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Fröhlich E. Animals in Respiratory Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2903. [PMID: 38474149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory barrier, a thin epithelial barrier that separates the interior of the human body from the environment, is easily damaged by toxicants, and chronic respiratory diseases are common. It also allows the permeation of drugs for topical treatment. Animal experimentation is used to train medical technicians, evaluate toxicants, and develop inhaled formulations. Species differences in the architecture of the respiratory tract explain why some species are better at predicting human toxicity than others. Some species are useful as disease models. This review describes the anatomical differences between the human and mammalian lungs and lists the characteristics of currently used mammalian models for the most relevant chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and tuberculosis). The generation of animal models is not easy because they do not develop these diseases spontaneously. Mouse models are common, but other species are more appropriate for some diseases. Zebrafish and fruit flies can help study immunological aspects. It is expected that combinations of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo (mammalian and invertebrate) models will be used in the future for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Ayilya BL, Balde A, Ramya M, Benjakul S, Kim SK, Nazeer RA. Insights on the mechanism of bleomycin to induce lung injury and associated in vivo models: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110493. [PMID: 37331299 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury leads to the development of chronic conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma as well as alveolar sarcoma. Various investigations are being performed worldwide to understand the pathophysiology of these diseases, develop novel bioactive compounds and inhibitors to target the ailment. Generally, in vivo models are used to understand the disease outcome and therapeutic suppressing effects for which the animals are chemically or physically induced to mimic the onset of definite disease conditions. Amongst the chemical inducing agents, Bleomycin (BLM) is the most successful inducer. It is reported to target various receptors and activate inflammatory pathways, cellular apoptosis, epithelial mesenchymal transition leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines, and proteases. Mice is one of the most widely used animal model for BLM induced pulmonary associated studies apart from rat, rabbit, sheep, pig, and monkey. Although, there is considerable variation amongst in vivo studies for BLM induction which suggests a detailed study on the same to understand the mechanism of action of BLM at molecular level. Hence, herein we have reviewed various chemical inducers, mechanism of action of BLM in inducing lung injury in vivo, its advantages and disadvantages. Further, we have also discussed the rationale behind various in vivo models and recent development in BLM induction for various animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakthavatchalam Loganathan Ayilya
- Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akshad Balde
- Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugadoss Ramya
- Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkhla University, 90112 Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 11558, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Rasool Abdul Nazeer
- Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Preclinical Models of Autoimmune Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:6379161. [PMID: 35935180 PMCID: PMC9352490 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6379161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, chronic in nature, are generally hard to alleviate. Present long-term treatments with available drugs such as steroids, immune-suppressive drugs, or antibodies have several debilitating side effects. Therefore, new treatment options are urgently needed. Stem cells, in general, have the potential to reduce immune-mediated damage through immunomodulation and T cell regulation (T regs) by inhibiting the proliferation of dendritic cells and T and B cells and reducing inflammation through the generation of immunosuppressive biomolecules like interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), nitric oxide (NO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Many stem cell-based therapeutics have been evaluated in the clinic, but the overall clinical outcomes in terms of efficacy and the longevity of therapeutic benefits seem to be variable and inconsistent with the postulated benefits. This emphasizes a greater need for building robust preclinical models and models that can better predict the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapeutics. Stem cell therapy based on MSCs having the definitive potential to regulate the immune system and control inflammation is emerging as a promising tool for the treatment of autoimmune disorders while promoting tissue regeneration. MSCs, derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue, have been shown to be highly immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory and shown to enhance tissue repair and regeneration in preclinical models as well as in clinical settings. In this article, a review on the status of MSC-based preclinical disease models with emphasis on understanding disease mechanisms in chronic inflammatory disorders caused by exaggerated host immune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was carried out. We also emphasized various factors that better predict the translation of stem cell therapeutic outcomes from preclinical disease models to human patients.
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Animal models of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis: an overview of molecular mechanisms and characteristics. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:699-723. [PMID: 34741237 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive loss of pulmonary function. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease has been reported as a severe adverse effect of some drugs, such as bleomycin, amiodarone, and methotrexate. Based on good characteristics, drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) animal model has played a key role in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PF pathogenesis and recapitulates the specific pathology in patients and helps develop therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and characteristics of given fibrotic drug-induced animal models for PFs. Together with the key publications describing these models, this brief but detailed overview would be helpful for the pharmacological research with animal models of PFs. Potential mechanisms underlying drug induced lung toxicity.
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Guan M, Ying S, Wang Y. Increased expression of transient receptor potential channels and neurogenic factors associates with cough severity in a guinea pig model. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:187. [PMID: 34078339 PMCID: PMC8173754 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and neurogenic inflammation may be involved in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)-related high cough sensitivity, although the details of mechanism are largely unknown. Here, we aimed to further explore the potential mechanism involved in IPF-related high cough sensitivity to capsaicin challenge in a guinea pig model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. METHODS Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were employed to measure the expression of TRP channel subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) and TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which may be involved in the cough reflex pathway. Immunohistochemical analysis and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of neuropeptides substance P (SP), Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in lung tissues. Concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF), SP, neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in lung tissue homogenates were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Cough sensitivity to capsaicin was significantly higher in the model group than that of the sham group. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in the jugular ganglion and nodal ganglion, and SP, NK1R, and CGRP in lung tissue was significantly higher in the model group than the control group. In addition, expression of TRP and neurogenic factors was positively correlated with cough sensitivity of the experimental animals. CONCLUSION Up-regulated expression of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in the cough reflex pathway and neurogenic inflammation might contribute to the IPF-related high cough sensitivity in guinea pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Guan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23rd Art Museum Backstreet, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 10010, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, No. 10th Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23rd Art Museum Backstreet, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 10010, China.
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Mei B, Cui F, Wu C, Wen Z, Wang W, Shen M. Roles of citric acid in conjunction with saline nebulization in experimental tracheostomy in guinea pigs. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:433-442. [PMID: 30973274 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1516832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tracheostomy usually accompanied by the impairment of cough reflex, which may affect the clearance of secretions and result in the occurrence and development of pulmonary inflammation. Previous research has demonstrated that citric acid could effectively evoke cough. However, there are limited data available on this topic specific to the cough stimulation method, and the roles of citric acid in tracheostomy still remain obscure. The aims of present study were to identify the potential roles of citric acid in conjunction with saline nebulization in tracheostomy in guinea pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental tracheostomy model was induced in guinea pigs, and different nebulization interventions were implemented. The expression of P-selectin and platelet count were analyzed by flow cytometer and automatic globulimeter, the histological changes in trachea and lung tissue were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the inflammatory cytokines and substance P (SP) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Tracheostomy resulted in the disorder of trachea mucosa and cilia, the inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue, the increase of IL-6, TNF-α levels and the decrease of SP level. Citric acid alone increase the SP level, and the joint action of citric acid and saline nebulization further showed significantly beneficial effects on pathological, inflammatory changes and SP level. CONCLUSIONS Citric acid combined with saline nebulization contributes to the alleviation of tracheotomy-induced tracheal damage and pulmonary inflammation in an experimental tracheostomy model in guinea pigs. This may provide novel insights into the inflammation management and cough recovery after tracheostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Mei
- a Institute of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Feifei Cui
- b Department of Intensive Care Unit , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Chao Wu
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Zunjia Wen
- d Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Children's Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Wenting Wang
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Meifen Shen
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
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Guo Y, Ying S, Zhao X, Liu J, Wang Y. Increased expression of lung TRPV1/TRPA1 in a cough model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Guinea pigs. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:27. [PMID: 30717786 PMCID: PMC6360795 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic cough is a difficult-to-treat comorbidity of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and significantly impacts on the quality of life of patients with IPF. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel proteins may play an important role in chronic cough. However, expression of these proteins in lung of IPF is largely unknown. Methods Guinea pig model of pulmonary fibrosis was established by single intratracheal delivery of bleomycin. Respiratory ungated micro-CT scans were performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 to assess progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Cough sensitivity to capsaicin was evaluated in conscious animals on days 13 and 27. Real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry were employed to measure expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in lung tissue. Results Micro-CT showed that lung consolidation was detectable from day 7 distributing mainly in the middle and lower lung fields, which was significantly correlated to Ashcroft fibrosis score (r = 0.7993, p < 0.001). Cough sensitivity to capsaicin in bleomycin-treated animals was significantly increased on days 13 and 27. qPCR showed that expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 was positively correlated each other and significantly upregulated in lung tissues of model group compared with that of controls, which was further supported by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for TRPV1 and TRPA1 was negatively correlated with Ashcroft fibrosis score. Conclusion Expression of TRPV1/TRPA1 was upregulated in the chronic cough related to bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in guinea pigs, which provided new insights into the mechanism of IPF-associated cough hypersensitivity. Micro-CT is very helpful methodology to access pulmonary fibrosis progression in small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23rd Art Museum Backstreet, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, No. 10rd Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23rd Art Museum Backstreet, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23rd Art Museum Backstreet, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23rd Art Museum Backstreet, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.
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Carrington R, Jordan S, Pitchford S, Page C. Use of animal models in IPF research. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 51:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yue H, Zhao Y, Wang H, Ma F, Liu F, Shen S, Hou Y, Dou H. Anti-fibrosis effect for Hirsutella sinensis mycelium based on inhibition of mTOR p70S6K phosphorylation. Innate Immun 2017; 23:615-624. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425917726361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirsutella sinensis, cultured in vitro, is an attractive substitute for Cordyceps sinensis as health supplement. The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether H. sinensis mycelium (HSM) attenuates murine pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Using lung fibrosis modle induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM; 4 mg/kg), we observed that the administration of HSM reduced HYP, TGF-β1 and the production of several pro-fibrosis cytokines (α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin and vimentin) in fibrotic mice lung sections. Histopathological examination of lung tissues also demonstrated that HSM improved BLM-induced pathological damage. Concurrently, HSM supplementation markedly reduced the chemotaxis of alveolar macrophages and potently suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Also, HSM influenced Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg imbalance and blocked the phosphorylation of mTOR pathway in vivo. Alveolar epithelial A549 cells acquired a mesenchymal phenotype and an increased expression of myofibroblast markers of differentiation (vimentin and fibronectin) after treatment with TGF-β1. HSM suppressed these markers and blocked the phosphorylation of mTOR pathway in vitro. The results provide evidence supporting the use of HSM in the intervention of pulmonary fibrosis and suggest that HSM is a potential therapeutic agent for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yue
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yarong Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiya Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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