying anti-inflammatory activity and that relevant receptor activated pathways necessary for anti-inflammatory activity are different from canonical signaling pathways. Our results inform on the nature of interactions between ligands at the 5-HT2A receptor as they relate to anti-inflammatory activity and are crucial for the development of new 5-HT2A receptor agonists for anti-inflammatory therapeutics in the clinic that may be devoid of behavioral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
W. Flanagan
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Gerald B. Billac
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Alexus N. Landry
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Melaine N. Sebastian
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department
of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Charles D. Nichols
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dahlmann F, Sewald K. Use of nonhuman primates in obstructive lung disease research - is it required? Primate Biol 2017; 4:131-142. [PMID: 32110701 PMCID: PMC7041527 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-131-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In times of increasing costs for health insurances, obstructive lung
diseases are a burden for both the patients and the economy. Pulmonary symptoms
of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are similar;
nevertheless, the diseases differ in pathophysiology and therapeutic
approaches. Novel therapeutics are continuously developed, and nonhuman
primates (NHPs) provide valuable models for investigating novel biologicals
regarding efficacy and safety. This review discusses the role of nonhuman primate models for drug
development in asthma and COPD and investigates whether alternative methods
are able to prevent animal experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dahlmann
- German Primate Center GmbH, Infection Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Preclinical Pharmacology and Immunology, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Preclinical Pharmacology and Immunology, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bleyer M, Kunze M, Gruber-Dujardin E, Mätz-Rensing K. Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony ( Callithrix jacchus). Primate Biol 2017; 4:17-25. [PMID: 32110688 PMCID: PMC7041528 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-17-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on spontaneous pathology are substantially scarce for common
marmosets, compared to other laboratory animals, but is essential for the
interpretation of histological findings in the context of toxicological and
experimental studies. Especially if common marmosets are used as
experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the
spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological
pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. In this
study, lung tissue of 638 common marmosets from the marmoset colony of the
German Primate Center was examined histologically. The analysis revealed a
high incidence of predominantly mild and multifocal interstitial pneumonia
(32.99 %) of unknown etiology in most cases. Only few marmosets exhibited
lobar pneumonia (1.41 %) and bronchopneumonia (0.94), which were mainly
caused by bacterial pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and
Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lung immaturity and atelectasis were common
histological findings in newborn marmosets. Typical background lesions
included anthracosis (8.15 %), hemosiderosis (1.72 %), extramedullary
hematopoiesis (11.6 %), mineralization (10.97 %), and inflammatory
cell foci (10.34 %). In addition, three cases of pulmonary arteriopathy (0.47 %)
and 1 case of foreign-body granuloma (0.16 %) were detected in the
marmoset study cohort. The high prevalence of circulatory disturbances
(congestion, edema, hemorrhage) and changes in air content (secondary
atelectasis, alveolar emphysema) could partly be explained by
euthanasia-related artifacts or agonal changes. The present study provides a
comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary
histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for
the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental
marmoset studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius Kunze
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Gruber-Dujardin
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mutolo D, Cinelli E, Iovino L, Pantaleo T, Bongianni F. Downregulation of the cough reflex by aclidinium and tiotropium in awake and anesthetized rabbits. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 38:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
6
|
Bleyer M, Curths C, Dahlmann F, Wichmann J, Bauer N, Moritz A, Braun A, Knauf S, Kaup FJ, Gruber-Dujardin E. Morphology and staining behavior of neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:335-43. [PMID: 27165445 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are frequently used as translational animal models for human diseases. However, a comparative study of cytological and histochemical detection methods as well as morphometric and ultrastructural characterization of neutrophils and eosinophils in this species is lacking. Blood samples of house dust mite sensitized and allergen challenged as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged marmosets were analyzed with different cytological and histological staining methods. Furthermore, cell size and number of nuclear segments were compared between neutrophils and eosinophils. Electron microscopy was performed to characterize the ultrastructure of granulocytes. Of all applied cytological stains, three allowed differentiation of eosinophils and neutrophils and, thus, reliable quantification in blood smears: May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain, Congo Red and Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate-Esterase. For histology, Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) could not demonstrate clear differences, whereas Sirius Red, Congo Red, and Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate Esterase showed capable results for identification of eosinophils or neutrophils in lung tissue. Morphometry revealed that marmoset neutrophils have more nuclear segments and are slightly larger than eosinophils. Ultrastructurally, eosinophils presented with large homogeneous electron-dense granules without crystalloid cores, while neutrophils were characterized by heterogeneous granules of different size and density. Additionally, sombrero-like vesicles were detected in tissue eosinophils of atopic marmosets, indicative for hypersensitivity-related piecemeal degranulation. In conclusion, we provide a detailed overview of marmoset eosinophils and neutrophils, important for phenotypic characterization of marmoset models for human airway diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Curths
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Dahlmann
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Judy Wichmann
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Pathophysiology and Clinical Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Pathophysiology and Clinical Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Kaup
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Gruber-Dujardin
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The 2nd Cross Company Respiratory Symposium (CCRS), held in Horsham, U.K. in 2012, brought together representatives from across the pharmaceutical industry with expert academics, in the common interest of improving the design and translational predictiveness of in vivo models of respiratory disease. Organized by the respiratory representatives of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Federations (EFPIA) group of companies involved in the EU-funded project (U-BIOPRED), the aim of the symposium was to identify state-of-the-art improvements in the utility and design of models of respiratory disease, with a view to improving their translational potential and reducing wasteful animal usage. The respiratory research and development community is responding to the challenge of improving translation in several ways: greater collaboration and open sharing of data, careful selection of the species, complexity and chronicity of the models, improved practices in preclinical research, continued refinement in models of respiratory diseases and their sub-types, greater understanding of the biology underlying human respiratory diseases and their sub-types, and finally greater use of human (and especially disease-relevant) cells, tissues and explants. The present review highlights these initiatives, combining lessons from the symposium and papers published in Clinical Science arising from the symposium, with critiques of the models currently used in the settings of asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COPD. The ultimate hope is that this will contribute to a more rational, efficient and sustainable development of a range of new treatments for respiratory diseases that continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality across the world.
Collapse
|
8
|
|