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Fan J, Zhu J, Xu H. Strategies of Helicobacter pylori in evading host innate and adaptive immunity: insights and prospects for therapeutic targeting. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1342913. [PMID: 38469348 PMCID: PMC10925771 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1342913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the predominant pathogen causing chronic gastric mucosal infections globally. During the period from 2011 to 2022, the global prevalence of H. pylori infection was estimated at 43.1%, while in China, it was slightly higher at approximately 44.2%. Persistent colonization by H. pylori can lead to gastritis, peptic ulcers, and malignancies such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and gastric adenocarcinomas. Despite eliciting robust immune responses from the host, H. pylori thrives in the gastric mucosa by modulating host immunity, particularly by altering the functions of innate and adaptive immune cells, and dampening inflammatory responses adverse to its survival, posing challenges to clinical management. The interaction between H. pylori and host immune defenses is intricate, involving evasion of host recognition by modifying surface molecules, manipulating macrophage functionality, and modulating T cell responses to evade immune surveillance. This review analyzes the immunopathogenic and immune evasion mechanisms of H. pylori, underscoring the importance of identifying new therapeutic targets and developing effective treatment strategies, and discusses how the development of vaccines against H. pylori offers new hope for eradicating such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Chen L, Wei S, He Y, Wang X, He T, Zhang A, Jing M, Li H, Wang R, Zhao Y. Treatment of Chronic Gastritis with Traditional Chinese Medicine: Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1308. [PMID: 37765116 PMCID: PMC10537303 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastritis (CG) is a common clinical digestive system disease, which is not easyily cured and is prone to recurrence. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a significant role in the treatment of CG and has attracted increasing attention for clinical applications. In recent years, a large number of reports have shown that TCM has good therapeutic effect on CG. The aim of this paper is to investigate the pharmacological activities and mechanism of action of TCM in the treatment of CAG. Therefore, by searching the databases of Pubmed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Baidu academic databases, this paper has summarized the molecular mechanisms of TCM in improving CG. The results show that the improvement of GC by TCM is closely related to a variety of molecular mechanisms, including the inhibition of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, alleviation of oxidative stress, improvement of gastric function, repair of gastric mucosa, inhibition of inflammatory response, and apoptosis. More importantly, IRF8-IFN-γ, IL-4-STAT6, Hedgehog, pERK1/2, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, NF-κB, TNFR-c-Src-ERK1/2-c-Fos, Nrf2/HO-1, and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways are considered as important molecular targets for TCM in the treatment of GC. These important findings will provide a direction and a basis for further exploring the pathogenesis of GC and tapping the potential of TCM in clinical treatment. This review also puts forward a bright prospect for future research of TCM in the treatment of CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (L.C.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (M.J.); (H.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (L.C.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (M.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Yong He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (L.C.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (M.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (L.C.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (M.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Tingting He
- Division of Integrative Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China; (T.H.); (A.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Aozhe Zhang
- Division of Integrative Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China; (T.H.); (A.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Manyi Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (L.C.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (M.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Haotian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (L.C.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (M.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Division of Integrative Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China; (T.H.); (A.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Yanling Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (L.C.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (M.J.); (H.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China
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Effect of Probiotic-Assisted Eradication of cagA+/vacA s1m1 Helicobacter pylori on Intestinal Flora. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8607671. [PMID: 35528160 PMCID: PMC9076325 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8607671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective. We attempted to evaluate the effects of probiotic-assisted eradication of cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA)+/vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) s1m1 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) on the intestinal flora, inflammatory factors, and clinical outcomes. Methods. A total of 180 patients with cagA+/vacA s1m1 H. pylori were randomly divided into two groups. Group A was treated with bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT). Group B was treated with S. boulardii in addition to BQT. The distribution of intestinal flora, serum interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, recovery time of clinical symptoms, total effective rate of clinical symptoms, H. pylori eradication rate, and adverse reactions were observed. Results. 2 weeks after treatment, the contents of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus in the intestinal tract of Group A decreased, while the amounts of Enterococcus and Enterobacter increased. In Group B, the contents of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus increased, while the amounts of Enterococcus and Enterobacter did not change significantly. Moreover, the trend of this flora change was still present at 4 weeks after treatment. Compared with Group A, Group B had lower IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α levels, shorter recovery time of clinical symptoms, higher overall efficiency of clinical symptoms, and lower occurrence of adverse reactions. The eradication rate did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion. BQT can lead to intestinal flora disorders in cagA+/vacA s1m1 H. pylori patients. S. boulardii can improve the distribution of intestinal flora, downregulate immune-inflammatory mediators, and modify clinical symptoms in patients.
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